겨울철 북서태평양인 캄차카 부근 해역에 영향을 주는 저기압의 특성을 종합,분석하고 그 발달기구를 규명하기 위하여 기상월보(1966~1974년) 9닌분과 일본 기상철 발행의 인쇄기일도(1970~1974년)5년분을 사용 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 겨울철 우리나라 부근에서 발현하는 저기압의 총수는 157개 였다. 이것을 월별로 보면 12월 1월에 각각 48개였고,2월에는 61개 발생했으며 경로별로는 BD경로, 즉 중국에서 발생하여 한국을 통과한 뒤 일본의 북해도로 진입하는 저기압은 총 53개로 전체의 36%로 가장 많았으며, CD경로 즉 대만 부근에서 발생하여 동해를 통과하는 저기압은 총 15개로 전체의 13%로 가장 적었다. 2)저기압 강하도는 A경로 일때가 제일 적었고, CD경로 일때가 가장 컸다. 또한 풍속변화량은 C,CD경로일 대가 최대였고, A경로 일때가 최소였다. 3)저기압이 통과하는 상층에 Jet류가 전일에 비해서 하강, 남하할 경우에는 한기중의 막대한 양이 저기압 후면으로 강하하면, 이에 따르는 위치 에너지의 감량이 저기압을 발달시킨다. 반면에 Jet류가 본래의 상태로 정체하고 있는 경우에는 위치에너지의 변화가 거의 없으므로 저기압은 별로 발달하지 않으며,만일 발달한다고 해도 해면 증발등과 같은 지상조건에 따를 뿐이다. 4)700mb면 등온선의 상층골과 기온극대축(혹은 극소축)의 상관위치 관걔는 저기압 발달에 많은 영향을 준다.

본 논문은 19세기에 중국에서 󰡔依經問答󰡕, 일본에서 󰡔美以敎會問答󰡕, 그리고 조선에서 󰡔미이미교회문답󰡕이라는 제목으로 순차적으로 번역된 미 북감리회 교리문답서를 그 연구 대상으로 하여, 각 판본의 번역 및 출판 과정을 밝히고, 번역 과정에서 기독교 용어가 어떠한 창출·변용·적용의 과 정을 거쳤는지 살펴보는 것을 목표로 하였다. 1865년 매클레이가 번역한 중문본은 영문본을 저본으로 하였으나, 기독 교에 대한 이해가 없는 중국인 독자들을 위해서 문제의 내용을 바꾸거나 첨언하는 경우가 있었고, 새로운 문항도 2개 추가되었다. 1876년 소퍼가 번역한 일문본은 영문본을 기본으로 하되 중문본도 함께 참고하면서 용어 에 있어서 약 45%가 중문본과 일치하고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 한글본에는 2가지 번역본이 있는데, 그 중 플랑시가 수집한 번역자 미상, 연대 미상의 󰡔미이미교회문답󰡕은 1885년 이수정에 의해 번역된 것임이 본 논문을 통해 밝혀졌으며, 이수정역은 일문본을 저본으로 하여, 용어의 약 68% 가량이 일문본과 일치하였다. 이후 1889년 존스가 다시 번역한 󰡔미이 미교회문답󰡕은 영문을 저본으로 하였지만, 중문본과 이수정역에서 차용한 용어가 각각 37%, 17% 정도 되는 등 앞선 번역본들도 참고하였던 것을 알 수 있다. 이수정과 존스가 한글로 창출한 단어들은 현재 대개 사용되지 않고 있 으며 한자 용어가 그 자리를 대신하고 있는데, 이는 용어의 유통에 있어서 는 번역자 뿐 아니라 언어를 함께 사용하는 대중의 역할이 더욱 크다는 것 을 보여준다.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the spatio-temporal characteristics of ultrafine dust generation in East Asia and the synoptic climate patterns related to its dispersal which has its adverse effects on public health across East Asia. To achieve this purpose, Level 3 monthly Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data extracted from MODIS satellite imagery (MOD08_M3) representing particle matters less than 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis I upper-level climatic data associated with the exacerbation of ultrafine dust problem are analyzed for the recent 20-year (2001-2020) period. Analyses of long-term average MOD08 data show that high AOD value exceeding 0.5 or more frequently occurred in populous cities in East Asia but mainly in the vicinity of densely populated large rivers and the eastern lowlands in China between mid-winter and mid-spring, which is attributable to the accumulation effects of continuous fossil fuel consumption for heating and manufacturing. Despite the overall decreasing trend of ultrafine dust across China in the 2010s, the weakened westerlies in the warmer climate as well as its continuous generation from the densely populated industrial regions of China provide a favorable synoptic climate condition for frequent severe ultrafine dust problems across East Asia including South Korea. These results indicate that ultrafine dust from China is a long-lasting transboundary environmental problem across East Asia, which needs long-term international cooperation in developing the sustainable policies.

