This study investigated the photosynthetic responses of the CAM ornamental plant Schlumbergera truncata ‘Pink Dew’ under low-temperature greenhouse conditions to evaluate the potential for energy-saving cultivation. Greenhouse production requires substantial energy for heating, and reducing temperature is a possible strategy to save energy. However, low temperatures can suppress photosynthesis and plant growth. CAM plants, which absorb CO2 mainly at night, may respond differently to temperature, making it important to determine temperature ranges that maintain carbon assimilation while reducing energy use. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at average temperatures of 15/11°C (January, early flowering) and 21/12°C (March, late flowering). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and growth characteristics were measured, with comparisons made between top and second phylloclades. Results showed that during the early-flowering period, total net CO2 uptake was negative, indicating suppressed carbon assimilation under low temperature. During the late-flowering period, net CO2 uptake became positive, suggesting recovery of photosynthetic activity as temperatures increased. The second phylloclades generally exhibited higher CO2 uptake than the top phylloclades. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) increased from early to late flowering but remained below optimal values, indicating that plants experienced low temperature stress but maintained moderate photosynthetic function, suggesting some degree of acclimation. Morphological observations showed phylloclade discoloration and occasional lesions, which were consistent with symptoms of cold stress, although plants continued to grow and produce flower buds. Overall, the results indicate that low temperatures below the optimal range can suppress photosynthesis in S. truncata, but the plants retain a capacity for acclimation and recovery. These findings contribute to understanding the temperature sensitivity of CAM photosynthesis and may help define energy-saving temperature strategies in greenhouse cultivation.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the growth characteristics and forage productivity of novel forage resources in order to cope with abnormal climatic conditions in Pungse-myeon, Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea from 2024 to 2025. Italian ryegrass (IRG), Perennial ryegrass (PRG)+IRG mixtures and Meadow foxtail (MF)+IRG mixtures sown on 26 September 2024 grew vigorously before and after winter, and exhibited strong cold resistance, achieving a 100% overwintering rate. At harvest, plant length of IRG, PRG+IRG mixtures and MF+IRG mixtures reached approximately 118 cm. The heading dates of IRG and MF+IRG (2 May) were 8 days earlier than that of tall fescue. The dry matter yield (11.5 ton/ha) of IRG single pasture did not differ significantly from that of MF+IRG and PRG+IRG mixture, but was 29~30% higher than that of MF and PRG single pasture (p<0.001). The crude protein content of IRG and MF+IRG mixture was 7.0%, which was lower than that of MF (9.6%) and tall fescue (9.0%). The total digestible nutrient content of MF+IRG mixture was 63.2%, slightly lower than that of IRG but higher than that of tall fescue. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that PRG+IRG and MF+IRG mixtures have strong potential as novel forage resources to mitigate cold damage of IRG under abnormal climatic conditions.

