The cultural heritage of fortresses is often exposed to external elements, leading to significant damage from stone weathering and natural disasters. However, due to the nature of cultural heritage, dismantling and restoration are often impractical. Therefore, the stability of fortress cultural heritage was evaluated through non-destructive testing. The durability of masonry cultural heritages is greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of the back-fille material. Dynamic characteristics were assessed, and endoscopy was used to inspect internal fillings. Additionally, a finite element analysis model was developed considering the surrounding ground through elastic wave exploration. The analysis showed that the loss of internal fillings in the target cultural heritage site could lead to further deformation in the future, emphasizing the need for careful observation.

This study examines the effects of text length and question type on Korean EFL readers’ reading comprehension of the fill-in-the-blank items in Korean CSAT. A total of 100 Korean EFL college students participated in the study. After divided into three different proficiency groups, the participants took a reading comprehension test which consisted of 4 reading passages (2 short and 2 long) from the Korean CSAT, followed by multiple-choice fill-in-the-blank questions and open-ended inference questions. The longer version of the passages was made from its originally restored version in which one or two paragraphs were added. The results showed that the college students performed better on the long passages than the short ones. In addition, the college students’ reading comprehension test performance was affected differently depending on the type of questions. The findings of the study provided implications on how to select and construct reading passages for high-stake nationwide examinations, such as the Korean CSAT.

For the competitive business environment under purchase dependence, this paper proposes a new approximate calculation of order fill rate which is a probability of satisfying a customer order immediately using the existing inventory. Purchase dependence is different to demand dependence. Purchase dependence treats the purchase behavior of customers, while demand dependence considers demand correlation between items, between regions, or over time. Purchase dependence can be observed in such areas as marketing, manufacturing systems, and distribution systems. Traditional computational methods have a difficulty of the curse of dimensionality for the large cases, when deriving the stationary joint distribution which is utilized to calculate the order fill rate. In order to escape the curse of dimensionality and protect the solution from diverging for the large cases, we develop a greedy iterative search algorithm based on the Gauss-Seidel method. We show that the greedy iterative search algorithm is a dependable algorithm to derive the stationary joint distribution of on-hand inventories in the retailer system by conducting a comparison analysis of a greedy iterative search algorithm with the simulation. In addition, we present some managerial insights such as : (1) The upper bound of order fill rate can be calculated by the one-item pure system, while the lower bound can be provided by the pure system that consists of all items; (2) As the degree of purchase dependence declines while other conditions remain same, it is observed that the difference between the lower and upper bounds reduces, the order fill rate increases, and the order fill rate gets closer to the upper bound.

Tungsten (W) thin film was deposited at 400 oC using pulsed chemical vapor deposition (pulsed CVD); film was then evaluated as a nucleation layer for W-plug deposition at the contact, with an ultrahigh aspect ratio of about 14~15 (top opening diameter: 240~250 nm, bottom diameter: 98~100 nm) for dynamic random access memory. The deposition stage of pulsed CVD has four steps resulting in one deposition cycle: (1) Reaction of WF6 with SiH4. (2) Inert gas purge. (3) SiH4 exposure without WF6 supply. (4) Inert gas purge while conventional CVD consists of the continuous reaction of WF6 and SiH4. The pulsed CVD-W film showed better conformality at contacts compared to that of conventional CVD-W nucleation layer. It was found that resistivities of films deposited by pulsed CVD were closely related with the phases formed and with the microstructure, as characterized by the grain size. A lower contact resistance was obtained by using pulsed CVD-W film as a nucleation layer compared to that of the conventional CVD-W nucleation layer, even though the former has a higher resistivity (~100 μΩ-cm) than that of the latter (~25 μΩ-cm). The plan-view scanning electron microscopy images after focused ion beam milling showed that the lower contact resistance of the pulsed CVD-W based W-plug fill scheme was mainly due to its better plug filling capability.

The deposition process for the gap-filling of sub-micrometer trenches using DMDMOS, (CH3)2Si(OCH3)2, and CxHyOz by flowable chemical vapor deposition (F-CVD) is presented. We obtained low-k films that possess superior gap-filling properties on trench patterns without voids or delamination. The newly developed technique for the gap-filling of submicrometer features will have a great impact on IMD and STI for the next generation of microelectronic devices. Moreover, this bottom up gap-fill mode is expected to be universal in other chemical vapor deposition systems.