The statistical characteristics of aerosol–cloud interactions over East Asia were investigated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. The long-term relationship between various aerosol and cloud parameters was estimated using correlation analysis, principle component analysis, and Aerosol Indirect Effect (AIE) estimation. In correlation analysis, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) was positively Correlated with Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Cloud Fraction (CF), but negatively correlated with Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) and Cloud Top Pressure (CTP). Fine Mode Fraction (FMF) and CCN were positively correlated over the ocean because of sea spray. In principle component analysis, AOD and FMF were influenced by water vapor. In particular, AOD was positively influenced by CF, and negatively by CTT and CTP over the ocean. In AIE estimation, the AIE value in each cloud layer and type was mostly negative (Twomey effect) but sometimes positive (anti-Twomey effect). This is related to regional, environmental, seasonal, and meteorological effects. Rigorous and extensive studies on aerosol–cloud interactions over East Asia should be conducted via micro- and macro-scale investigations, to determine chemical characteristics using various meteorological instruments.

The purpose of this study is to examine the trends of extreme temperature events in East Asia over the past 40 years (1979-2018) and their potential relationships with recent changes in the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere. Analyses of Sen’s slope and Mann-Kendall tests are performed for time series data of extreme temperature events extracted from NCEP-DOE reanalysis II Gaussian grid daily 2-m air temperature data. As the result, it is found that extreme high temperature events exceeding the 99th percentile show more noticeable increasing trends than the magnitude of the decreasing extreme low temperature events below the 1st percentile particularly in Mongolia, Korean Peninsula and southern China due to unexpected cold events since the late 2000s. Correlation analyses based on Kendall’s tau indicate that the reduction of spring-early summer Eurasian snow cover (data from Rutgers University Global Snow Lab.) may lead to the increasing tendency of extreme high temperature events in East Asia through snow albedo feedbacks, while paradoxically the reducing autumn-early winter Arctic sea ice (data from NSIDC) due to global warming seems to cause more frequent extreme low temperature events in recent years through the amplification of Rossby waves. Thus, it is needed to continue monitoring the feedbacks between changing Arctic cryosphere and East Asian climate systems in the warmer 21st century.

The paper aims to investigate the impact of trade integration on business cycle synchronization for the East Asian countries during 2005- 2017 based on the endogeneity hypothesis of Optimum Currency Area criteria. We test the determinants of business cycles by calculating bilateral trade, financial integration, and business cycle synchronization. Applying the system Generalized Method of Moments for dynamic panel data models, the results show that business cycle synchronization is highly associated with trade and financial integration. These findings confirm the endogeneity hypothesis that more trade integration will mitigate asymmetric shocks, and have a positive impact on the business cycle synchronization. The increased trade intensity and financial linkage lead to more correlated business cycles in East Asia. Apart from trade and financial integration, the trade structure differential, monetary policy similarity also influence the business cycle comovement. The significantly negative impact of trade structure differential on business cycle synchronization suggests that countries with less similar structures are more likely to undergo asymmetric shocks. The results also indicate that monetary policy matters for output comovement. This study recommends that the East Asian countries should focus on bilateral trade as well as financial integration with each other to reap benefits from the integration process.

