Glutathione (GSH)은 직접적으로 활성산소종을 제거하거나 GSH peroxidase와 같은 활성산소종 제거 효소의 조효소로써, 산화적 스트레스로부터 세포를 방어하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. GSH peroxidase는 두 분자의 GSH을 이용해 세포 내 과산화수소를 물로 전환한다. N-acetyl-L cysteine (NAC)는 항산화제 중 하나로 세포 내 GSH의 전구물질로 이용된다. 본 연구는, 0mM에서 20mM의 NAC 단독 처리

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on feed intake, body weight loss, behavior change and economic analysis of elk bull in breeding season. Sixteen elk bulls (5-year-old, average weight; 330 kg) after antler cutting were divided into 2 groups. Eight bulls in each group (control and glutathione group) were fed experimental diet at a level of 0.85 percent of body weight and 6 mg glutathione per kg body weight. As a result, weight-loss of control animal during experimental study (from September to November) was 42.6±19.2 kg while that of glutathione-supplemented group was 20.6 ±19.9 kg. Compared to control group, glutathione-fed group had prevented the body weight loss by 5.2% (p<0.05). Although the feed intake of elk voluntarily decreases during breeding season, daily DM intake per head was 5.59 and 5.80kg in control and glutathione-fed group, respectively. While the statistical difference in feed intake between two groups was not observed, feed intake tended to increase in glutathione-fed group. In economic analysis, additional cost of 99,000 KRW per head was spent due to the cost of glutathione because of its import. Changes in behavior such as crying, deer whistles, whistling intensity and frequency of accident were lower in glutathione-fed group compared to control. During breeding season, use of glutathione as feed supplement could suppress body weight loss and accidents in deer farm.

Plasma glutathione peroxidase (pGPx) is an extracellular antioxidative selenoenzyme which has been detected in various adult tissues, but little is known about the expression and distribution of pGPx during embryogenesis. To investigate the expression patterns of pGPx during embryogenesis, we performed quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses in whole embryos or each developing organ of mice on embryonic days (E)7.5–18.5. In whole embryos of E7.5–8.5, pGPx mRNA was more typically expressed in extra-embryonic tissues including ectoplacental cone, trophectoderm, and decidual cells than in embryos. However, after E9.5, pGPx mRNA and protein levels were increased in the embryos with differentiation and growth, but trended to gradually decrease in the extra-embryonic tissues until E18.5. In sectioned embryonic tissues on E13.5–18.5, pGPx mRNA and protein were mainly expressed in the developing nervous tissues, the sensory organs, and the epithelia of lung, skin, and intestine, the heart and artery, and the kidney. In particular, pGPx immunoreactivity was very strong in the developing liver. These results indicate that pGPx is spatio-temporally expressed in various embryonic organs as well as extra-embryonic tissues, suggesting that pGPx may function to protect the embryos against endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species during organogenesis.

Genistein is a product of naturally occurring isoflavones at relatively high levels in soybeans. The harmful effects of ethanol are attributed to the induction of biological processes which lead to an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species in fetuses. In this study, we investigated the effects of genistein ( and /ml) on gene expressions of the representative cellular antioxidative enzymes in ethanol (1 /ml)-treated mouse fetuses during the critical period (embryonic days 8.5~10.5) of organogenesis using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The mRNA levels of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx, cytosolic CU,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), and mitochondrial SOD were significantly decreased in ethanol-treated fetuses. However, the mRNA levels of ethanol plus genistein-treated fetuses were significantly higher than those of ethanol alone fetuses. These results indicate that genistein can up-regulate the expressions of GPx and SOD mRNAs reduced by the ethanol treatment in fetuses.

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on body weight gain, feed intake, velvet antler yield and economic analysis in elk bulls. A total 14, 2-year old male elks were divided into 2 groups with control or glutathione treatment. Elks were fed concentrate feed at the level of 1.5% relative to body weight (3.1 kg). and allowed to consumed hay as roughage ad libitum. Glutathione was supplemented at the level of 6 mg/kg. Average daily gains (ADG) for 2-years old elks were 234.1± 7 and 247.6±22 kg in control and glutathione fed groups, respectively. Treated group had higher ADG than control (p<0.05). Individual daily DM intakes were 5.34±0.70 and 5.64±0.71 kg in control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. Glutathione-fed group showed an additional intake of 298 g on an average. Production of velvet antlers for elk yearlings was 4,229±720 g and 4,653±960 g in control and glutathione supplemented groups respectively. Analysis of economics efficiency revealed 8% higher revenue index in glutathione supplemented groups. In conclusion, glutathione supplementation showed increase of DM intake and ADG in elk bulls, and could also increase velvet antler production.

