본 연구는 2004년 5월부터 2004년 11월까지 총 4회 조사를 실시하였으며, 수서곤충은 과별 생물지수(FBI)와 물리적 서식환경(PHA)을 이용하여 원주천의 건강도를 평가하였다. 원주천 9개 지점을 통해 출현한 수서곤충은 총 8목 37과 62속 92종이었다. 과별생물지수의 경우 지점 1, 2, 3에서 4.55~4.82로 가장 건강한 하천생태계를 유지하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 물리적 서식환경과 과별생물지수 간의 상관관계는 지점 2가 각각 100, 4.82의 값으로 가장 좋은 서식환경을 나타내었다. 그러나 지점 7과 9는 45, 6.17과 6.97로 가장 낮은 서식환경을 나타내어 물리적 서식환경의 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 물리적 서식환경과 과별생물지수는 서로 역의 상관성을 나타내었다.

This study was to assess the health risk of VOCs in indoor air under uncontrolled Korean-IAQ regulation. We measured the concentrations of formaldehyde and 5 VOCs (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) in indoor air at 232 public buildings for four kinds of public facility (32 wedding halls, 17 Gymnasiums, 20 Galleries, and 166 Welfare facilities) around the country. There were estimated the human exposure dose and health risk used average time and frequencies of questionaries for subjects such as facility users and office workers. There were estimated the lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) for carcinogens (formaldehyde and benzene) and hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogens (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene). For the facility user, the average levels of ECRs were 10-4∼10-5 and 10-5 ∼10-6, respectively, for formaldehyde and benzene in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens were not exceeded 1.0 in all facilities and subjects. In addition, there was showed the highest ECR in the smoking facility.

For indoor air quality at a newly built apartment before move-in, we monitored formaldehyde and VOCs and assessed human exposure and probabilistic health risk. We selected 801 newly built apartments all over the country. The results of the research on the condition show the mean concentrations of formaldehyde 294 ㎍/㎥, 210(median) 1497㎍/㎥(maximum), benzene 6㎍/㎥, (4 and 92㎍/㎥), toluene 1003㎍/㎥(773 and 5013 ㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene 120㎍/㎥, (62 and 1192㎍/㎥), xylene 287㎍/㎥(138 and 2723㎍/㎥) and styrene 64㎍/㎥, (42 and 531㎍/㎥). Formaldehyde from carcinogen and toluene and xylene from non-carcinogen were assessed the risk for human health. The excess cancer risk of formaldehyde for human beings between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. This implies that it is over a level per 1.00 of 1000 persons demanding active risk reduction. Hence, we strongly need the active reduction plan and accurate source assumption. Among a variety of factors affecting indoor air quality for householders, closing construction or density of indoor air processing additional interior construction and indoor area, indoor air quality with a variety of districts show significant. The excess cancer risk for human beings of formaldehyde between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. Non-carcinogen toxicity rate for human-beings with toluene and xylene among non-carcinogens is over HQ 1 from Seoul to local area.

This study performed and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for the indoor environment of houses in many environment-related journals published. in Korea since 1990. Based on this comparative study, we estimated the unit health risk on indoor environment. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality on Korean house in. The pooled concentrations for the critical air pollutants in the house were 13.93±13.91㎍/m3 (PM10), 680±226 ppm for (CO2), 1.9±1.6 ppm (CO), 419±158 CFU/m3 (bacteria), 0.036 ± 0.002 ppm (NO2), and 104.935 ± 16.424 Bq/m3 (Rn), The pooled concentrations for the volatile organic compounds were 6.9±6.7㎍ /m3 (benzene), 39.3±55.1㎍/m3 (toluene), 4.2±4.0㎍/m3 (ethylbenzene), 11.4±8.3㎍/m3 (m, p-xylene), 4.2 ±1.5㎍/m3 (styrene) and 6.3±4.5㎍/m3 (o-xylene). The unit cancer risk for men and women by inhalation of benzene was 3.7 × 10-5 and 4.8 × 10-6, respectively. In additio

Currently, Ministry of Environment has promulgated and executed 'the legislation of indoor air quality for public facilities' but the data of indoor air pollutant for public facilities of this law was very insufficient. Therefore, collection of data for indoor air pollutants and execution for risk assessment in order to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy to present reasonable standards and preventive techniques of engineering were required. Therefore, this study collected and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for indoor environment in journals related environment in Korea since 1990 and estimated the safety factor on residents in public facilities. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality in Korea. As the results of this study, the risk assessment for the critical pollutants in CTE (central tendency exposure) showed that safety factors according to pollutants were less than 1 which means safe level in micro-environments. It was investigated that the safety factors of CO in hospital, NO2 in terminal, PM10 and NO2 in subway station respectively were over than 1 in RME (reasonable maximum exposure). Through the results, it was investigated that health risk by inhalation of criteria and guideline air pollutants in domestic public facilities was not high. It should be considered effect of inhalation by other hazardous air pollutants because this study was examined just partial pollutants. Presentation of scientific data for expansion of study is requisite and active research of health risk assessment about indoor air quality.