This study explores the effect of trade of Information Communications Technology (ICT) products and government’s role, measured by three factors: Control of corruption, Government effectiveness, and Administrative tax level, on raising the economy across the East Asia- Pacific region. Secondary data were collected from the World Bank database of 21 countries over 12 years from 2006 to 2017. Applying the Panel corrected standard error model and running a robustness check based on the Dynamic panel data method, this research found that the exported ICT products, control of corruption, and government effectiveness could increase the economic income of a country in the region. The paper also provided the evidence indicating that the imported ICT products and the Administrative tax level are two harmful factors for economic growth. The major finding confirmed the useful contribution on improving government quality and its economy. First, improving the economy of a country always poses various challenges to its government. During the past decades, although much of the literature confirmed that exporting ICT products could promote an economy, very few studies investigated the role of Administrative tax level and the Government effectiveness. Second, there are only a few studies exploring the capability of government and the economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region.

The purpose of this research is to review historical development of Islamic finance in individual East Asian economies, including China, Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong, and examine the success factors of the Hong Kong Sukuk issuances in 2014-2017. The research is a qualitative study applying case study method. It is found that the East Asian economies do play efforts to develop their Islamic capital markets although they have very limited size of Muslim population. Their progress on this development generally remains to be slow. The Hong Kong Sukuk is a breakthrough, carrying a total issuance value of US$3 billion. The Sukuk issuances, treated as a kind of asset-backed securities with restrictions on financing purposes, are distributed to international investors by investment banks from Hong Kong, Middle East and Malaysia. Success factors of these issuances include involvement of an issuer with high credit quality, recognition by central bank for using the Sukuk in its discount facility for commercial banks, centralized clearing services for the Sukuk and global banking network for underwriting the Sukuk. The lessons from the Hong Kong Sukuk are good references for other economies to develop their regional Islamic capital markets and to integrate the markets into the global capital market.

We estimated changes in temperature-related extreme events over South Korea for the mid and late 21st Century using the 122 years (1979-2100) data simulated by RegCM4 with HadGEM2-AO data as boundary conditions. We analyzed the four extreme events (Hot day: HD, Tropical day: TD, Frost day: FD, Icing Day: ID) and five extreme values (Maximum temperature 95/5 percentile: TX95P/TX5P, Minimum temperature 95/5 percentile: TN95P/TN5P, Daily temperature range 95 percentile: DTR95P) based on the absolute and relative thresholds, respectively. Under the global warming conditions, hot extreme indices (HD, TD, TX95P, TN95P) increase, suggesting more frequent and severe extreme events, while cold extreme indices (FD, ID, TX5P, TN5P) decrease their frequency and intensities. In the late 21st Century, changes in extremes are greater in severe global warming scenario, RCP8.5 rather than RCP4.5. HD and TD (FD and ID) are expected to increase (decrease) in the mid 21st Century. The average HD is expected to increase by 14 (17) days in RCP4.5 (8.5). All the percentile indices except for DTR95P are expected to increase in both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. In the late 21st Century, HD and TD are significantly increased in RCP8.5 compared to RCP4.5, but FD and ID are expected to be significantly reduced. HD is expected to increase mainly in the southwestern region, twice (+41 days) in RCP8.5. TD is expected to increase by 17 days in RCP8.5, which is 5 times greater than that in RCP4.5. TX95P, TN95P and TX5P are expected to increase by about 2°C and 4°C in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. TN5P is expected to increase significantly by 4°C and 7°C in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively.