유채 (Brassica napus L.)에서 황 공급수준에 따른 글루타치온 함량의 변화가 황 흡수 및 동화관련 효소 활력에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자, 농도를 4수준 (0, 0.1, 1.0 및 2.0 mM)으로 25시간 처리 한 후 식물조직 내 글루타치온 함량을 측정하고, 흡수, ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) 및 O-acteylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) 효소 활력과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 흡수는 황 공급수준에 따라 평

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is a unique antioxidant enzyme involved in reduction of peroxidized phospholipids within biomembranes. To investigate the expression pattern of the PHGPx gene during fetal development, in situ hybridization analyses were performed using mouse FITC-labeled PHGPx cRNA probes in fetal tissues on embryonic days (Ed) 13.5-18.5. During these periods, PHGPx mRNA appeared in the developing telencephalon, diencephalon, spinal cord, and spinal ganglion. In particular, PHGPx mRNA was strongly expressed in pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex. On Eds 17.5-18.5, PHGPx mRNA was detected in various tissues including liver, intestinal villi and crypt, pancreas, lung, and olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. In addition, PHGPx mRNA was highly expressed in the inner ear on Eds 14.5-18.5, brown fat on Ed 17.5, and adrenal gland on Ed 18.5. It is conceivable that PHGPx may act as an important antioxidant against fetal oxidative stress during mouse organogenesis.

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on feed intake, body weight gain, velvet antler yields and economics of elk yearling. Fourteen elk yearlings were divided into 2 groups. Seven yearlings in each group (control and treatment) were fed with 1.5-2.5 percent body weight (%BW) of concentrate feed for elk, voluntary intake of hay as roughage and 6 mg/kg body weight (KBW) of glutathione. The results were as follows. Average daily gain (ADG) for control elk yearlings for first 1.5 month was 0.46 kg, while that of glutathione supplemented was 0.55 kg. Although glutathione fed group had higher ADG compared to control group (p<0.05), ADG after 1.5 month showed no difference. In spring, daily DM intake per elk yearlings was 3.98 and 4.24 kg for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. The statistical differences in feed intake between two groups were not observed. However, feed intake tends to increase in glutathione fed group. Production of velvet antlers for elk yearlings were 911±256 and 1066±357 g for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. Statistical difference between two groups was not observed due to the high variation. In economic analysis, additional 109,110 KRW per head for the cost of glutathione resulted in 2 percent higher revenue index due to the increased antler production. In conclusion, feeding glutathione to elk deers effectively increased DM intake and ADG of elk yearlings. Glutathione supplementation in feed might increase velvet antler production as well as ADG.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes that are mainlyinvolved in the xenobiotic metabolism and protection against oxidative damage. Most studies of GSTs in insects have been focused on their role in detoxifying exogenous compounds in particular insecticides. Here, we show the expression profiles of GSTs of the bumblebee Bombus ignitus in response to oxidative stress. We identified a sigma-class GST from B. ignitus (BiGSTS). The BiGSTSgene consists of 4 exons that encode 201 amino acids. Comparative analysis indicates that the predicted amino acid sequence of BiGSTS shares a high identity with the sigma-class GSTs of hymenopteran insects such as Apis mellifera (70% protein sequence identity) and Solenopsis invicta (59% protein sequence identity). Tissue distribution analyses showed the presence of BiGSTS in all tissues examined, including the fat body, midgut, muscle and epidermis. The oxidative stress responses analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR showed that under H2O2 overload, BiGSTS and BiGSTD (identified in our previous study) were upregulated in all tissues examined, including the fat body and midgut of B. ignitus worker bees. Under uniform conditions of H2O2 overload, the expression profile of GSTs and other antioxidant enzyme genes, such as phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (Bi-PHGPx) and peroxiredoxins (BiPrx1 and BiTPx1), showed that other antioxidant enzyme genes are acutely induced at 3 h after H2O2 exposure, whereas BiGSTS and BiGSTD are highly induced at 9 h after H2O2 exposure in the fat body of B. ignitus worker bees. These findings indicate that GSTs and other antioxidant enzyme genes in B. ignitusare differentially expressed in response to oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings indicate that BiGSTS and BiGSTD are oxidative stress-inducible antioxidant enzymes that may play a role in oxidative stress response.

The effects of different dietary fatty acids on the hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci and glutathione related enzyme system were investigated in carcinogen treated rats. Weaning male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed the diets of 15% corn(CO), perilla(PO), and sardine oil(SO), respectively. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was initiated with diethylnitrosamine(DEN) and then fed the diet containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminoflumene(2-AAF) followed by 0.05% phenobarbital for 10 weeks. The hepatic tissues were homogenized and centrifugated to prepare microsoma1 and cytosolic fractions. The enzyme activities of hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) were determined from cytosoIic Mans. The number of GST-P hyperplastic nodules was the highest in corn oil group at 6th week, the early stage of hyperplastic nodule formation. GST activities were increased significantly by carcinogens in a11 dietary groups after 6th wk. GR activities followed the same tread as GST activities. GPx activities were decreased by carcinogens in all dietary groups at 10th week. In this experiment, corn oil diet may have promotive effect on hyperplastic nodule formation during the early promotional stages of chemical carcinogenesis.

Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxide (PHGPx) is an antioxidant enzyme that reduces lipid hydroperoxides in biomembranes. Here, we cloned and characterized cys-PHGPx from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus (Bi-PHGPx). The Bi-PHGPx gene consists of 4 exons, encoding 168 amino acid residues with a canonical cys-codon at residue 45 and active site residues Gln82 and Trp134. Recombinant Bi-PHGPx, expressed as a 19 kDa protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells, exhibited enzymatic activity against PLPC-OOH and H2O2 using glutathione as an electron donor. Tissue distribution analyses showed the presence of Bi-PHGPx in all tissues examined. Bi-PHGPx transcripts were upregulated by stresses, such as wounding, H2O2 exposure, external temperature shock, and starvation. Under H2O2 overload, the RNA interference (RNAi)-induced thioredoxin peroxidase (BiTPx1)-knock-down B. ignitus worker bees showed upregulated expression of Bi-PHGPx in the fat body. These results indicate that Bi-PHGPx is a stress-inducible antioxidant enzyme that acts on phospholipid hydroperoxide and H2O2.

This study was carried out to evaluate the nuclear, cytoplasmic maturation and developmental potential of bovine oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) as indirect measurement of oocytes growth phase. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from 2 to 8 mm follicles from slaughterhouse Hanwoo ovaries. The COCs were divided into stained cytoplasm to blue (BCB+) and unstained (BCB-) according to their ooplasm BCB coloration stained by of BCB after 90 min. Selected COCs were cultured in a TCM 199 for 18 to 26 h. Nuclear maturation and total cell number was evaluated after in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) using Hoechst 33342, and cytoplasmic maturation was evaluated by intracellular glutathione (GSH) assay before (0 h) and after (24 h) IVM. The oocyte diameters were not differed significantly between BCB+ () and BCB+ () groups (p>0.05). However, the proportion of metaphase II oocytes in BCB+ group was significantly higher than BCB- group after IVM (p<0.05). GSH content of BCB+ group oocytes was significantly higher than that of BCB- group just after collection ( vs. , p<0.05), but not varied after IVM( and for BCB+ and BCB- respectively; p>0.05). The proportion of blastocyst formation and total cell number in BCB+ group (23.5% and ) was significantly higher than that in BCB- (9.8% and ; p<0.05). The results indicate that BCB+ group oocytes may provide a cellular and functional basis for the greater developmental competence in Korean Native Cow (KNC) oocytes.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the supplementation of glutamine, glucosamine and glutathione on the porcine oocytes on IVM rates. Cocs were incubated in NCSU-23 supplemented with at glucosamine, glutamine and glutathione for 48 hrs. Oocytes were transferred to 50 ul drops of maturation medium covered with mineral oil and cultured in a incubator (, 5% , 95% air). The IVM rates of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mM glutamine for 48 hrs were , , and , respectively. The IVM rates of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 supplement with 2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 mM glucosamine for 48 hrs were , , and , respectively. The IVM rates of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 supplemented with glucosamine were no significantly increased compare to the control (). The IVM rate of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 supplemented with 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 mM glutathione for 48 hrs were , , , , respectively. The IVM rate of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 supplemented with glutamine and glutathione were significantly increased co~pared to those control (). Glucosamine did not affect the IVM rates of oocytes. IVM rates of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 medium for 48 hrs were significantly increased compared to the cultured for 40 hrs.

방오도료로 많이 쓰이던 유기주석화합물은 일반생물에게 미치는 독성이 매우 강하고 또한 내분비계 장애물질임이 밝혀지면서 이를 대체할 화합물들이 개발되고 있다. 그 가운데 본 연구에서는 Sea-Nine 211(4,5-dichlore-2-n-octyl-3(2H) isothiazolone)을 사용하여 이 화합물이 해양생물 특히 저서생물인 패류에게 얼마나 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 강원도 북부 해역에 주로 서식하는 북방대합(Pseudocardium

본 연구는 정자 내의 phsopholipid hydroxide glutathion peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA 발현 수준, heparin-binding protein (HBP) mRNA 발현 수준, 수태율 그리고 산자수 사이의 관계를 조사하고자 실시하였다. 수태율과 산자수 사이에 있어서 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. PHGPx mRNA 발현 수준에 있어 산자수가 10두 이상 군에서 (2,414.7±400.7) 8두 미만 군보다 (1,875.8±311.2) 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. HBP mRNA 발현 수준에 있어서도 산자수 10두 이상 군에서 (2,255.9±360.8) 8두 미만 군보다 (2,155.4±378.0) 약간 높은 결과를 보였으나, 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. PHGPx mRNA 발현 수준과 산자수 사이의 관계는 (r=0.206) 정의 상관관계를 보였으나, 유의한 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 본 실험의 결과, PHGPx와 HBP의 발현수준이 수태율, 산자수와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았기 때문에 PHGPx와 HBP가 정자의 수정능력을 예측하기에는 미흡한 면이 있다.