참진드기과(Ixodidae) 속하는 개피참진드기(Haemaphysalis flava)는 동남아시아에서 남아시아에 걸쳐 분포 하며, 다양한 질병을 매개하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히 중국, 일본, 한국에서 개피참진드기의 주요 매개 질병인 중증열성혈소판감소증후군(SFTS)의 감염 사례가 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이 연구는 Illumina HiSeq 4000 시퀀싱을 통해 raw 데이터를 획득하고, Trinity를 기반으로 de novo assembly를 수행하여 unigene을 확보하였다. 이 결과, 총 69,822개의 unigene이 생성되었으며, 이 중 46,175개의 unigene이 PANM-DB에 annotation 되었다. 또한 KOG, GO 및 KEGG 분석을 통해 30,000개, 19,074개, 9,333개의 unigene이 annotation 되었 으며, InterProScan 결과를 통해 protein kinase, zinc finger (C2H2-type), reverse transcriptase, RNA recognition motif domain 등과 같은 세포 조절 메커니즘과 관련된 유전자가 확인되었다. RepeatMasker(v4.0.6)와 MISA(v1.0)를 사 용하여 unigene에서 SSR 마커를 확인한 결과, 총 3,480개의 SSR 마커가 확인되었으며 이 중 trinucleotide 반복이 1,907개, dinucleotide 반복이 1,274개로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 H. flava 암컷의 유전자 및 유전자 조절 메커니즘을 이해하는데 기초 자료로서 활용 가능하며, 질병 전파 감수성에 대한 후속 연구에 유용한 정보를 제공 할 것으로 사료된다.

From invertebrate to vertebrate, females uptake sperm for a specific duration post-copulation known as the ejaculate holding period (EHP) before expelling un-stored sperm and the mating plug through sperm ejection. Our study uncovered that encountering males or mated females after mating substantially shortens EHP, a phenomenon we term ‘male-induced EHP shortening (MIES)’. MIES requires Or47b+ olfactory and ppk23+ gustatory neurons, activated by 2-methyltetracosane and 7-tricosene, respectively. These odorants raise cAMP levels in pC1b and c neurons, which are responsible for processing male courtship and regulating female receptivity. Elevated cAMP levels in pC1b and c reduce EHP and reinstate their responsiveness to male courtship cues, promoting re-mating with faster sperm ejection. This study establishes MIES as a genetically tractable model of sexual plasticity with a conserved neural mechanism.

이 연구는 옛 중국의 강영현 여성들이 여서문자를 통해 자신의 문식성을 발전시키 는 욕망과 과정에 대해 고찰했다. 이를 위해서는 우선 여서문자의 개념과 형성 배경, 그리고 교육방식의 특성을 살펴보고, 이를 통해 여성 문식성 공동체의 형태를 고찰했다. 뿐만 아니라 이들의 정체성 발전을 고찰하기 위해 ‘설득’ 개념을 도입함으로써 설득의 확장 개념인 ‘순수 설득’ 이론에 대해서도 논의했다. 이상의 논의를 바탕으로 여서문자와 ‘순수 설득’가 서로 결합하는 가능성을 타진하고, 그 이론을 바탕으로 여서로 개작된 문학작품을 해석하며, 옛 중국 강영 여성의 정체성 형성과 문식성의 발전 과정에 대해 다각도로 살펴보았다.

Background: Although studies have been conducted on muscle thickness and balance in trunk stabilization exercise and exercise using vibration props, studies on trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration for spinal alignment are still insufficient to draw a conclusion. Objectives: To investigate the effect of trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration on the spinal alignment in adult females. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-six adult females were randomly assigned to the experimental group (active vibration) and 13 control groups (active non-vibrating) and exercised three times a week for 8 weeks. Each group was measured for spinal alignment before exercise and 8 weeks after exercise. Spinal alignment, trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, and pelvic torsion were measured using a spinal alignment analyzer. Results: Trunk imbalance was a significantly different depending on the time in the experimental group and the control group (P<.05). Pelvic tilt was a significant difference between the groups (P<.05). Also, pelvic tilt was a significantly different depending on the time in the experimental group (P<.05), but the control group showed no significant difference (P>.05). Pelvic torsion was no significant difference in both groups (P>.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that trunk stabilization exercise using active vibration has a positive effect on the alignment of the spine.

