when adopting and implementing GHS system in Korea and to draft the revision proposal for Industrial Safety and Health Act taking into account of unique domestic situation. The research method is to conduct a survey for 2 month period from early April to late May in 2006 to 830 randomly selected chemical manufacturing, importing and exporting, and consumption companies out of all the companies surveyed by the Ministry of Labor under 2004 Work Environment Status National Survey. A total of 610 survey was collected and analyzed. The results of this thesis is summarized as follows , First, based on the survey analysis it is vital to conduct a national PR using pamphlet, internet, and daily newspaper and to provide technical assistance such as training expert and publishing GHS manual by expert organization such as Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) for early settlement of GHS in Korea. Second, it is also needed to give a grace period of 1 to 2 years to minimize the dramatic impact for industry, to encourage the establishment of the GHS team utilizing safety managers within companies, and to develop and distribute the standard GHS software by government. Third, taking into account of difficult situation of small companies, KOSHA needs to provide a full technical and financial support for companies with less than 100 employees and especially for chemical manufacturing companies. Fourth, it is also needed to operate an Interministrial GHS Committee (IGC) involving 7 related ministries for smooth GHS implementation and to develop an infra by sharing responsibilities among related ministries and establishing internationally recognized organization for hazard classification, labelling, and MSDS.

The purpose of this study is to identify hazardous physical factors and chemical air pollutants in conservation museum in order to protect the cultural heritage. For this, we collected and re-analyzed the articles that were published from 2006 to 2007 by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for temperature, relative humidity and the level of pollutants (PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO, CO, NO₂, Rn, TVOCs, O₃, SO₂) in exhibition hall and storage in museum. The pooled average level of temperature at exhibition hall and storage in museum was 23.5±1.4℃ and 20.6±1.1℃, respectively. The range of temperature variation was 5.4℃ for exhibition hall and 4.5℃ for storage. The pooled average concentration of TVOCs in exhibition hall and storage in museum was 493.6±125.6㎍/m³ and 788.9±157.5㎍/m³, respectively. These exceeded 400㎍/ m³ which is the guideline of national law for the Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security (KMOPAS). Other surveyed pollutants were as per the guidelines of the national law for the Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE) and the KMOPAS. Through the consideration of the physical and chemical properties and the result of meta-analysis for thermal environment and surveyed temperature, humidity, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, TVOCs, and HCHO were the identified hazardous physical factors and chemical pollutants at exhibition halls and storages in museum.

This study was surveyed to evaluate and recognize the distribution characteristics of indoor air pollutants(IAPs) such as the total volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde(HCHO), PM10, carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrogen dioxide(NO2), ozone(O3) and radon in 10 elementary schools located in urban, rural, and industrial complex area from November 2005 to February 2006. The average concentration of IAPs were 117.9㎍/㎥ as in PM10, 1,971ppm as in CO2, 486.6㎍/㎥ as in TVOC. These chemical's concentration was exceeded the indoor air standards of the Department of Education in Korea. The indoor concentrations of ozone and toluene was lower than that of outdoor and other pollutants showed the opposite tendency. In schools located industrial complex area, the outdoor concentration of TVOC was higher than that of urban and rural area. Based on the results above, PM10, CO2, TVOC have to be in the order of priority to improve the indoor environment in school. Also it should be performed in the detailed survey considered by the seasonal variation because this study showed cross-sectional results.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of asbestos distribution in 6 public and 6 school buildings from August to September in 2006. The bulk samples were analysed by PLM(polarized light microscope). Also the airborne samples were analysed PCM(phase contrast microscope) and confirmed by SEM-EDX(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive using X-ray analysis) method. The 6 public buildings included the ACM(asbestos containing material) ranged 2-7 % of chrysotile in 70 % of samples from ceiling, floor tile, and wall board and has 20 % tremolite in 2 ceiling plaster. The 6 school buildings were identified 1.5 % tremolite in one sample and showed the similar asbestos distribution with the public building. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.000-0.017 f/cc in public places and 0.000-0.012 f/cc in school building by PCM. However, the asbestos fibers could not be found by SEM-EDX. In the result of physical assessment of ACM in each buildings, it is considered that there is no chance of a hazardous situation because the ACM is not friable. Its suggested that the asbestos control plan should be established to prevent asbestos exposure to occupants from damaged ACM by repairing and custodial work.