기후변화에 따른 강우특성의 변화 등 다양한 기상이변과 극한사상에 관련된 수자원 연구는 일반적으로 전지구 기후 모델(General Circulation Model, GCM) 산출물에 기반하여 생산된 미래 기상정보를 바탕으로 이루어진다. 사회 다양한 분야에서 기후변화 영향평가가 심층적으로 이루어지고 있는 가운데 과거기간에 대한 원시 모의결과 평가를 통한 GCM의 성능과 산출물에 대한 재현성 고찰 연구는 상대적으로 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 한반도 지역에 대한 전지구 모델의 성능을 평가하기 위해 동아시아 지역의 격자단위 관측자료를 수집하여 과거기간(1970~2005)에 대한 강우특성 공간분포를 분석하고 이에 대한 GCM 산출물의 재현성을 평가하였다. 위도와 경도에 따른 강우특성의 공간적 변동성에 대한 GCM 결과의 상관성과 평균/절대오차를 산정하여 29개 CMIP5 GCM의 순위를 결정하여 제시하였다. 연구 결과 오차 통계와 대상지역에 따라 GCM 순위가 상이하게 나타났으며 특히 공간분포의 패턴과 절대적 오차를 기준으로 판단한 GCM 순위가 크게 다르게 나타났다. 대체로 Hadley Centre 계열 모델의 동아시아 지역에 대한 강우특성 재현성이 높게 나타났으며 한반도 지역만을 대상으로 평가한 경우 MPI_ESM_MR과 CMCC center 계열 모델의 재현성이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 향후 한반도 지역의 기후변화 영향평가에 가중있게 고려되어야 할 GCM의 선정과 GCM 성능고려에 따른 기후변화 예측 불확실성 평가에 적용될 수 있으며 다양한 영향 평가 연구결과의 신뢰도 제고에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Background: To obtain useful safflower resources for breeding and research of functional materials, the present study was conducted to determine fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities of 281 safflower accessions collected from East Asia including South Korea. Methods and Results: Lipid contents and fatty acids compositions were evaluated using soxhlet extraction and gas chromatography, respectively. A antioxidant activities were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The evaluation range of safflower accessions showed very wide variation. In terms of lipid contents, the China accessions were higher than the collection from other regions, whereas antioxidant activities did not differ among regions. The result of the principal component analysis showed that the first and second principal component cumulatively explained 90.6% of the total variation. In clustering the safflower accessions, the tree showed four major clades. Group II (16 accessions) was high in lipid content, oleic acid and linoleic acid, whereas group III (50 accessions) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than other groups. Conclusions: It was recommended that the China collections be utilized as a useful resource for research on functional oil materials. These results provided valuable information for safflower breeders and researchers of functional food.

Kim Hak-Ch’ŏl (1916-2001) was the “last squad commander” of the Korean Volunteer Army as well as being the main intellect within the community of ethnic Koreans in China (Chosŏnchok) and a master in the world of Korean-Chinese literature. He lived one half of his life as a hero and the other half as a ‘traitor”, so research into his work could not help but go through tumultuous times. After liberation, some critics became interested in Kim’s novels that dealt with the life and experience as a member of the Korean Volunteer Army, however, after he moved to North Korea thus rendering his works inaccessible, research on his work could not take place. However, his writing activities when in Beijing and Yanbian garnered attention from critics and he was noted for his uniqueness. But as a result of the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957, he ended up living a hellish life for the next 24 years. Research on his work was revived only after reforms were introduced and the writer started to gain attention also in South Korea and Japan. In this article, we will review existing research that had been performed on his life and literature in Korea, Japan and China, and propose some areas that need to be researched further in the future.