PURPOSES: As a part of our research into repair techniques for roads that have collapsed as a result of a natural disaster, this study set out to find the optimum mix proportion for gravels to be used to restore a damaged area. METHODS: This study considered flow and strength-development characteristics. The experimental variables were the W/C ratio, the usage of the admixture, the types of cement, and the quantity of fine aggregate over three different experimental stages. The compressive strength was measured at 12 hours, one day, three days, and seven days. RESULTS : The flow varied with the amount of fine aggregate and the use of a high-range water-reducing (HRWR) admixture. The compressive strength also varied with respect to the type of cement and the W/C ratios. The strength satisfied the expected requirement of 21 MPa after one day, provided the mix proportion was appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: A gravel-filling high-flow cement-based mortar exhibited strength and consistency with a W/C ratio in the range of 0.40 to 0.45, assuming the use of HRWR at 0.5 to 0.7% and a fine aggregate/cement ratio of 1.0 to 1.5.

Newmark-type deformation analysis has rarely been done in Korea due to the popularity of simple pseudo-static limit equilibrium analysis and detailed time-history FE/FD dynamic analysis. However, the Korean seismic dam design code updated in 2011 prescribes Newmark-type deformation analysis as a major dynamic analysis method for the seismic evaluation of fill dams. In addition, a design PGA for dynamic analysis is significantly increased in the code. This paper aims to study the seismic evaluation of four existing large fill dams through advanced FEM/Newmark-type deformation analyses for the artificial earthquake time histories with the design PGA of 0.22g. Dynamic soil properties obtained from in-situ geo-physical surveys are applied as input parameters. For the FEM/Newmark analyses, sensitivity analyses are performed to study the effects of input PGA and Gmax of shell zone on the Newmark deformation. As a result, in terms of deformation, four fill dams are proved to be reasonably safe under the PGA of 0.22g with yield coefficients of 0.136 to 0.187, which are highly resistant for extreme events. Sensitivity analysis as a function of PGA shows that PGA30cm (a limiting PGA to cause the 30 cm of Newmark permanent displacement on the critical slip surface) is a good indicator for seismic safety check. CFRD shows a higher seismic resistance than ECRD. Another sensitivity analysis shows that Gmax per depth does not significantly affect the site response characteristics, however lower Gmax profile causes larger Newmark deformation. Through this study, it is proved that the amplification of ground motion within the sliding mass and the location of critical slip surface are the dominant factors governing permanent displacements.

현행 국내 내진 성능 평가 기준에서 사용하고 있는 필댐의 동적 상세 해석에 대한 안전성 평가 기준은 지진 하중 조건에 의해 발생되는 댐마루 연직방향, 횡방향 최대 변위가 정적하중에 의한 변위를 포함하여 제체 높이의 1% 이하로 규정하고 있다. 그러나 이는 이론적 근거가 부족하여, 평가 기준에 대한 합리성 검토가 필요하다. 중약진 지역에 속하는 국내 지진학적 특성상 지진시 댐 계측 데이터로 근거를 마련하기가 어려운 실정으로, 본 연구에서는 국외 계측 데이터 D/B 등 다양한 자료를 바탕으로 안전성 평가 기준을 검토하였다. 추가적으로 원심모형시험과 수치해석을 함께 수행하여, 변형 기준을 검토하였다. 또한, 수치시뮬레이션을 통하여 매개 변수 분석을 수행하고, 댐체의 횡방향 변위와 침하에 대한 영향을 분석하고 변형 기준과 비교, 검토하였다.

본 논문에서는 디지털 하프토닝에 있어 오류 확산 기법에 사용되는 스캔 경로를 랜덤 플러드 필에 기반하여 생성하는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 플러드 필 알고리즘은 특정한 지점에서 연결된 영역을 재귀적으로 방문하며 채워주는 데 사용된다. 여기에 항상 일정한 순서로 채우는 특성에 랜덤을 도입하여 스캐닝 알고리즘으로 사용하였다. 이러한 영상 스캔 방법은 기존의 규칙적인 스캔 방법들에서 발생하는 인위적인 패턴의 발생을 억제해 준다. 기존의 오류 확산 기법과 적용된 영상의 비교를 통해 제안된 알고리즘의 특성을 분석한다.