This study was to investigate distribution characteristics for air pollutants and to assess probability of health effect for children in kindergartens from August, 2006 to January, 2007. The mean concentrations for standards of maintenance in kindergartens were 91.5 ㎍/㎥ for PM10, 1,185 ppm for CO2, 69.3㎍/㎥ for formaldehyde, 174 CFU/㎥ for TBC and 0.41 ppm for CO, respectively. For NO2, Rn, TVOC, and O3, the mean concentrations in kindergartens were 29.40 ppb, 1.51 pCi/ℓ, 257.3 ㎍/㎥, and 3.74 ppb, respectively. The I/O ratio of every air pollutants exceeded "1" except for O3. In results of calculated safety factor to assess probability of health effect for children by air pollutants in kindergartens, safety factor for CO2 was 1.2 for fixed point. It means that children have probability of health effect caused by CO2. In cases of Monte-Carlo analysis, safety factor for PM10 was 1.0 and safety factor for CO2 was 1.2.

This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution characteristics of the hazardous agents in indoor environment in 7 vessels in Incheon harbor from July to August, 2004. The measured parameters include several indoor air pollutants (PM10, CO2, HCHO, and TVOCs) and physical parameters (noise, vibration, temperature, and humidity). The levels of pollutants and hazardous components in vessels were compared with standards and guidelines of indoor air quality on the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Labor in Korea. The major results obtained from this study were as followed : The PM10 and CO2 levels in every vessel did not exceed the indoor air standard of 150 ㎍/㎥ and 1000 ppm, respectively. The level of PM10 showed a decreasing tendency as the weight of vessels is increased. The airbornce concentration of HCHO was the highest one by exceeding its standard in a 500 ton vessel. The noise level in engine room exceeded the workplace standard (90 dB(A)) recording above 100 dB(A). The TVOCs level in every engine room was more than its standard (500㎍/㎥). Based on our preliminary study of indoor air pollutants in vessels, it is suggested that long and middle term plan for the management of IAQ should be established through future investigation of vessels.

This study was performed to estimate the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to evaluate the risk level affected by indoor air pollutants (IAPs) in 27 new apartments (prior to residence) in Seoul City from December 2004 to March 2005. The indoor air pollutants investigated in this study include formaldehyde, several aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene, and ethylbenzene). All measurements were made based on the standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea. The indoor concentration levels for benzene, xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and formaldehyde have significant increase trend 5 hours after closing windows and doors. Levels of air pollutants did not exhibit significant difference between living rooms and bedrooms. The air exchange rates by the concentration decay method using SF6 were 0.37 for low floor, 0.32 for middle floor, and 0.75 for high floor. The emission rate showed the highest level in the middle floor and second one in the low floor, when estimated by the IAQ model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, and formaldehyde. Considering the above result, it is suggested that the estimation of emission rate be considered when the new apartment is designed and constructed with respect to construction materials to emit low VOCs. Moreover, the related regulation should be established for IAQ management.

This research was performed with the subject of 111 offices in a chemical plant of Korea. Airborne concentration level of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and total suspended particulates in the office rooms were measured along with temperature and relative humidity. Simultaneously, general characteristics and subjective health symptoms of 500 office workers were investigated through a questionnaire consisting of the five point weighting method : 0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely. Results showed that the mean values for temperature and relative humidity in investigated office rooms were 22.2℃ and 34.3%, respectively. The concentrations of formaldehyde, PM10, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were 0.17 ppb, 28.8 ㎍/㎥, 0.95 ppm and 424 ppm, respectively. 56.4% of all the workers investigated replied with a sense of fatigue or weariness (mean=2.23), drowsiness or languidness (mean=2.22), sneezing (mean=2.11) and ophthalmia oreye fatigue (mean=2.07). Female workers, non-smokers, non-drinkers, workers who do shift more than nine hours a day, and workers in poor health experienced more subjective symptoms than other workers (p<0.05). Subjective symptoms of office workers were significantly associated with the following items of office characteristics: the purchase date of office equipment, the change of office furniture, the use of paint, smoking in the office, ventilation condition, the use of an individual air-conditioner, the use of a fax machine, the degree of office repair, the proportion of workers per office, the degree of satisfaction in office environment, and the operation hours of the air-conditioner. Also, subjective symptoms were positively correlated with indoor environmental factors such as relative humidity, carbon dioxide level, level of PM10, and formaldehyde (p<0.05). In conclusion, office characteristics and air quality in a chemical plant affected subjective health symptoms of office workers. Thus, in order to improve the health of workers, to enhance work efficiency, and to establish a better office environment, air quality control in office rooms by optimal ventilation, adequately occupied number of workers in one office, and maintenance of office equipment should be fulfilled thoroughly. keywords：Air quality, Subjective health symptom, Formaldehyde, PM10, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide

For indoor air quality at a newly built apartment before move-in, we monitored formaldehyde and VOCs and assessed human exposure and probabilistic health risk. We selected 801 newly built apartments all over the country. The results of the research on the condition show the mean concentrations of formaldehyde 294 ㎍/㎥, 210(median) 1497㎍/㎥(maximum), benzene 6㎍/㎥, (4 and 92㎍/㎥), toluene 1003㎍/㎥(773 and 5013 ㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene 120㎍/㎥, (62 and 1192㎍/㎥), xylene 287㎍/㎥(138 and 2723㎍/㎥) and styrene 64㎍/㎥, (42 and 531㎍/㎥). Formaldehyde from carcinogen and toluene and xylene from non-carcinogen were assessed the risk for human health. The excess cancer risk of formaldehyde for human beings between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. This implies that it is over a level per 1.00 of 1000 persons demanding active risk reduction. Hence, we strongly need the active reduction plan and accurate source assumption. Among a variety of factors affecting indoor air quality for householders, closing construction or density of indoor air processing additional interior construction and indoor area, indoor air quality with a variety of districts show significant. The excess cancer risk for human beings of formaldehyde between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. Non-carcinogen toxicity rate for human-beings with toluene and xylene among non-carcinogens is over HQ 1 from Seoul to local area.

This study performed and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for the indoor environment of houses in many environment-related journals published. in Korea since 1990. Based on this comparative study, we estimated the unit health risk on indoor environment. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality on Korean house in. The pooled concentrations for the critical air pollutants in the house were 13.93±13.91㎍/m3 (PM10), 680±226 ppm for (CO2), 1.9±1.6 ppm (CO), 419±158 CFU/m3 (bacteria), 0.036 ± 0.002 ppm (NO2), and 104.935 ± 16.424 Bq/m3 (Rn), The pooled concentrations for the volatile organic compounds were 6.9±6.7㎍ /m3 (benzene), 39.3±55.1㎍/m3 (toluene), 4.2±4.0㎍/m3 (ethylbenzene), 11.4±8.3㎍/m3 (m, p-xylene), 4.2 ±1.5㎍/m3 (styrene) and 6.3±4.5㎍/m3 (o-xylene). The unit cancer risk for men and women by inhalation of benzene was 3.7 × 10-5 and 4.8 × 10-6, respectively. In additio

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) in workplace, residence, and schools has been one of the major concerns of people, scientists and the related public. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality(IAQ) in kindergartens, elementary school, middle schools, and high schools from June 2004 to May 2005 in Korea. We measured indoor air pollutants such as PM10, CO2, formaldehyde, total bacteria colony(TBC), CO, radon, total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs), asbestos, and O3 from school classrooms. The subjects were classified by building year based on the time span of 1, 1 - 3, 3 - 5, and 5 - 10 years. The levels of pollutants and physical factor in schools were compared with standards and guidelines of indoor air quality on the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Ministry of Education, and Human Resources Development of Korea. The major results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows. Asbestos and O3 were not detected in all surveyed classrooms. However, we were able to detect CO, TBC, TVOCs, and formaldehyde in kindergartens, TBC in elementary schools, TBC, TVOCs and formaldehyde in middle schools, and formaldehyde in high schools. This study was conducted to provide a basis for the management IAQ in school. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ in school should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation for the proper assessment of IAQ in school and for the health risk assessment for student.