The aim of this study is to explore diverse characteristics of females aged 25 to 49 years grouped according to Body Mass Index(BMI), and to investigate the effect of body satisfaction and self-esteem on involvement in dieting within each BMI group. In total, 549 females who participated in an online survey were divided into groups based on BMI(underweight, normal, and overweight). Results demonstrated three key factors, as follows. First, differences were identified among BMI groups according to demographic characteristics(age, household income, and marital status), although no difference according to education level was found. Second, differences according to BMI groups were found in body satisfaction and involvement in dieting, whereas were not found in self-esteem. Third, model testing for each BMI group showed, a positive correlation between body satisfaction and self-esteem in all three groups. However, there was a difference in causal relationships among variable across BMI groups. Body satisfaction negatively affected and self-esteem positively affected involvement in dieting for the underweight and normal groups, whereas there was no causal relationship between variables in the overweight group. Based on these results, basic information of groups segmented by the level of BMI was obtained, which could be used for both academic and practical implications.

Background: High-heeled shoes can change spinal alignment and feet movement, which leads to muscle fatigue and discomfort in lumbopelvic region, legs, and feet while walking. Objects: This study aimed to identify the effects of different shoe heel heights on the walking velocity and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the lower leg muscles during short- and long-distance walking in young females. Methods: Fifteen young females were recruited in this study. The experiments were performed with the following two different shoe heel heights: 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝. All participants underwent an electromyographic procedure to measure the activities and fatigue levels of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), rectus femoris (RF), and hamstring muscles with each heel height during both short- and long-distance walking. The walking velocities were measured using the short-distance (10-m walk) and long-distance (6-min walk) walking tests. Results: Significant interaction effects were found between heel height and walking distance conditions for the EMG activities and fatigue levels of TA and MG muscles, and walking velocity (p<.05). The walking velocity and activities of the TA, MG, and RF muscles appeared to be significantly different between the 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝ heel heights during both short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Significant difference in the fatigue level of the MG muscle were found between the 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝ heel heights during long-distance walking. In addition, walking velocity and the fatigue level of the MG muscle at the 7 ㎝ heel height revealed significant differences in the comparison of short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that higher shoe heel height leads to a decrease in the walking velocity and an increase in the activity and fatigue level of the lower leg muscles, particularly during long-distance walking.

블루베리혹파리(Dasineura oxycoccana)는 우리나라에서 2010년에 처음 발견된 이래로 지금은 전국의 블루베리 재배지에서 발견되고 있는 외래해충이다. 이 해충의 생태 조사와 방제 연구를 위해 효과적인 유인제 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 비록 캐나다 개체군으로부터 이 해충의 암컷 성페로몬이 이미 보고되었을지라도, 캐나다 연구자들은 이 물질의 질량 스펙트럼이 아닌 기체크로마토그래피의 머무름 시간 비교를 통해 성페로몬을 동정하고 야외 유인시험을 통해 확인하였다. 우리는 블루베리혹파리 유인제 개발의 첫 단계로서 이 종의 성페로몬을 암컷으로부터 분리하여 천연 물질의 질량 스펙트럼을 확인하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 암컷 성충 21마리의 복부 추출물을 농축한 시료 속에서 이 종의 성페로몬으로 알려진 ‘2,14-diacetoxy heptadecane’을 성공적으로 분리하였다. 한편, 암컷 성페로몬의 부성분으로 추정할 수 있는 추가적인 유사물질은 발견되지 않았다

Background:Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of people with limited chest function have focused on the diaphragmatic ability to control breathing pattern. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate to demonstrate diaphragmatic mechanism during breathing.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training using real-time ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) on the chest function of young females with limited chest mobility.Methods:Twenty-six subjects with limited chest mobility were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) depending on the use of RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training, with 13 subjects in each group. For both groups, diaphragmatic breathing training was performed for 30-min, including three 10-min sets with a 1-min rest interval. An extra option for the EG was the use of the RUSI during the training. Outcome measures comprised the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathing, pulmonary function (forced vital capacity; FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec; FEV1, tidal volume; TV, and maximal voluntary ventilation; MVV), and chest circumferences at upper, middle, and lower levels.Results:The between-group comparison revealed that the diaphragmatic excursion range during deep breathing, FVC, and middle and lower chest circumferences were greater at post-test and that the changes between the pretest and post-test values were greater in the EG than in the CG (p<.05). In addition, the subjects in the EG showed increased post-test values for all the variables compared with the pretest values, except for TV and MVV (p<.05). In contrast, the subjects in the CG showed significant improvements for the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathings, FVC, FEV1, and middle and lower chest circumferences after the intervention (p<.05).Conclusion:These results indicate that using RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training might be more beneficial for people with limited chest mobility than when diaphragmatic breathing training is used alone.