We investigated on the proper combination of physical parameterization schemes of RegCM4.0 for the simulation of regional climate over CORDEX-East Asia Phase 2 domain. Based on the Lee(2016)’s sensitivity experiments for the four combination using two land surface schemes and two cumulus parameterization schemes during 5 years (1979-1983), we selected the two combinations (CE: CLM+Emanuel and BG: BATS+Grell). The ERA-Interim was used as lateral boundary data of RegCM4.0 for the two experiments during 25 years (1981-2005). Simulation skills of temperature were similar in the two combination of physical processes irrespective of seasons and locations. However, there were a substantial differences in the simulation skills of precipitation according to the combination of physical processes, which were better in CE than BG combination. In general, the CE combination better simulated the precipitation characteristics in July and August over South Korea than BG combination, in terms of frequency and amount of precipitation according to the intensity. The superior skills of CE in simulating precipitation over South Korea can be related to the better simulation of seasonal march of the East Asian summer monsoon including the location and intensity of the North Pacific high pressure system than BG. The results suggested that the CE combination can simulate the climate characteristics in the CORDEX East Asia Phase 2 region better than the BG combination.

In this paper, for selected station of 8 clusters in East Asia (Park, 2017) more (less) warming periods than the wintertime mean warming of intra-seasonal fluctuation curves were taken and their means were computed. Long term trends and synoptic features of the mean temperature changes were examined. In most clusters, around the third of January there were less warming periods (LWP) than the mean wintertime warming. On the contrary, in February and the first and second of January there were more warming periods (MWP) than the winter mean or LWPs having a warming trend with statistical signicance. Time series of the daily Siberian High indices showed they had been weakening in February and being stagnant around late January. In most stations, the mean temperatures of MWP or LWP had large negative correlation coecients with the Siberian high intensity. is result explains the occurrences of MWPs in most clusters in February and LWPs in late January. In cluster B there were LWPs in early February due to the influence of the Aleutian Low which were strengthening in that periods. Cluster E showed different features without LWPs in late January. The cluster is considered to be affected by its plateau environment of West Yúnnán and the Tibet Plateau which prevent cold air of the lower atmosphere in Northern Asia flowing southward, and by the regional atmospheric circulation of 500hPa surface centered in this region.

We conducted dynamic downscaling using the RegCM4.0 with 25 km of horizontal resolution over CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 domain for the current climate (1981-2005) and evaluated its performance using various reference datasets. The HadGEM2-AO with about 110 km of horizontal resolution provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was used as the forcing data of RegCM4.0. the RegCM4.0 generally well simulated the spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation by representing geographical and topographic conditions, compared with HadGEM2-AO. In particular, the warm biases in Mongolia, northern China, and Russia during summer and cold biases in Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia, northeast China, and northern India during winter were reduced. However, the systematic wet (dry) biases of summer precipitation in the most of model domain (South Korea) were still remained. It was associated with the southward shifting of low-level jet caused by the weakened North Western Pacific High in HadGEM2-AO. In South Korea, the RegCM4.0 showed a better performance than HadGEM2-AO in terms of the magnitude and spatial variability of both temperature and precipitation. In particular, the RegCM4.0 performed better in simulating the ratio of extreme precipitation over 100 mm/day to total precipitation than HadGEM2-AO. The RegCM4.0 reasonably reproduced the frequency and inter-annual variability of heavy rainfall, frost day, and tropical night over South Korea.

In this study, the intra-seasonal fluctuation (ISF) of wintertime temperature change in East Asia was classified by a cluster analysis of complete linkage. A ISF of temperature change was defined as a difference of synthesized harmonics (1 to 36 harmonic) of daily temperature averaged for 30 years (1951~1980, 1981~2010). Eight clusters were gained from the ISF curves of 96 stations in East Asia. Regions of the cluster C, G and A1 seem to be affected by the Siberian High (SH) center, whereas the cluster A1, A2, D, B and F by the SH main pathways. Regions of the cluster E are apart from the SH main pathways and appear to be in the area of influence of other factors. Wintertime temperatures in Northwest China (clusters C, G) and Northeast China (cluster A1) were increased very largely. In most clusters, around late January there were less warming periods than the winter mean of the mean ISF of the clusters, before and after this time there were more warming periods than the winter mean.