In this paper, exposure levels of electromagnetic field were measured in residential environments and from appliances. First, the measurements of residential environments were taken in central locations in bedroom, living room, and kitchen in each home. Both arithmetic and geometric mean of normal-power condition are higher than low-power condition (all electrical devices turned off/unplugged), and the background fields in homes show a geometric mean of about 0.022 uT. Second, we measured broadband magnetic fields of domestic appliances at various distances. The highest magnetic field is 44.3 uT from the microwave oven, and the lowest is 1.4 uT from the Kimchi Refrigerator. The magnitude of magnetic fields from appliances dropped off at a rate inversely proportional to distance, but the ratio of drop-off on Korean appliances is lower than US and UK

This study was performed to investigate the concentration levels of CO2 and the associated parameters in the subway from lines 1 to 8 in Seoul metropolitan area, during 1 to 30 Sept. 2005. CO2 concentration was measured at the entrance and center in subway passenger cabin by non-dispersive infrared analyser. The associated parameters for CO2 were estimated based on the number of passenger, open and closed doors etc. The mean CO2 concentrations were measured to be 1,646±712 ppm in subway passenger cabins. The CO2 concentrations showed the highest values between 7 and 9 AM in rush hour(p〈0.01). The correlation coefficient between CO2 and the number of passenger was highly significant(r=0.824). The general linear model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground tract), and measurement point (enterance and center of cabins) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of CO2. An extended study is needed to examine the sources of CO2 in subway cabins and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.

We have invented mobile HEPA filter unit of hemopoietic stem cell transplantation clean room (class 100), which is a capsule type to protect the patient from being infected by harmful Aspergillus spore. This equipment is based on the basic structure of US Federal Standard 209D, biological clean room standard of NASA NHB 5340-2 and measurement standard of Japanese JACA No. 24-1989. Performance of HEPA filter was evaluated by dioctyl phthalate (DOP) test method, resulting in 99.97% efficiency for 0.3 ㎛ particles. HEPA filter unit used only 98 W electricity with 24 V storage cell for the patient's treatment for over three hours. When the wind speed was 0.2 to 0.3 m/sec as in bone marrow transplantation clean room, the air flow was constant laminar vertical type. When the amount of dust was measured in the hospital, the equipment maintained the grade of clean class 100 and microbe was not detected. The noise level was less than 52 dB(A). The amounts of microbe inside and outside the building were almost same. The amount was even more in cancer sick room, serious case room and X-rays room than in the general rooms. Also, elevators and stair room were found to transport dust to other areas. Even though the patient with low immunity can be protected from Aspergillus spore by a HEPA filter unit, the system preventing microbe system such as BMT clean room should be placed in rooms such as PET, CT, MRI, and radiation room so that the patients can be protected from having infected by the extremely harmful Aspergillus spore.

This research examines how various dimensions of physical environments influence patrons' psychological responses(especially emotional responses) in the restaurant service setting, and how these emotional responses, in turn, influence patrons' attitude formation. The result of empirical research indicates that restaurant physical environments have a significant effect patrons' emotional responses, and that these psychological experiences serve as critical mediators in the restaurant physical environments-store attitudes relationship. However, the effects of restaurant physical environments on patrons' psychological responses varied with the dimensions of physical environments. First, the effect of cleanliness on emotional responses was most significant, especially on negative emotion, out of 4 dimension of restaurant physical environment. Second, ambient conditions are the most important predictor on customers' positive emotion, and in turn, positive emotion has the most significant effects on customers' attitude formation of restaurant. Therefore, the result suggests that restaurants should manage(or, improve) their ambient conditions(e.g. background music, scents, ventilation, noise etc.) for efficiently maximizing customers' positive attitude. The implications of this study are discussed, and ideas for future work suggested.