사람들은 자신이 애정을 가지고 있는 중요 타인(예. 자녀, 배우자, 연인)을 또 다른 자기(extended self)라고 생각 하고 자신의 자기 개념에 부합하는 방향으로 이들의 패션 스타일을 통제하려는 경향이 있다. 본 연구는 개념적으로 통제하려는 사람이 지각한 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준이 중요 타인의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 독립적 또는 상호작용의 영향을 미칠 것이라고 제안하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해서 연애 중인 20대 여성을 대상으로 시나리오를 이용한 실험을 진행했다. 연구 결과, 20대 여성 실험 참가자가 지각한 남자친구에 대한 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준은 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 독립적으로 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면 간섭권한 정도와 패션감각 수준의 지각은 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동에 상호작용 효과를 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 보다 구체적으로 지각한 간섭권한이 높은 경우는 패션감각 수준의 차이에 따른 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제 행동의 차이가 없는 반면 지각한 간섭권한이 낮은 경우는 패션감각 수준을 높게 지각할수록 남자친구의 패션 스타일 통제를 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to determine the depression symptoms and nutritional status of elderly females that ate congregate meals at lunch in rural Pocheon. The subjects were 18 elderly females aged over 65 (75.7±4.6 years) and information on smoking, subjective health status, depression symptoms and malnutrition risk were collected using a questionnaire administered with the help of trained research assistants. Measurements included mid-arm circumference and calf circumference. Food consumption for 3 days during breakfast and supper were determined by 24-hour recall and food consumption at lunch was determined as the difference between the amounts served and the plate waste. All data were compared between two age groups (≤ 75 and > 75). The subjects had the lowest nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin B6 (0.523), followed by calcium and niacin and the lowest index of nutrient quality (INQ) for calcium (0.738). The older elderly had significantly lower NAR for vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and niacin as well as significantly lower mean adequacy ratio (MAR) compared to the young elderly. They also had significantly lower INQ for vitamin B1 and vitamin C and significantly thinner arm circumference (28.3 cm vs. 31.3 cm). They consumed more than 40% of their daily intake for each nutrient at lunch. Higher proportions of nutrient intake from lunch provided evidence of the importance of congregate meals, suggesting that the government and society should support congregate meals to improve nutritional status.

The present study aimed to figure out current situation and consumer perception on the advertising of functional climbing wear in Korea. Advertising is about showing consumers how products meet their needs. In case of functional clothing, the most basic need of consumer should be a functional need (Lee, 2014;Shimp, 2010). However, research on advertisement of functional clothing, especially focused on the functional information, has not carried out in Korea. Recently research by Liu and Yoo (2014) investigated changing patterns of magazine advertising of functional climbing wear from 2008 to 2013. It is found that advertisements of professional climbing wear had been changed like fashion apparel ads in terms of functional information, celebrity model dependence, and appeal type (Liu&Yoo,2014). On 2013, over 70% of functional climbing wear ads did not provide any functional information and percentage of celebrity model dependence was dramatically increased from 1.48%to35.30%. In this study, 388 adults in their 20-50’s were surveyed in order to figure out general satisfaction on advertisements of functional climbing wear. The survey consisted of eight questions including satisfaction with reliability, communicability, type of expression, model, and contents of functional climbing wear advertisement. For analysis of characteristics of respondents, years of climbing experience, frequency of climbing, average expenses per single purchase, and frequently exposed advertising media types were asked as well as demographic characteristics. Most of respondents (83.85%) were in their 30-50’s and had 3-5 years climbing experience (29.50%).Frequency of climbing was ‘once every two months’ (35.70%) and ‘1~2 times every month’ (25.26%), and the most frequent average expenses per single purchase was ‘100~300 thousand won’ (65.25%). Frequently exposed advertising media types were TV commercials (33.60%), magazine (23.10%), and internet (9.50%). Purchase frequency was ‘once every two tears’ (31.14%), ‘3~4 times in a year’ (29.11%), ‘1~2 times in a year’ (25.06%). Results showed respondents want ‘more precise information for better understanding of performance of functional climbing wears’ (4.22point out of 5.00). Significant differences in ‘advertisement of functional climbing wear is reliable’ were observed across age and gender; male rather than female group and ages 30 are than other age groups showed higher average value. Age 40’s significantly more wanted to be informed precise information via advertisement and preferred celebrity model than other age groups. Overall, ages 20-30’s were more satisfied with the advertisement of functional climbing wear than age 50’s. The results from this study could provide practical insights to establish guidelines for providing product information in the functional clothing industry.