국내 6개 주요도시에서 조사된 어패류 오염도 현황을 토대로 우리나라 사람들의 어패류 섭취를 통한 유기주석화합물 인체노출량을 예측하고, 이에 따른 위해도를 추계하였다. 본 연구결과를 살펴보면 갈치의 경우, 성인이 식품수급표에서 제시하는 일일섭취량 3.02g/day를 평생 섭취한다는 노출시나리오하에 평균일일노출량은 확률분포로 나타냈을 때 그 중간값이 6.48$\times$ $10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day, 상한치 95th percentile값이 8.78$\times$$10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day로 나타났음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비발암독성영향을 평가하기 위하여 BMD$_{10}$ 을 활용한 참고치(Reference dose)를 예측하였다. 이 때 BMD$_{10}$은 10% 비교변화를 BMR으로 하였을때 해당하는 용량의 95% 하한치이다. 본 연구에서 활용한 BMD는 digestion에 의한 근육내의 IgE titer, T.spiraris larvae와 조직학에 의한 근육내 T.spiraris larvae에 근거하여 예측된 것으로 0.03 mg/kg/day이다. 참고치는 BMD$_{10}$ 0.03 mg/kg/day에 불확실성 계수 100을 고려한 값으로 0.003 mg/kg/day이며, 이 때 활용한 불확실성계수는 실험동물에서 인체로의 외삽과정에서 고려한 계수 10과 인구집단 내 민감그룹 고려를 위한 계수 10을 적용한 것이다. 각 어패류의 위험지수(50th percentile)를 살펴보면 고등어에서 2.04$\times$ $10^{-2}$으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 소라에서 2.70$\times$ $10^{-5}$으로 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈다.

본 연구에서는 SWAT 모형과 random forest를 이용하여 미래 기후변화에 따른 한강유역(34,148 km2)의 수생태계 건강성을 평가하였다. 국립 환경과학원에서 8년간(2008~2015년) 봄철(4~6월)에 모니터링한 부착돌말류 지수(TDI), 저서형 대형무척추동물지수(BMI), 어류평가지수(FAI)는 0~100점, A~E등급으로 평가되며, 이를 본 연구에서 사용하였다. 수생태 건강성에 영향을 미치는 변수로는 수질(T-N, NH4, NO3, T-P, PO4)과 수온을 선정하였으며, 수질 오염도가 낮은 경우에는 수생태계 건강성 점수가 광범위하게 분포되지만 수질 오염도가 높은 경우 수생태계 건강성 점수가 낮아지는 역상관관계를 확인하였다. 기계학습의 분류 분석 기법 중 하나인 random forest 모델을 이용한 세 개의 수생태 건강성 지수 등급 분류 결과 정밀도, 재현율, f1-score 모두 0.81 이상의 예측 정확도를 나타내었다. 기상청의 HadGEM3-RA RCP 4.5와 8.5 시나리오를 적용한 미래 SWAT 수문, 수질 결과 기저유출의 증가로 인해 질소 계열 수질 농도는 기준년도 대비 최대 43.2% 증가하였고, 지표유출 감소로 인해 인 계열 수질 오염도는 최대 18.9% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 미래 FAI, BMI의 등급은 개선되는 경향을 보이지만 TDI는 등급이 악화되는 것으로 나타 났다. 이를 통해 TDI는 질소 계열 수질에 민감하고 FAI, BMI는 인 계열 수질에 더 민감하다고 판단하였다.

국가직무능력표준 NCS(National Competency Standard)은 고등직업교육기관인 전문대학을 기반으로 하여 시행되어 지고 있다. 전문대학은 학생들이 졸업과 동시에 근무현장에서 최대한의 역량을 수행할 수 있도록 지식. 기술. 태도라는 3가지의 영역을 편성하여 집중적인 교육을 하고 있다. 전문대학 중에서 보건계열은 의료기사 영역을 포함한 다양한 의료 인력을 양성하고 있다. 특별하게도 의료기사 및 의료 분야들은 반드시 면허를 필수적으로 취득해야 의료분야에서 근무를 할 수 있다. 따라서 방사선사면허 국가시험의 합격은 취업의 전제조건이다. 이번연구에서는 방사선사면허 국가시험을 앞둔 D 전문대학 방사선과 3학년 학생들 (229명)의 보건법규 점수를 주차별로 분석하였다. 이러한 주차별 점수획득은 학생들의 개개인별 학습 성취 패턴을 분석할 수 있다. 더 나아가 이러한 결과는 학생들 개인별 방사선사면허 국가시험 합격의 가·부를 예측할 수 있게 해준다.