참당귀 묘의 재배는 오랜 육묘 기간이 소요되어 농가의 주 요 애로 기술로 지적되고 있다. 이를 해소하기 위한 대안으로 플러그 묘 육성이 시도되었으나, 다양한 제약 요인으로 인해 연구 수준에 머무르고 있으며 실제 현장 적용은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 일부 농가에서는 플러그 묘 이용 시 참당귀의 주요 성분인 Decursin 함량이 감소하여 품질 저하가 발생한다는 문 제를 제기하기도 하였다. 본 연구는 플러그 트레이 규격별로 육성한 참당귀 묘를 대상으로 정식 후 생육 특성과 주요 성분 함량을 분석하여 참당귀 묘 육성의 기초 자료로 활용하고자 수행되었다. 처리는 관행 방식으로 생산된 참당귀 묘를 대조 구로 하고, 채소용 50공 플러그 셀트레이 및 임업용 트레이를 처리구로 설정하였으며, 육묘 기간은 선행연구결과에 따라 80일로 하였다. 묘의 생육은 트레이 규격이 클수록 양호하였 으며, 정식 후에도 동일한 경향으로 셀 부피가 큰 트레이에서 생체중과 건물중이 무거웠다. 특히 셀 부피가 큰 임업용 대형 트레이에서 육성된 묘는 수학 시 관행묘에 비해 건물중이 약 1.8배 무거웠다. 주요 성분인 Decursin, Decursin angelate, Nodakenin 함량은 육묘 방식에 따른 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 플러그묘 활용은 육묘기간 을 단축과 토지 이용 효율 측면에서 유리하며, 특히 셀 부피가 큰 트레이를 이용할 경우 묘의 품질과 정식 후 생육에서 유리 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to determine an appropriate sub-irrigation frequency for producing grafted tomato transplants in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Three irrigation frequencies were evaluated: twice per day, once per day, and once every two days. Daily water absorption did not differ among treatments during the early growth stage (0－3 days after treatment), but once-per-day irrigation showed the highest values during days 4－9, after which its levels became similar to those of twice-per-day irrigation. In contrast, once-every-two-days irrigation consistently resulted in the lowest daily water absorption throughout the experiment. Accumulated water absorption exhibited similar trends, with twice-per-day and once-per-day irrigation showing comparable increases, whereas once-every-two-days irrigation remained substantially lower. Growth analysis revealed that once-every-two-days irrigation led to reduced plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight, indicating growth suppression caused by repeated root-zone water deficits. Although twice-per-day irrigation produced the most vigorous growth, it required the largest amount of water and nutrient solution, reducing resource-use efficiency. In contrast, once-per-day irrigation-maintained growth parameters comparable to those under twice-per-day irrigation while markedly reducing total water use, thereby achieving a favorable balance between growth stability and resource efficiency. Excessively frequent irrigation during the early post-grafting stage was also found to disrupt the air–water balance within the substrate, potentially hindering root establishment. Overall, these findings indicate that once-per-day sub-irrigation is an appropriate basic irrigation strategy for efficient and stable production of grafted tomato transplants in plant factories with artificial lighting and may serve as a foundation for future research on automated irrigation control and transplant production systems across various cultivars and tray specifications.

This study was conducted to develop a method of treatment with plant growth regulators to enhance the value of a foliage plant, Spathiphyllum wallisii Hort. The plant growth regulators BA and GA3 were applied alone or in combination at different concentration levels. BA treatment was effective in increasing the plant height of S. wallisii Hort. compared with the control. GA3 treatment significantly increased plant height and leaf length compared with those in the control, while the number of leaves decreased. The number of flowers per plant was approximately 1 in the control treatment, while GA3 treatment increased the number of flowers to 5.3–9.3 per plant. The highest number of flowers per plant was 9.3 upon treatment with 300 mg·L-1 BA + 1,000 mg·L-1 GA3. However, GA3 treatment caused physiological disorder. Part of the leaves exhibited white discoloration. This symptom was considered to involve transformation of leaves into flowers on S. wallisii Hort., caused by gibberellin treatment. These results showed that gibberellin treatment was effective in inducing flowering of S. wallisii Hort. The presence of flowers is important for the ornamental value of pot plants. Therefore, gibberellin treatment could improve the ornamental value of S. wallisii Hort. by increasing the number of flowers.