이 연구는 무용공연체험프로젝트‘춤추는 우리동네’에 참가한 성인 여성을 대상으로 진지한 여가로서 커뮤니티댄스 참가와 공연 체험이 그들의 삶에 어떠한 의미를 가져다주는지를 밝히고 자 하였다. 이를 위해 2013년 3월 28일까지 커뮤니티댄스 공연을 위해 약 3개월에 걸쳐 주 3회 3시간씩 커뮤니티댄스에 참가한 무용공연체험프로젝트‘춤추는 우리동네’참여자 12명 중 세평적 사례선택방법을 이용하여 6명을 연구 참여자로 선정하였다. 자료 수집은 커뮤니티댄스 공연 참 여자들을 대상으로 진지한 여가활동으로서 커뮤니티댄스 워크숍과 공연 체험에 대한 심층면담 과 일지, 연구 참여자의 직접 지도와 관찰을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 자료 분석은 현상학적 방 법에 근거하여 수집한 자료를 전사, 주제별 약호화, 의미 범주화와 의미 개념화의 세 가지 단계 로 나누어 분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과 성인 여성들의 진지한 여가로서의 커뮤니티댄스 공연 참 여자들에게 있어 체험은‘행복’을 추구하는 방향으로, 그리고 커뮤니티댄스를 통해‘즐거움’을 체험하는 복합적 구조로 되어있음을 확인하였다. 즉 커뮤니티댄스 공연 활동은 그들의 삶에 행 복한 경험을 느끼게 하고 있음을 확인하였다. 참여자들은 일반인이 춤을 춘다는 것과 공연을 한 다는 것에 대한 두려움을 용기를 통해 극복해야 하는 대상으로 설정하고, 두려움으로부터 벗어 나기 위하여 자신의 진지한 여가활동인 커뮤니티댄스 공연에 몰입하였다. 이러한 참여자의 몰입 은 그들의 삶의 태도를 변화시키며 건강을 포함한 즐거움과 행복을 느끼게 하였다.

Effects of starving treatment on the gravid females of N. californicus were investigated at 20°C and 85% RH. When the females were reared without prey and water just after they laid the first egg under the abundant prey condition, they laid 1.8 eggs and survived for 4.3 d. In order to investigate the process of oogenesis in the body of the starved females, females just after laying the first egg were reared for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hr without prey and water, and were then prepared for internal observation. In the body of females of 0hrstarvation, an egg with eggshell and two oocytes were observed in the ventral and dorsal regions, respectively. Larger oocyte had 2 roundish nuclei and abundant yolk granules, and was enveloped with vitelline membrane. These 2 nuclei were not fused but were just conjugated. Smaller oocyte had a nucleus, but did not form yolk granules and vitelline membrane. Females of 12hrstarvation had an egg in the ventral region and an oocyte in the dorsal region of the body. Females of 24hr-starvation maintained an oocyte in the dorsal region of the body, but did not have an egg in the ventral region. The oocyte was filled with abundant yolk granules, and held 2 irregular-shaped nuclei. Females starved more than 36hr also maintained only an oocyte in the dorsal region of the body. Only an irregular-shaped nucleus was observed in the oocyte. These micrographs suggested that (1) gravid females maintained an oocyte in the dorsal region after laying 2 eggs during starving treatment, (2) the oocyte was not absorbed during starvation, (3) the oocyte advanced vitellogenesis and the fusion of 2 nuclei, and (4) the oocyte was not enveloped with eggshell and did not start embryogenesis. It is also assumed that the sperm penetrated into the oocyte without yolk granules, although the penetration was not observed in this study.

