In the molecular cloud G33.92+0.11A, massive stars are forming sequentially in dense cores, probably due to interaction with accreted gas. Cold dense gas, which is likely the pristine gas of the cloud, is traced by DCN line and dust continuum emission. Clear chemical differences were observed in different source locations and for different velocity components in the same line of sight. Several distinct gas components coexist in the cloud: the pristine cold gas, the accreted dense gas, and warm turbulent gas, in addition to the star-forming dense clumps. Filaments of accreted gas occur in the northern part of the A1 and A5 clumps, and the velocity gradient along these features suggests that the gas is falling toward the cloud and may have triggered the most recent star formation. The large concentration of turbulent gas in the A2 clump seems to have formed mainly through disturbances from the outside.

The aim of this study is to identify the value structure of active seniors for noodles. Noodles are the secondly most preferred and familiar food in Korea, followed by rice. And noodles also have a variety of tastes/flavors and even a variety of ceremonial characteristics. The necessity of offering proper food to seniors has recently increasing because Korea becoming an aged society. This study conducted 1:1 in-depth interviews with 30 active senior participants using the soft laddering technique, which is based on the means-end chain theory. The Implication Matrix and HVM were derived from performing content analysis. The active seniors mainly consider the ‘taste’, expecting to obtain the ‘satisfying taste’, and pursuing the ‘family affair’, ‘pleasure’, and ‘self-satisfaction’. The results of this study indicated that the taste is the most important attribute and the active seniors consider their family as well as the pleasure and satisfaction of their own. Male seniors mainly pursue the ‘pleasure’ and ‘self-satisfaction’ by satisfying their taste through considering ‘taste’ and ‘familiarity’. But female seniors mainly pursue the ‘family affair’ by ‘satisfying taste’ through considering ‘taste’. These results can be used as a basic data for developing noodle products for the elderly. This study will also contribute to the development of special care food and product concepts for the silver generation.

Chlorella-derived activated carbon (CDAC) with a high specific surface area and hierarchical pore structure was prepared as a CO2 adsorbent and as a supercapacitor electrode material. During KOH activation of Chlorella-derived carbon, metallic K gas penetrated from the outer walls to the inner cells, and pores formed on the outer frame and the inner surface. Micropores were dominant in CDAC, contributing toward a high specific surface area (> 3500 m2/g) and a hierarchical pore structure owing to the cell walls. Consequently, CDAC exhibited a high CO2 adsorption capacity (13.41 mmol/g at 10 atm and room temperature) and afforded high specific capacitance (142 F/g) and rate capability (retention ratio: 91.5%) in supercapacitors. Compared with woody- and herbaceous-biomass-derived activated carbons, CDAC has a superior specific surface area when the precursors are used without any pretreatment under the same conditions due to their soft components such as lipids and proteins. Furthermore, developing microalgae into high-value-added products is beneficial from both economic and environmental perspectives.

This study proposes how to teach aspectual derivations of the verb in the Russian language based on the prefixation and suffixation. The author argues that for the intermediate/advanced learners the traditional aspectual pair system needs to be replaced by the aspectual cluster system and the derivations of the imperfective verbs through the suffixation needs to be taught based on the classification of the infinitives. The hierarchical structure of verb stem in Russian is as follows: superlexical prefixes (po-, etc.) > -yva- > superlexical prefixes (ot-, etc.) > intermediate prefixes (do-, pere-) > -nu-/-a- > lexical prefixes > stem. The study also proposes that the syntactic structure needs to contain the split AspPs (PerfP1 > ImpfP > PerfP2 > PerfP3) outside of the vP and another AspP inside the vP in order to derive the above-mentioned hierarchical structure.

A hierarchical pore structured novolac-type phenol based-activated carbon with micropores and mesopores was fabricated. Physical activation using a sacrificialsilicon dioxide (SiO2) template and chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) were employed to pre-pare these materials. The morphology of the well-developed pore structure was character-ized using field-emissionscanning electron microscopy. The novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon retained hierarchical pores (micropores and mesopores); it exhibited high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specificsurface areas and hierarchical pore size distributions. The hierarchical pore novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon was used as an electrode in electric double-layer capacitors, and the specificcapacitance and the retained capacitance ratio were measured. The specificcapacitances and the retained capacitance ratio were en-hanced, depending on the SiO2 concentration in the material. This result is attributed to the hierarchical pore structure of the novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon.

The problems of various research fields such as molecular modeling may be represented as circles with inclusion relations. Given n circles in the plane, the recognition of inclusion relations for a set of circles can be a tool to reason about geometric problems on 2D. In this paper, we introduce O(nlogn) algorithm to find these relations for the circles and this algorithm make possible maintaining the geometric data hierarchy in the geometric data processing aspect.

This study aims to investigate the effects of market commonality and resource similarity on price competition and the recursive consequences in the Korean lodging market. Price comparison among hotels in the same geographic market has been facilitated through the development of information technology, rendering little search cost of consumers. While the literature implies the heterogeneous price attack and response among hotels, a limited number of empirical researches focus on the asymmetric and recursive pattern in the competitive dynamics. This study empirically examines the price interactions in the Korean lodging market based on the theoretical framework of competitive price interactions and countervailing power. Demonstrating superiority to the spatial lag model and the ordinary least squares in the estimation, the results from spatial error model suggest that the hotels with longer operational history pose an asymmetric impact on the price of the newer hotels. The asymmetry is also found in chain hotels over the independent, further implying the possibility of predatory pricing. The findings of this study provide the evidence of a hierarchical structure in the price competition, with different countervailing power by the resources of the hotels. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, with suggestions for future study.