Nowadays, cremation is becoming generalized and also the frequency of utilization of cremation is increasing in Korea. Futhermore, there is a possibility that indoor air pollution is caused by particles, gas pollutants or microbial pollutants from laying down and cremation of corpses, and also the bereaved family and grievers inside the crematory. Therefore, the major goals in this study were that first, we investigated and analyzed the air quality of particular indoor environments such as the crematory. Second, we assessed the health risk for workers. Finally, we collected and assessed the basic data in special indoor environments because this kind of study had not been performed. We sampled and analyzed PM10 (heavy metal), VOCS, HCHO, infectious microorganisms to grasp the characteristics of indoor air quality in the crematory through sampling four times from 7th July to 16th October in 2004. Besides, we did personal air sampling of PM10 (heavy metal) and VOCS to grasp personal exposure of workers from indoor hazardous air pollutants. We conjectured that main sources of pollutants in crematory are cremation, buried corpses, and moving of grievers, also increasing the seriousness of microbial pollutants gathering strength, especially. As we assessed infectious microorganisms of indoor air and executed research for indoor hazardous air pollutants, we want to offer the way of study and policy of management for particular indoor environments like a crematory.

This study was performed to investigate the health status of 600 owner-driver of taxi in Seoul City during from August 1, 2003 to February 28, 2004. The prevalence of subjective symptoms were surveyed by a general health questionnaires such as Todai Health Index (THI) and the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). In the THI health check table, prevalence of the complaints of mental subjective symptom by age was high in the items of fabrication (L), digestion (C), and aggressiveness (F) from 31 to 40 years old drivers and mental subjective symptom by age was high in all items except for tiredness (I), melancholia (N), and hypersensitivity (P) for the 60 years old drivers and showed in the items of melancholia (N) and hypersensitivity (P) for the 40 years old. From the complaints of mental and physical subjective symptoms about work satisfaction in the THI health check table, the strong dissatisfaction showed in the all items except for eye and skin trouble (B). All items except hypersensitivity (P) showed dissatisfaction in prevalence of complains of mental and physical subjective symptoms about work satisfaction in the CMI health check table. From the complains of mental and physical subjective symptoms on salary satisfaction in the THI health check table, the taxi driver who earn the salary of 1 million won showed statistically significant symptom of eye and skin trouble (B) and showed high tendency in all items except for respiratory (A) and digestion (C) systems. It is suggested that the appropriate health control for owner-driver of taxi should be applied to reduce the prevalence of complaints that showed mainly in the irregular working time and sleeping disorders.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality (IAQ) in 30 public facilities from February to April, 2004 in Seoul. The collected samples are PM10, formaldehyde, and total suspended bacteria in indoor air and measured by the IAQ standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea(M.E.K). As the results of the survey, the mean concentration of PM10 was 55.19 ㎍/m3 in indoor air and 51.15 ㎍/m3 in outdoor air. The mean concentration of PM10 in the Kindergarten was higher than the IAQ standards by established by M.E.K. The mean concentration of formaldehyde was 43.08 ㎍/m3 in indoor air and 5.05 ㎍/m3 in outdoor air, respectively. All of them were less than IAQ standards of Korea. The concentration of total suspended bacteria in the streamer room was higher than IAQ standards. The concentration of formaldehyde was different according to the year of construction of building. Total suspended bacteria in streamer room was necessary for control. Moreover, this study was for investigation a part of indoor air pollution condition in public facilities. It means that this study can't represent for all of public facilities. Therefore, we suggest that long and middle term country plan for management of IAQ should be established through long-term and continuous investigation of IAQ condition.

The PC game rooms in Korea have a problem in the aspect of indoor air quality because there are many occupants for 24 hours where the smoking is allowed. This study was carried out to evaluate indoor air quality (IAQ) including the size distribution of respirable suspended particulates (RSP) and airborne nicotine concentration in selected PC game rooms. The subjects are 6 PC game rooms in Seoul and Sung-Nam Cities. In this study, airborne RSP and nicotine concentrations were measured during a period from February to March, 2003. Significant correlation has been found between the concentrations of RSP and nicotine in PC game room. Also the negative correlation was found between room area and number of operating fan. The correlation coefficients between RSP size distribution and nicotine concentration were 0.868, 0.866, 0.870 in the stages 2 (cut-point 14.80㎛), 5 (cut-point 3.50㎛), and 8 (cut-point 0.52㎛) from Marple's 8-stage cascade impactor, respectively. In conclusion, RSP concentration in PC game room has a tendency to increase by smoking. Therefore, it is suggested that the effective air control system and education program be applied for PC game room.