This study was performed to evaluate the asbestos exposure levels and to calculate excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for the risk assessment of the asbestos fibers released from asbestos-cement slate roofing (ASR) building. Total number of ASR buildings was into 21,267 in Busan, and 82.03 percent of the buildings was residential houses, and 43.61 percent of the buildings was constructed in 1970s. For this study, ten buildings were selected randomly among the ASR buildings. The range of airborne asbestos concentration in the selected ten ASR buildings was from 0.0016 to 0.0067 f/mL, and the concentration around no-admitted ASR buildings was higher than that around admitted buildings. The ELCR based on US EPA IRIS (integrated risk information system) model is within 3.5E-05 ~ 1.5E-04 levels, and the ELCR of no-admitted ASR buildings was higher than 1.0E-04 (one person per million) level that is considered a more aggressive approach to mitigate risk. These results indicate that the cancer risk from ASR buildings is higher than other buildings, and systematic public management is required for control of no-admitted ASR buildings within near future.

This study was performed to evaluate the asbestos exposure levels and to calculate excess lifetime cacer risks(ELCRs) in asbestos-containing buildings for maintenance and management. The range of airborne asbestos concentration of 33 buildings was 0.0018 ~ 0.0126 f/cc and one site exceeded indoor air-quality recommended limit 0.01 f/cc. And ELCRs based on US EPA IRIS(Integrated risk information system) model are 1.5E-06 ~ 3.9E-05 levels, and there was no site showed 1.0E-04 (one person per million) level or more, and 11 sites showed 1.0E-05 (one person per 100,000 people) level or more. To prevent the release of asbestos fibers, it needs operation and maintenance of asbestos-containing building materials, and there are some methods such as removal, repairment, enclosure and encapsulation. In conclusion, a risk-based air action level for asbestos in air is an appropriate metric for asbestos-containing building management.

This research had been conducted from May to October 2007, studying 110 residents of G, Y, H industrial area in Jun-nam province. It is designed to understand the difference in levels of indoor, outdoor and personal exposure to VOCs(benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene) and a health risk assessment was conducted to see if there was any fatal cause from carcinogenic or non - carcinogenic elements from a case group and a control group in all areas as well as each different area. In the case of benzene in the air, the geometric levels for the case group are indoor, outdoor and personal exposure; a higher than for the control group. As a results of the Monte - Carlo study about benzene, it shows that the case group’s carcinogenicity is higher than that of the control group and it also shows that, on the CTE, RME condition and Monte - Carlo analysis, all subjects are seen to exceed the carcinogenicity tolerance 10-6 of US EPA. In the case of toluene, ethylbenzene on the CTE, RME condition and Monte - Carlo analysis, these do not exceed the non - carcinogenic standard of 1, but toluene in RME condition for both groups’ personal exposure and the indoor and personal exposure of ethylbenzene in Monte - Carlo show that these seem to exceed the standard.

금강수계중 용담댐하류 앞섬 지점에서 생태유량을 산정하기 위한 생태 모니터링을 실시하여 어류종별 서식환경 특성조사를 포괄적으로 실시하였다. 이를 바탕으로 어류상, 상대풍부도 및 생물다양도 분석 등을 포함한 하천의 건강성 평가를 실시하고, 쉬리, 피라미 및 감돌고기 등에 대하여 작성한 서식처적합도 지수(HSI)와 물리적 서식처 모의시스템(PHABSIM)을 이용한 최적 생태유량을 산정하였다. 본 지점에서 채집된 종수는 20종이였으며, 우점종은 쉬리(22.4%

This study was to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of exposure of worker and user at public facilities in Korea to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured the concentrations of two aldehydes and five VOCs in indoor air at 424 public buildings that 8 kinds of public facilities (70 movie theaters, 86 offices, 86 restaurants, 70 academies, 22 auditoriums, 30 PC-rooms, 30 singing-rooms and 30 bars) all over the country. There were estimated the human exposure dose and risks with averages of the using-time and frequency for facility users and office workers, respectively. Carcinogens (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene) were estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs). non-carcinogens (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) were estimated the hazard quotients (HQs). The average ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene for facility worker and user were 1×10-3~1×10-4 and 1×10-4~1×10-5 level, respectively, in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities. The estimated ECRs for restaurant and auditorium were the highest, and the PC-room and bar were the next higher facilities. Furthermore, people in a smoking facility had the highest cancer risk. Higher ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene were observed in indoor smoking facilities such as restaurant and auditorium. Higher HQs of toluene and xylene were observed at the restaurant and office building.

The health symptoms assessment and urinary hippuric acid excretions of workers exposed to toluene occupationally in shoes workshops were investigated by the questionnaire and the field monitoring. Based on the results, the acute health symptoms of workers exposed to toluene by questionnaire were fatigue(58.7%), irritation of the eyes, nose and throat(57.2%), and skin dryness(43.3%). And the complaints about workshop environment are odor, dust and noise. The mean values of urinary hippuric acid excretions in male and female were 1.08 ± 0.50 g/ℓ, 1.59 ± 1.27 g/ℓ in total workers, espectively.