This research aims to look at and resolve the issue of Japanese military “comfort women,” an issue that sits at the core of the conflict over history in East Asia, from the perspective of politics of denial that inevitably intervenes in the phase of stagnant purging of the past. To this end, first of all, it is necessary to presuppose the recognition that the military “comfort women” issue is not a narrow Korea-Japan relations issue but one related to responsibility for colonial rule and to shared transitional justice in East Asia. Second, based on such presupposition, I introduce some of the debates and arguments within civil society in regard to the historiography of The Comfort Women of the Empire, as an example that shows the dilemma of historical self-reflection in East Asia. Third, I critically review the problems of the historiography of The Comfort Women of the Empire, positioned largely within historical revisionism in East Asia, from the standpoint of Stanley Cohen’s theory on denial. Fourth, I extrapolate theoretical and practical tasks implied by the foregoing discussion, from the perspective of possibility of historical dialogue in East Asia. As a conclusion, this paper seeks to reflect on the fact that the issue of denial, which emerged as a social fact during the process of debating on history in East Asia, raised the need for intellectuals of our time to sincerely self-reflect upon responsibilities of the academia. In other words, there is a need to fundamentally reflect upon the social sphere in which historiography and representations take place―in short, upon the transitive dimension of intellectual activity where historical knowledge competes and communicates.

We examined temporal and spatial structure of trends in precipitation-based and temperaturebased extreme indices simulated by the Regional Model Program of Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs-RMP). The extreme indices were selected to consider the frequency, intensity, and persistence of extreme events. During the Last 30 years from 1979 to 2008, the model reasonably have simulated the temporal and spatial pattern of the trend. Although overestimation of minimum temperature and underestimation of maximum temperature occured, the regional climate model captured observed direction and magnitude well in the indices based on temperature. The indices related to rainfall tended to be overestimated over East Asia except for Korea and Japan. However, the trend showd agreement with observation. the results allow us to be optimistic about the RCM ability in the simulation of important extreme event of precipitation and surface temperature in East Asia. This type of study can also provide meaningful climate statistics and insight into climate change impact study.

This study evaluates climate simulations performed over the CORDEX Phase 2 East Asia domain with a Regional Climate Model (RCM), Consortium for Small-scale Modelling (COSMO)- Climate Limited-area Modelling (CLM) (CCLM), driven by the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA)-Interim reanalysis. We focus on examining the influence of spectral nudging on East Asian climate simulations by comparing a control simulation to a simulation including spectral nudging. Spatio-temporal climatology of temperature and precipitation is well reproduced by CCLM with distinct regional patterns of systematic biases. Improvement of CCLM performance on East Asian climate simulation is identified when applying a spectral nudging technique. The use of spectral nudging alleviates systematic biases existing on horizontal winds and geopotential heights during summer and winter. Stronger reduction in systematic biases is found at lower troposphere during summer, partly explaining improvement of summer precipitation over the northeast Asia. Bias and RMSE analysis shows considerable improvement occurring in both climatology and inter-annual variability of summer precipitation and winter temperature over South Korea. Results from a Taylor diagram analysis reveal that CCLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns reasonably well for both summer and winter, and that spectral nudging improves spatial pattern simulations of horizontal winds and geopotential height at 850hPa during summer.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to aim to stress the importance of doing business environment in South Korean economy. The theoretical justification is based on neo-institutional theories and new business management including Porter’s Model as main justifications of state intervention due to the market failures to promote a competitive environment of doing business. Research design, data and methodology – The methods to be taken is to provide a comparative performance analysis, and offer in terms of doing business and economic freedom sub-index complemented by Korean reforms diagnostics. Results – The main results underlined the key factors explain the success of business environment in South Korea such as: a simplified registration procedures, a target tax incentives, the removal of business barriers, the improvement of legislative and regulatory framework, target reforms, property right and technical norms, good governance and the quality of institution, a role of a well-functioning legal framework, a strong competition framework, and the transparency of regulation, etc. Conclusion – A competitive environment of doing business is based on the target national strategies, appropriate reforms responding to national needs and good governance system.