This study was performed to compare the dietary intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), using a database of Zn composition developed in this study, between elementary schoolchildren in a remote rural area (RA, n=58, 9.9±1.7 yrs) and those in an urban area (UA, n=60, 9.4±1.8 yrs) in Chungnam province in Korea. A dietary survey for three days by food record method was performed. All kinds of foods (n=273) consumed by subjects were collected by aliquot sampling method, and the Zn content of these foods were analyzed by wet technique. The results showed that the daily mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin C from diet in the RA were in the range of 49-88% of the Korean DRI (KDRI), while those in the UA were similar to or greater than the KDRI, except for calcium and iron. The daily mean intake of Zn from the RA diet was 7.0±0.5 mg/d (114.1±8.4% of the KDRI), and 16.0±1.0 mg/d (258.3±16.3% of the KDRI) in that of the UA (p〈0.001). The percentage of dietary intake of Zn less than 2/3 of the KDRI was 19.0% in the RA, in comparison to 1.7% in the UA. Those in the RA consumed Zn from plant foods more often than did those in the UA (p〈0.001). Beef rib stew was the food source with highest Zn amount for the total subjects, followed by beef rib meat, roasted; and beef soup w/seasoned red pepper sauce. These results showed that some children in the RA had poor Zn nutrition based upon low intakes and poor food sources of Zn, while overall, children in the UA had good Zn nutrition. Therefore, those in RAs should have their Zn nutrition improved through government policy and nutrition education.

Purpose : Near point of convergence(NPC) was used in making the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency(Cl) by 93.8% of the optometrists surveyed. however, there are no published age-related normative values in the literature to substantiate these values. so we measw·e the NPC break values and the recovery values of high school students. Methods : The subiects were 186 elementary schoolchildren in lo garde. middle grade and high grade. We measured NPC by different methods(AT and PLRG), and the distance and near phoria. Results : The NPC break values and the recovery values of AT target were 3.38±2.24 cm, 8.58±3.11 cm for lo garde. 3.00±1.59 cm, 8.48±2.68 cm for middle grade and 3.44±1.55 cm, 8.22±2.14 cm for high grade. The NPC break values and the recovery values of PLRG target were 5.30±3.18 cm, 11.03±4.43 cm for lo garde. 4.3R±2.f)0 cm, 10.08±3.85 cm for middle grade and 5.39±3.37 cm. 10.87±4.07 cm for high grade. Conclusion : The NPC break values and the recovery vaJues of AT target were 3.31±1.82 cm, 8.40±2.62 cm, PLRG target were 5.12±3.13 cm, 10.73±4.14 cm. I suggest a clinical cutoff value of 8 cm for NPC break and 12 cm for the MPC recovery.

목적: 농촌과 도시 거주 초등학생의 굴절상태에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석하였다. 방법: 경상남도 소재 농촌 지역의 3개 초등학교와 도시지역의 1개 초등학교에 다니는 166명의 어린아이(저학년 36명, 고학년 47명)를 대상으로 자각식 굴절검사와 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.84±0.25와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39와 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각, -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 설문조사에 의한 시력 관리와 시력에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석한 결과, 시력 검사 주기는 농촌 학생은 74.7%가 `6개월~1년`, 도시 학생은 66.3%가 `6개월`이었으며, 시력검사 장소는 농촌 학생은 `학교`, 도시 학생은 `안과`가 가장 많았다. 평일 TV 시청 시간과 공부 시간, 전기스탠드의 사용 여부는 지역간 유의한 차이를 보여 거주 환경에 따라 시력 관리 실태가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 그 밖에 영양제 복용, 컴퓨터 사용 시간, 전기스탠드의 위치, 공부 자세 책과의 거리, TV와의 거리 등은 지역간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 도시 지역이 농촌 지역보다, 고학년이 저학년보다 시력과 관련된 환경적 요인에 따른 영향이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 환경에 맞는 효율적인 시력관리 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

경남 소재 농촌 초등학교 3곳과 도시 초등학교 1곳의 166명 (저학년 각 36명 고학년 각 47명)을 대상으로 나안시력과 자각식 굴절검사를 실시하여 지역별 학년별 및 성별간 비교 분석하였다. 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 와 0.84±0.25 와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 각각 0.65±0.40, 0.55±0.38로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 안경 착용률은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 12%와 51.8%로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=7.356, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.0%와 44.4%(t=-5.291, p=0.000) 및 21.2%와 57.4%(t=-5.105, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 30.7%(27명)와 33.3%(26명)으로 차이가 없었다(t=0.412, p=0.680). 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌 학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생(-0.85±1.24)보다 여학생(-1.31±1.78)이 높게 나타났으나 유의성은 없었다. (t=-1.952, p=0.052). 근시 유병률은 저학년보다 고학년에서, 농촌보다 도시에 거주하는 학생에서 더 높았으나, 성별 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상으로부터 초등학생의 시력저하를 예방하고 효율적인 시력관리를 위해서는 거주 지역과 연령에 적합한 다각적인 시력 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

