We investigated dynamic interaction between adjacent magnetic loops in the solar atmosphere, which is a process of volume shrinkage with nonuniform acceleration caused by Lorentz force. When these loops locally have different thermal and dynamic properties, a significant discrepancy between their translational motions driven by means of that force may arise, leading to the dynamic interaction. We use both numerical simulation and analytic model of magnetic piston-driven wave to evaluate how much a single event of the interaction contributes to increasing the temperature in the upper chromosphere. The model shows a possibility that a chromospheric plasma is heated by the single event to have transition region temperature, which is typically several tens of times higher than chromospheric temperature. The model also provides an insight into the formation height of the transition region.

본고는 『헨리 6세』 2부와 3부가 가부장제의 이념을 바탕으로 남녀 간의 뚜렷한 역할 구분에 기초하고 있다고 보고 전통적인 성 역할에 따르지 않는 마가렛과 같은 여성의 양상을 살핀다. 주로 마가렛의 용맹성, 전투력과 성적 매력과 방종이 주변 남성 인물의 가부장적인 가치에 대립되는 모습을 추적한다. 마가렛과 일리노어 등이 권력을 추구하는 과정에서 남성들, 특히 영국 남성을 대표하는 기사도적 영웅들과 대항하는 양상을 보이는데 이 여성 전사들이 대표하는 가치가 어떻게 남성들의 이상적 영웅주의나 부자간의 혈연 중심 관계에 대립하는지도 살핀다. 일부 남성 인물들이 감정에 치중하는 연인의 모습을 보이며 남성간의 유대를 약화시키는 결과에 이르는 아이러니한 상황 또한 살펴본다. 남성들이 이들 여성과 관련하여 남성성을 잃게 되는 과정을 분석함으로써 『헨리 6세』 2부와 3부에 담긴 가부장제의 양상과 여성 전사의 전복적 힘을 충실히 고찰하고자 한다.

This review comprehensively summarizes the livestock odor reduction method by dietary manipulation, in-housing management, and manure management. The gut microbial metabolism of animals can be stimulated by low-crude protein feeding and the addition of probiotics, enzymes, plant extracts, and/or organic acids to their feed. These methods can result in reduced odor emissions from manure. For in-housing management, it is important to maintain the proper breeding density in the barn facilities, regularly remove dust and manure, and periodically clean the barn facilities. A barn using litter on the floor can reduce odor at a relatively low cost by adding adsorbents such as zeolite, biochar, etc. Although masking agent spraying can be the simplest and quickest way to control odors, it is not a fundamental odor mitigation strategy. Odor emissions can be reduced by installing covers on manure slurry storage facilities or by acidifying the manure slurry. It is necessary to install a solid-liquid separator in an enclosed facility to minimize odor emissions. Other methods for reducing odor emissions include covering manure composting plants with semi-permeable membranes or using reactor composting technology. In order to minimize odor emissions in the liquid manure composting, sufficient oxygen must be supplied during the fermentation process. Furthermore, the odor reduction effect can be achieved through the liquid manure pit recharge system which supplies matured liquid manure fertilizer to the slurry pit in the pig house.

Submarining is a phenomenon in that the lap belt goes over the pelvis of the occupant during a frontal crash. It is known to be one of the causes of serious abdominal injuries for the belted occupant. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of both the belt geometry and dummy variations on the occurrence of submarining. A series of quasi-static belt-pull tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the parameters on the occurrence of the submarining. The main influencing factor of the submarining was the lap belt angle. The tear or wrinkle of the dummy clothing and torso angle relative to the pelvis also affected the propensity of the submarining. Therefore, these parameters need to be closely monitored to obtain repeatable test results.

Under anoxic conditions, this study investigated removal of dissolved As(III) by Si and Al oxides including natural sand, chemically washed sand (silica), alumina, and activated alumina. Despite the similar surface area, natural sand showed greater extents of As(III) sorption than chemically washed sand. This was likely due to the high reactivity of Fe(oxyhydr)oxide impurities on the surface of natural sand. For both sands, As(III) sorption was the greatest at pH 7.1, in agreement with the weakly dissociating tendency of arsenous acid. Also, the least sorption was observed at pH 9.6. At basic pH, elevated silicate, which originated from the dissolution of silica in sands, would compete with As(III) for sorption. Due to the highest surface area, activated alumina was found to quantitatively immobilize the initially added As(III) (6.0×10−7 -2.0×10−5 M). Alumina showed As(III) sorption compared to or greater than chemically washed sand, although the former had less than 6% of the surface of area the latter. The greater reactivity of alumina than chemically washed sand can be explained by using the shared charge of oxygen.