본 연구는 여름철 고온기 ‘설향’ 딸기(Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Sulhyang’) 육묘 과정에서 우량묘 생산과 꽃눈분 화 촉진을 위한 차광재 선택 효과를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 단동 온실 내에 검정 차광막과 백색 차광막을 각각 피복하여 하우스 내부의 광환경, 온도, 딸기묘 생육 및 개화 특성을 비교 하였다. 실험 결과, 하우스 내부 온도 저감 효과는 검정 차광막 이 더 우수하였으나, 광합성 유효광량자속밀도(PPFD)는 백 색 차광이 검정색 차광막보다 91% 높았다. 백색 차광은 청색 파장 비율은 낮추고 적색 파장 비율은 높이는 광질 변화 효과 를 나타냈다. 생육 특성 조사 결과, 백색 차광막 처리구는 검정 차광막 처리구에 비해 초장, 엽병장, 엽폭은 짧았으나, 지하부 생체중과 건물중, 관부직경 등에서 높은 값을 나타내는 우량묘가 생산되었다. 특히, 백색 차광막 처리구의 꽃눈분화율은 검정색 차광막 처리구보다 47% 높아, 꽃눈분화 촉진에 효과 적임을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과, 여름철 딸기 육묘 시 백색 차광막을 활용할 경우 광환경 개선을 통해 고품질 묘 생산과 조기 개화 유도에 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 광 환경 차이가 씨 없는 수박(Citrullus lanatus Thunb.)의 생육 및 생식 생장, 특히 암꽃 착생과 과실 특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 수행되었다. 전라북도농업기술원 수박시험장 내 무가온 연동형 온실에서 소과종 씨 없는 수박 ‘블랙보이(Black Boy)’를 대상으로 자연광(NL), NL의 70% 및 30% 차광, 그리고 보광(Supplemental Light, SL) 120 및 240μmol·m-2·s-1의 총 5처리로 실험을 수행하였다. 온실 내· 외부의 기온과 광량은 정식 후 첫 수정 시기부터 과실 수확 전 까지 30분 간격으로 자동 저장되었으며, 식물체 생육 조사 및 암꽃 발생 관찰은 일주일 간격으로 측정하였다. 암꽃 발생 수 는 자연광 조건에서 가장 안정적으로 나타났으며, 차광 처리 시 유의하게 감소하였다. 특히 70% 차광 처리구는 실험 기간 동안 가장 낮은 암꽃 발생 수였으며, 보광 처리구 중 240 PPFD 조건에서는 정식 후 40일 전후에 주당 평균 3.5개 이상 의 암꽃이 발생하였다. 본 시험의 온실 환경 조건에서 과실비 대는 대조구와 차광 처리구 간 뚜렷하게 감소하였으나 보광 처리구에서는 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이 결과는 기 본으로 광량 조건이 생식 생장 유도 및 암꽃 분화에 영향을 미 친다는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 씨 없는 중·소형 수박 재배 시 저광 조건에서 보광은 착과율 증대와 이에 따른 과실비대에 효과가 있다고 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using domestic agricultural by-products—pruned branches of apple and pear trees, soybean stems, and spent cocopeat substrate—as alternative substrates for the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes. Chemical analysis showed that Substrate 1 (apple branches replacing corncob) and Substrate 2 (pear branches replacing corncob) had total carbon (42.6%) and total nitrogen (1.5%) contents most comparable to those of the Control. Mycelial growth in all mixed substrates exceeded that of the control. Fruiting body yield was higher in Substrate 2 (273.4 g/1,100mL) and Substrate 1 (238.0 g) compared with the Control (231.5 g). Fruiting body quality in Substrates 1 and 2 was equivalent to that of the control. These results indicate that woody by-products such as apple and pear pruned branches can serve as effective replacements corncob in F. velutipes cultivation.

This study was conducted to evaluate horticultural and herbal crop by-products as alternative substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. Chemical analysis showed that Substrate 3 contained 42.2% total carbon and 2.6% total nitrogen, comparable to the control substrate (42.9% and 2.7%). After 35 days of incubation, mycelial growth in treatments ranged from 134.3 to 140.7 mm, which was similar to or greater than that of the control (135.5 mm). Fruiting body yield in Substrate 3 (173.4 g/1,100 mL) was about 14% higher than Control A (152.6 g) at 15 days after scratching, while Substrate 4 (202.9 g) produced yields comparable to Control B (209.6 g) at 17 days. These results demonstrate that red ginseng marc can entirely replace corn germ meal without compromising growth or yield, suggesting its strong potential as a sustainable substrate for P. eryngii. In addition, to enhance the utilization of by-products as substrate resources, it is essential to first establish stable and large-scale supply chains.

This study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science (RDA), in Cheonan, Korea, to develop a medium-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The newly developed tetraploid cultivar, named ‘Spider’, is characterized by its green leaves, semi-erect growth habit in late autumn, and erect growth habit in mid-spring. With a heading date of May 16, ‘Spider’ is classified as a medium-maturing variety. Compared to the control cultivar ‘Kowinmaster’, ‘Spider’ has a 1.0 mm wider leaf blade, a 1.6 cm longer leaf blade, and is 5 cm taller in plant height. Its dry matter yield (10,169 kg/ha) is significantly higher than that of ‘Kowinmaster’ (p<0.05). The crude protein content of ‘Spider’ is 10.4%, which is 0.2% higher than that of the control. Additionally, ‘Spider’ has a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 49.5% and an acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of 26.6%, showing a 2.2% lower NDF and a 0.2% higher ADF compared to ‘Kowinearly’.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of direct-fed microbials (DFMs) during the growing and finishing periods on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. DFMs were administered only during the first 3 months after arrival and the final 3 months before slaughter, and the feeding trial lasted for 740 days. During the growing phase, the treatment group showed a significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) of 0.89 kg compared to 0.80 kg in the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between groups during the fattening phase. In the finishing phase, ADG was significantly higher in the treatment group (0.59 kg vs. 0.53 kg; p<0.05), although concentrate intake increased by 6.17% without statistical significance. At the end of the entire feeding period, the treatment group had a higher final body weight (803.05 kg vs. 763.51 kg), and overall ADG was significantly greater (p<0.05). For carcass traits, cold carcass weight was significantly higher in the treatment group (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in backfat thickness, loin eye area, or marbling score. However, the proportion of carcasses graded 1++ was higher in the treatment group (50.0%) than in the control group (30.0%). In conclusion, supplementation of direct-fed microbials during the growing and finishing periods improved average daily gain and increased the proportion of carcasses with higher quality grades in Hanwoo steers.