본 연구는 탁구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 심리요인을 수집 및 유목화하여 경기력에 영향을 미치는 심리요인의 구조를 탐색하고 이들의 위계적 중요도를 분석한 것이다. 문헌조사와 492명의 탁구선수 및 지도자를 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 자료를 수집하였다. 문헌조사, 개방형 설문과 면접을 통해 탁구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 394종의 심리요인을 수집하여 내용을 분석하였다. 내용분석결과를 바탕으로 선수와 지도자 239명을 대상으로 설문을 실시해 탐색적 요인분석에 활용하였으며, 이를 토대로 375명의 선수와 지도자를 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 위한 설문을 실시하여 모델의 적합성을 검증하였다. 추출된 심리요인은 우수선수와 탁구전문가 30명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 설문 결과를 계층분석에 활용하였다. 연구결과 탁구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 14종의 심리요인을 채택하였다. 채택된 심리요인은 “자신감”, “동기”, “불안조절”, “정서조절”의 네 요인으로 구조화 하였으며, 요인의 위계적 중요도는 동기(.273), 정서조절(.258), 자신감(.240), 불안조절(.229) 순으로 나타났다. 하위심리요인의 위계적 중요도는 자신 있게 치는 것(.094), 이길 수 있다는 생각(.078), 긍정적 사고(.077), 목표설정(.073), 몰입과 강인한 정신력(.072), 스트레스 관리(.071), 최선을 다하는 태도와 감정조절(.069), 부담감 제거(.068), 표정관리(.066), 승부근성(.065), 적극적인 플레이(.064), 실수를 빨리 잊기(.063) 순으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 탁구에서 필요한 심리요인의 구조를 확인하고 그에 대한 위계적 중요도를 평가하였다.

본 연구는 축구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 요소를 수집하여, 이들 영향 요소의 구조와 위계적 중요도를 산출할 목적으로 진행하였다. 축구 경기력에 영향을 미치는 요소를 수집하기 위해 국가대표 감독, 프로축구팀 감독, 공중파 축구해설자 경력이 있는 축구전문가 19명을 대상으로 개방형설문과 심층면담을 실시하였다. 축구전문가를 대상으로 한 개방형설문과 심층면담 결과 축구 경기력에 영향을 미치는 273요소를 수집하여 귀납적범주화를 실시하였다. 귀납적범주화 결과를 바탕으로 208명의 대학과 프로 축구선수를 대상으로 한 설문결과를 토대로 탐색적요인분석을 실시하여 4개요인 14하위요인으로 축구 경기력 영향 요소를 구조화하였다. 탐색적요인분석 결과를 토대로 278명의 대학과 프로 축구선수를 대상으로 한 확인적요인분석을 시행해 구조적합성을 확인하였으며, 확인적요인분석 결과를 토대로 국내외 축구전문가 18명을 대상으로 축구 경기력 결정 요인에 대한 계층분석(AHP)을 실시하였다. 축구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 14하위요인은 기술, 매개기술, 심리, 축구지능의 네 요인(factor)으로 구조화되었으며, 각 요인의 상대적 중요도는 축구지능, 기술, 심리, 매개기술 순으로 나타났다. 축구선수의 경기력에 영향을 미치는 하위요인의 상대적 중요도는 생각하는 플레이, 볼컨트롤, 집중력, 넓은 시야, 트레핑, 전술의 이해, 임기응변 능력, 순간판단력, 공간창출 능력, 볼키핑, 투지, 여유, 의욕, 승부욕 순으로 나타났다.

RPG, 전략 시뮬레이션등의 2D/3D 게임에서 동적으로 변화하는 장애물이나 지형 정보 등을 관리하기에는 대체로 동적 그래프가 적합하다. 이 논문에서는 빠르게 길 찾기를 수행하고 동적으로 변경할 수 있는 고정 레벨의 계층적 그래프 모델을 제안한다. 공간 분류나 공간 모델을 이용해 그래프를 분할하여 계층적 그래프를 구성하고, 동적 그래프의 연산자들을 제시하여 계층적 그래프 모델에서의 실시간 A* 길 찾기 방법을 실험하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 모델이 동적 장애물이나 동적 구조를 가지는 게임 환경에서 빠르게 길 찾기를 수행하기에 적합한 그래프 모델임을 실험을 통해 입증하였다.

In complex decision making such as ill-defined system, one of the main problem is how to treat ambiguous aspect of the decision making. According to the complexity and ambiguity of the objective systems, many types of evaluation attributes are necessary for the rational decision and the relationship among the attributes become complex and fuzzy. Fuzzy integral is very effective to evalute the complex system with interaction between attributes but how to save the evaluation efforts in the decision making process of grading the membership of the objects or alternative is the problem to be tackled. Because the more object there are to evaluate, the number of decisions to made increase exponentially. Therefore, this paper aimes to propose a new evaluation algorithm based on fuzzy integral which can save the evaluator's efforts in decision making process. The proposed algorithm is constructed as follows : First, compose the fuzzy measure by introducing AHP(Analytical Hierachy Process) & mutual interaction coefficient. Second, generate fuzzy measure value of monotone family set for calculating the fuzzy integral. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is investigated through the example and sensitivity of interaction coefficient is illustrated.