본 연구에서는, 필댐 사력죤의 전단파속도 특성을 분석하고자 하였으며, 필댐 사력죤의 특성상 주로 표면에서 비파괴적으로 수행되는 표면파 탐사 기법을 적용하여 전단파속도를 도출 하였다. 대표적 표면파 기법인 SASW기법과 새롭게 개발된 HWAW 기법을 이용하여 6개댐 사력죤에서 시험을 통해 심도별 전단파속도와 구속압에 따른 전단파속도를 산정하고 그 결과를 기존에 많이 사용되었던 Sawada와 Takahashi의 결과와 비교 분석하였다.

This paper studies that б values(10, 20, 50)and ρ values (-0.6, -0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6) affect the total inventory cost of a supply chain and order fill rate when the market demand process follows a general auto-correlated AR(1) process without seasonality.

Alluvial-plain deposits in the southeastern part of the Eumsung Basin (Cretaceous) are characterized by coarse-grained channel fills encased in purple siltstone beds. It represents distinct channel geometry, infill organization, and variations in facies distribution. The directions of paleocurrent, sedimentary facies changes, and channel-fill geometry can be used to reconstruct a channel network in the alluvial system developed along the southeastern margin of the basin. The channel-fill facies represent downstream changes: 1) down-sizing and well-sorting in clast and martix of channel fills and 2) internal organization of scour fill or gravel lag and overlying cross-stratified, planar-stratified beds. These findings suggest multiple stages of channel-filling processes according to flooding and subsequent stream flows. In the small-scale pull-apart Eumsung Basin (∼7×33km2 in area), vertical-stacked alluvial architecture of the coarse-grained channel fills encased in purple siltstone is expected to result from episodic channel shifting under a rapidly subsiding setting.

We present new BVRI light curves of UY UMa with no O’Connell effect and a flat bottom secondary eclipse. Light curve synthesis with the Wilson-Devinney code gives a new solution, which is quite different from the previous study: UY UMa is an A-subtype over-contact binary with a small mass ratio of q = 0.21, a high inclination of 81˚.4, a small temperature difference of ΔT = 18˚, a large fill-out factor of f = 0.61, and a third light of approximately 10% of the total systemic light. The absolute dimensions were newly determined. Seventeen new times of minimum light have been calculated from our observations. The period study indicates that the orbital period has intricately varied in a secular period increase in which two cyclical terms with periods of 12y.0 and 46y.3 are superposed. The secular period increase was interpreted to be due to a conservative mass transfer of 2.68 × 10–8 M⊙/yr from the less massive to the more massive star. The cyclical components are discussed in terms of double-light time contributions from two additional bound stars. The statistical relations of Yang & Qian (2015) among the physical parameters of 45 deep, low mass ratio contact binaries were revisited by using the physical parameters of UY UMa and 25 Kepler contact binaries provided by Şenavci et al. (2016).

지진 시 필댐에 손상이 발생하는 경우, 심각한 인명 및 경제적 피해를 유발할 수 있으므로 이의 안정성 평가는 중요하다. 필댐의 손상은 일반적으로 수치해석으로 계산된 침하량으로 평가된다. 하지만 수치해석모델을 내진성능평가에 활용하기 위해서는 선제적으로 수치모델의 검증이 필요한다. 본 연구에서는 필댐의 계측기록과 동적 해석결과를 비교하여 수치모델의 정확성을 평가하였다. 비교 결과, 수치해석은 필댐의 동적응답을 정확하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 수치해석은 필댐의 내진성능평가에 활용 가능한 것으로 평가된다.

This study compared the result applying two analysis methods based on Newmark Sliding Block theory to calculate permanent displacement that is an estimating factor for seismic safety of Fill Dam. It was analyzed FEM numerical coupled-analysis and Makdisi-Seed method. The permanent displacement for the body of dam during earthquake indicated similar displacements with each of them at the same seismic load.