The purpose of the study w3s to investigate the consumption pattern of the Korean traditional foods of the elementary schoolchildren living in urban and rural area. For the investigation, 373 fifth-grade elementary schoolchildren in Incheon and Gangwhado were surveyed by a questionnaire and the data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program. As for the frequency to take the Korean traditional foods, bab and kimchi are taken almost everyday, and gug, jjigae, jorim, gui, namul are taken frequently. And juk, jeongol, jeon, sanjeog, jutgal, hangwa and umryo were shown to be taken occasionally. There were statistical differences in the frequencies of the Korean traditional food consumption by the residence and the gender. The students in urban area take hinbab, jabgokbab, hobakjuk deonjanggug, sangsunjorim, jangiorim more frequently than the students in rural area. The students in rural area take mandu, kuksoo, yeongunjorim and kongiorim more frequently than the students in urban area Female students take sangsunjorim, jangiorim, sangsungui, bulgogi, sangsunjeon, hobakjeon, sukchae, jutgal and oiji more frequently than male students. Most of the schoolchildren answered that in the future they would like to take the traditional foods more frequently than now. There was statistical difference by the gender. As for the food such as bibimbab, gug, jjigae, jeon, namul and jang-aji, female students responded to take more frequently than male students. The 39.1% of them responded that the taste is the point to be most improved in the future. But there was no statistical difference by gender and the residence In order to make the taste of traditional food more attractive to modem people, the 37.8% of them replied it does not need to change the traditional preparation method. However, similar percentage of the schoolchildren(35.7%) answered it is needed to change partly the traditional preparation method. As for the effect of traditional foods on health, the 68.4% of schoolchildren thought that the our traditional foods are healthier than western foods.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the perception and the knowledge of the Korean traditional foods in elementary school students. For the investigation, 373 fifth-grade elementary school students in Incheon were surveyed by a questionnaire, and the data were analized by the SPSS 10.0 program. The result showed that 85% of the surveyed schoolchildren showed the interest in the Korean traditional foods. It also revealed that female students are more interested in the traditional food than male students and the children of the career woman are more interested than those of the housewives. As for the motive of their interest, 39.7% of the subjects answered 'through mass media'. Male students and the children of the housewives got the interest through their mother, and female students and the children of the career woman got the interest through their hobby of cooking food. Among the traditional foods, 76.4% of the children designated kimchi as the most proud traditional food. As for the reasons of reducing traditional food use, 39.9% of students responded because of 'not-tasty' and 28.7% of students replied because of 'not enough time to cook'. But 62.2% of the subjects thought the traditional foods should be more used in the future. As for the succession and development of the traditional foods, 33.8% of the subjects said it should be carried out by the family. The basic knowledge score of the traditional foods was 5.78 on a scale of 10, which showed relatively low level. The lower their basic knowledge, the less their interest in the traditional foods was. The samgyetang, ogokbap and bindaetteok were the most perceived traditional foods. The cheonggukjang, nabakgimchi and jindallaehwajeon were the foods they had seen, but the they didnot have heard or seen the others. Among the traditional foods, susugyeongdan, jindallaehwajeon and dasik were more perceived by the schoolchildren in the rural area than those in the urban area. The jindallaehwajeon and dasik were more perceived by female students than by male students. Therefore, in order to make elementary schoolchildren take the traditional foods with pride by increasing their perception and knowledge of them, the family should give them many opportunities to eat traditional foods. The school also should try to establish a cooperative relationship to the family of schoolchilderen and use more Korean traditional foods in the school's meal program. Furthermore, the society's concern and support are necessary and also the role of mass media, which have great influence on children, is important.

This study is performed to examine the meal management attitudes of housewives who had elementary schoolchildren in the remote rural areas(RA: n = 318, 37.2±0.3 years of age) in comparison to those in their vicinity urban area(UA: n = 349, 36.9±0.2 years of age) in the Chungnam province in Korea. The subjects were asked to fill out the questionnaire on their attitudes of meal management for their families. The results obtained in this study were as followings: (1) Most husbands of the subjects had a farming job in the RA while they had salaried workers in the UA(p〈0.001). Education levels of both subjects and their husbands were lower in the RA than in the UA. Nuclear families were dominated by both groups, however single parent-family and step parent-family were more prevalent in the RA than in the UA. (2) in terms of ways of getting foods such as grains, meats, eggs, vegetables and fruits, the RA housewives relied more often on self-production than did the UA housewives(p〈0.001). (3) The frequency of purchasing unprocessed foods was lower in the RA than in the UA(p〈0.001). The RA housewives purchased the convenient foods such as instant noodles(p〈0.05), ready to eatsoups(p〈0.001), retort pouch foods(p〈0.05) and instant teas(p〈0.05) more frequently than did the UA housewives, while tuna, canned in oil(p〈0.01), milk and their products(p〈0.001), soybean products(p〈0.001) and snacks(p〈0.01) were purchased less often by the RA housewives. (4) Family members except housewives engaged more often in meal preparation in the RA than did those in the UA(p〈0.001), which was more strongly observed for dinner. The time spent in preparing the dinner was shorter in the RA than in the UA(p〈0.001). (5) The degrees of endeavor to provide the subjects' offspring with balanced meal(p〈0.001) and nutrition education(p〈0.01) were lower in the RA than in the UA. The RA housewives had more difficulty for performing meal management because of 'over work-related fatigue', 'insufficient money to purchase foods' and 'far distance from grocery' than the UA housewives(p〈0.001). The RA housewives had lower score on nutritional knowledge(p〈0.001) and wanted more strongly nutritional knowledge to improve the quality of family's meal than did the UA housewives(p〈0.01). Therefore, the RA housewives had various problems regarding meal management such as 'over work related to fatigue', 'food-purchasing inconvenience', 'low economic status of family' and 'lack of nutritional knowledge'. As a consequence the RA housewives relied on cheap convenient foods more often in order to prepare the meal easily than did the UA housewives. These findings emphasize the need in the RA for nutrition education for housewives and a range of nutrition policies that focus upon the social and economic determinants of food choice within families to improve the nutritional status of the RA residents.