괴목(槐木)으로 지칭되고 있는 회화나무와 느티나무의 노거목 생육실태를 파악함으로써 회화나 무와 느티나무의 잔존실태를 파악하는 한편 문화변용(文化變容)의 근거를 추론할 수 있는 자료 축적을 도모하고자 한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2025년 5월 현재, 천연기념물로 지정된 느티 나무와 회화나무는 20건(4.1%): 6건(1.2%)이다. 보호수 지정 비율은 52.2% : 2.6%로 느티나무 의 비율이 회화나무에 비해 월등히 높은데 그 요인으로는 노거수로서의 성장 가능성, 환경 적응성, 수급 가능성 등으로 추정된다. 둘째, 보호수로 지정된 7,258개체의 느티나무는 전남에 2,131개체 (29.4%)로 가장 많은 개체가 자라고 있으며 충남(16.5%), 경북(14.4%) 등의 순으로 나타났다. 한편 회화나무 보호수 367개체 중 경북과 대구에 총 202개체(55.0%)가 월등히 높게 생존하고 있는 바 특히 한국 정신문화의 수도로까지 일컬어지는 경북 안동지역에는 16그루의 회화나무가 보호수로 지정되어 있어 이채롭다. 셋째, 보호수 회화나무와 느티나무의 평균 수령과 수고 비교 결과 거의 대등한 것으로 나타났으나 평균 흉고 둘레는 436.6㎝ : 352.8㎝로 느티나무의 부피생장이 월등하였다. 따라서 느티나무가 회화나무에 비해 부피 생장력(生長力)은 큰 것으로 확인되었 다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 추정해 볼 때 전반적으로 느티나무는 회화나무에 비해 거목으로 성장 가능성은 높지만, 노목으로 장수한다는 설명은 성립되지 않았다.

Climatic change affects agricultural, environmental and livestock production. Forage productivity is highly dependent on the weather change. The Pyeongchang region has more difficulty in cultivation of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids (SSH) than other warm regions because of the cold weather. This experiment was carried out to analysis the agronomic characteristics, productivity, and nutritive value of three cultivars of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids in the Pyeongchang region from 2021 to 2022. Two harvests were taken in each year, and the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, and nutrient content of the whole SSH crops were determined. The plant height ranged between 281-291 cm and 165-172 cm in the first and second harvest, respectively. Plant height of Superdan (291±49 cm) was the highest in the first cut and Dairy mens Dream (172±30 cm) was the highest in the second cut time. Stem diameter ranged from 9.5 to 8.8 mm with Superdan having a higher level than the other two cultivars. The Dairy mens Dream variety produced significantly higher dry matter yield (15,695 kg/ha) than those of Superdan (14,584 kg/ha) and Supergreen (14,300 kg/ha) over a two-year experimental period. In terms of nutritional quality, the crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of SSH cultivars were analysed. There were no significant changes in the content of CP, ADF and NDF ranges among the cultivars. In addition, the Superdan cultivar had slightly higher CP content (10.17%) and was followed by Dairy mens Dream (9.84%) and Supergreen (9.54%) in the second cut time of 2-year average. Dairy mens dream had lower ADF and NDF values than other cultivars; however, no significant differences amongst cultivars in fiber content were observed. Therefore, these three cultivars displayed the potential growth characteristics, DM yield and nutritive values in Pyeongchang region. Hence, the SSH cultivars have a potential to withstand the climatic change and improve SSH productivity in the study area.