New multiband BVRI light curves of NSVS 1461538 were obtained as a byproduct during the photometric observations of our program star PV Cas for three years from 2011 to 2013. The light curves indicate characteristics of a typical W-subtype W UMa eclipsing system, displaying a flat bottom at primary eclipse and the O’Connell effect, rather than those of an Algol/ b Lyrae eclipsing variable classified by the northern sky variability survey (NSVS). A total of 35 times of minimum lights were determined from our observations (20 timings) and the SuperWASP measurements (15 ones). A period study with all the timings shows that the orbital period may vary in a sinusoidal manner with a period of about 5.6 yr and a small semiamplitude of about 0.008 day. The cyclical period variation can be interpreted as a light-time effect due to a tertiary body with a minimum mass of 0.71 M⊙. Simultaneous analysis of the multiband light curves using the 2003 version of the Wilson- Devinney binary model shows that NSVS 1461538 is a genuine W-subtype W UMa contact binary with the hotter primary component being less massive and the system shows a low mass ratio of q(mc/mh)=3.51, a high orbital inclination of 88.7°, a moderate fill-out factor of 30 %, and a temperature difference of ΔT=412 K. The O’Connell effect can be similarly explained by cool spots on either the hotter primary star or the cool secondary star. A small third-light corresponding to about 5 % and 2 % of the total systemic light in the B and V bandpasses, respectively, supports the third-body hypothesis proposed by the period study. Preliminary absolute dimensions of the system were derived and used to look into its evolutionary status with other W UMa binaries in the mass-radius and mass-luminosity diagrams. A possible evolution scenario of the system was also discussed in the context of the mass vs mass ratio diagram.

This study is to primarily investigate the consistency and compressive strength of an in-fill slurry of the SIFCON-based HPFRCC according to the mixing time. The mixing time considered were 10, 15 and 20 minutes.

Recently, risk analysis of the fill dam has been many studies. The geotechnical characteristics are an important part of the risk analysis, and has a variety of causes failures. Geotechnical characteristics of fill dam is divided into structural and physical characteristics. In domestic, failure mechanism for risk analysis may consider six types.

지반구조물의 동적특성은 미소변형률 수준에서의 변형계수나 이를 결정하기 위한 전단파속도나 압축파속도와 같은 물리적 의미의 체적파속도로 대표되며, 지진과 같은 동적 조건뿐만 아니라 공용상태의 정적 조건의 상태 또는 안정성 평가 과정에서의 중요한 변수이다. 특히, 이러한 체적파속도는 대상 지반 또는 지반구조물에서의 시추공 탄성파시험 수행을 통해 보다 신뢰성 높게 획득할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 필댐 안정성 평가의 정량적 지표인 댐체 및 기초부의 동적 특성을 결정하기 위한 기법으로 현장 다운홀 탄성파 시험을 수행하고자 하였다. 댐 대상의 다운홀 시험은 추가적인 시추를 통해 시험공을 형성하여 실시하고, 일반적으로 시험 종류 후 시험공을 폐공한다. 이에 기존 댐 대상의 다운홀 시험 과정에 비해 경제적일 뿐만 아니라 댐에 대한 지속적이고 정기적인 동적 특성 평가가 가능한 기법으로서, 지하수위 관측공에 적합한 수진기를 활용한 다운홀 시험을 중심코어형 사력댐을 대상으로 실시하여 댐체와 기초 지반의 전단파속도를 평가하였다. 현장에서의 다운홀 시험은 지하수위 관측공의 초기 설치시 관측공과 지반의 접촉 불량 및 유지 관리 부실로 인해 일부 지하수위 관측공에서는 시험이 성공하지 못하였지만, 관측공 상태가 양호한 경우 깊이별 전단파속도 분포를 용이하게 결정할 수 있었다. 따라서 지하수위 관측공의 설치 및 유지 관리가 적절할 경우 다운홀 탄성파시험을 통해 필댐에 대한 지속적인 동적 특성 결정이 가능하고, 이로부터 중장기적인 안정성 평가와 관련 대책을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.