본 연구는 패밀리 레스토랑 맥락에서 패밀리 레스토랑 내 환경에 대한 젊은 남녀의 지각 차이를 검증하고자 하였다. 성별 주제에 대한 연구는 소비자 행동 연구에서 기본적인 조절 변수로 널리 사용되고 있으며, 패밀리 레스토랑 업게 에서도 점포환경의 마케팅 믹스 전략으로서 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있다. 자료는 세 개의 패밀리 레스토랑을 방문한 382명의 고객들로부터 수집하였으며, SPSS LISREL 통계프로그램을 사용하였고 가설검증을 위하여 신뢰도분석과 확인요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성이 여성보다 식음료 요인에 대하여 더욱 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이벤트 요인들은 여성보다는 남성이 레스토랑 내 환경을 판단하는데 유용한 기초를 제공하였다. 셋째, 디자인 요인들이 여성보다 남성에서 성별차이를 설명하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 요약하면, 본 연구의 결과는 레스토랑 내 환경믹스 전략들은 성별에 따라서 달라져야 한다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 최근 젊은 남성들의 기호는 전통적 패러다임에서 변화하고 있으며, 심미적으로 스타일적이며, 감성적 지향적 문화를 추구한다. 따라서 이러한 결과들은 식음료산업 트랜드에 중요한 방안을 제공해준다. 연구의 마지막 부분에, 이론적 기여도, 관리적 시사점, 연구의 한계점, 그리고 향후 연구방향이 제시되었다.

본 연구는 제주지역에서 계절초기 벚나무깍지벌레 방제적기를 구명하고자 월동성충의 산란시기 및 부화약충의 이동시기를 조사하였으며, 이 자료를 기존에 보고된 뽕나무깍지벌레 적산온도 예찰 모형에 적합하여 비교 검토하였다. 벚나무깍지벌레 암컷 월동성충은 4월 중하순부터 산란을 시작하여 5월 상순에는 그 알이 부화하기 시작하였으며, 5월 중순경 부화약충의 이동이 가장 활발하였다. 이와 같은 봄철 벚나무깍지벌레 발생시기는 우리나라 남부지역 및 일본 중부지역에서 보고된 뽕나무 깍지벌레 발생시기와 대체적으로 일치하였다. 또한 봄철 뽕나무깍지벌레의 >50% 부화 난괴 발생비율(y) 추정 적산온도 모형(y=1/[exp(-(-a+bx))], , a=-18.80, b=0.073, x=적산온도, 1월 1일부터 발육영점온도 적용)은 벚나무깍지벌레 부화약충 이동시기와 일치하여 봄철 벚나무깍지벌레 방제적기 추정에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Many muscles of the trunk and hip are capable of contributing to the stabilization and protection of the lumbar spine. To have optimal effectiveness, a training program should include dynamic back/stomach/hip exercises. This study was designed to assess the L5 level paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, and gluteus maximus muscle activities during various low back stabilization exercises. Participants were 26 healthy adults (13 males, 13 Females), aged 21 to 28 years. The surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the L5 level paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, and gluteus maximus muscles. The recorded signal was averaged and normalized to the maximal electromyographic amplitude obtained during the maximal voluntary contraction. The measurements were taken during 3 low back stabilization exercises. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the difference, and a post hoc test was performed with least significant difference. A level of significance was set at p<.05. The significance of difference between men and women, and between the electromyographic recording sites was evaluated by an independent t-test. The EMG activity for the externus oblique and gluteus maximus muscles had significant differences among 3 exercises (p<.05). In males, the EMG activity for the external abdominal oblique muscle had significantly increased differences during exercises 1 and exercise 2 (p<.05). The gluteus maximus muscle had significantly increased differences during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). In females, the multifidus muscle had significantly increased difference during exercise 3 (p<.05), the external abdominal oblique muscle had significantly increased difference during exercise 1 (p<.05). and the gluteus maximus muscle had significantly decreased difference during exercise 3 (p<.05). The results were that the external abdominal oblique muscle was apparently activated during the curl-up exercise in females and males, and the multifidus muscle was apparently activated during the bridging exercise in females and during the sling exercise in males and females.1)In comparison of the %MVC between males and females, exercise 2 and exercise 3 apparently activated of the multifidus and gluteus maximus muscles in both males and females (p<.05). The EMG activity of the gluteus maximus muscle of the males significantly increased during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). The EMG activity the multifidus muscle of the females was significantly increased during exercise 2 and exercise 3 (p<.05). More research is needed to understand the nature of motor control problems in the deep muscles in patients with low back pain.