Natural gas is the most realistic fuel among eco-friendly fuels. Natural gas production is limited, and in Korea, it is supplied and utilized in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In the case of LNG, the vaporization point is 163 degrees below zero, so ordinary metal cannot be used due to its brittleness. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) defines metals that can be used in the IGC Code, and is used for storage containers, transportation containers, etc. based on the metals. Welding is essential in the manufacture of large structures such as LNG storage tanks. In this study, weldability studies related to cryogenic materials were conducted. In Part I of this study, high-manganese steel and part II were studied for two types of stainless steel (STS304L, STS316L), and in Part III, aluminum (AL5083). During laser welding, the shape of the Bead on Plate (BOP) was analyzed, and a total of nine cases were analyzed using laser power and welding speed as variables. It was confirmed that the penetration and the width of the welding width were linearly proportional to the amount of heat input. Based on this study, it is possible to conduct a follow-up study to find the optimal welding conditions for butt welding and fillet welding.

In this study, we investigate the effect of Al/N source ratios and growth rates on the growth and structural properties of AlN films on c-plane sapphires by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Both growth rates and Al/N ratios affect crystal qualities of AlN films. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of (1015) X-ray rocking curves (XRCs) change from 0.22 to 0.31° with changing of the Al/N ratios, but the curves of (0002) XRCs change from 0.04 to 0.45° with changing of the Al/N ratios. This means that structural deformation due to dislocations is slightly affected by the Al/N ratio in the (1015) XRCs but affected strongly for the (0002) XRCs. From the viewpoint of growth rate, the AlN films with high growth rate (HGR) show better crystal quality than the low growth rate (LGR) films overall, as shown by the FWHM values of the (0002) and (1015) XRCs. Based on cross-sectional transmission electron microscope observation, the HGR sample with an Al/N ratio of 3.1 shows more edge dislocations than there are screw and mixed dislocations in the LGR sample with Al/N ratio of 3.5.

Using ALMA observations of the 13CN and DCN lines in the massive star-forming region G33.92+0.11A, we investigate the CN/HCN abundance ratio, which serves as a tracer of photodissociation chemistry, over the whole observed region. Even considering the uncertainties in calculating the abundance ratio, we find high ratios (》1) in large parts of the source, especially in the outer regions of star-forming clumps A1, A2, and A5. Regions with high CN/HCN ratios coincide with the in infows of accreted gas suggested by Liu et al. (2015). We conclude that we found strong evidence for interaction between the dense gas clumps and the accreted ambient gas which may have sequentially triggered the star formation in these clumps.

본 논문은 존 던이 『드러나는 일들에 대한 묵상』 III에서 인간의 나약성, 죄, 그리고 한계성의 인식에서 비롯된 내적 분란을 어떻게 형상화하고 있는가를 보여주는데 있다. 또한 이러한 내적 혼돈과 불편함을 전지전능하신 신의 목적과 현시에 대한 명상을 통해 어떻게 저항하고 극복해 가는가를 분석한다. 존 던의 이 작품 여러 곳에서는 영적 불안정성, 인간 삶의 유한함, 인간사의 여러 한계에 대한 생각으로 인하여 비롯된 영적 불안함을 성스러운 신에 대한 통찰을 통해 대면하고 극복해 나가는 영적 순례를 보여주고 있다. 이 작품의 세 부분을 통하여 던은 구원에 대한 신성한 묵상을 통하여 내적으로 자기 파멸적인 고뇌를 해결하고자 노력하고 있음을 보여준다.

본 논문의 목적은 바이런이 쓴 『차일드 헤럴드의 순례』 III-IV 칸토에 주인공인 헤럴드가 인간의 명예, 권력, 유한성, 그리고 삶의 생명력과 관련하여 상실, 고통 그리고 영적인 깨달음에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는가를 다루는데 있다. 바이런이 살던 당대와 현대 비평가들은 이 부분에 대해 간략하게 언급해 오고 있으며, 특히 이를 바이런적 인물들의 특성으로 치부하는 경향이 있다. 즉, 바이런 시인 자신의 음울하고 고독한 면모의 일부가 드러난 것으로 폄훼하여 작품 자체의 역동성을 간과하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 헤럴드가 칸토 네 개를 통해 어떻게 내면 및 외부세계와의 다양한 관계 속에서 상실, 고난, 영적 각성을 밀도 있게 드러내는 가에 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 바이런이 쓴 다른 작품들과의 상호연관성 속에서 심도 있게 다룸과 아울러 헤럴드가 사랑, 삶의 활력과 불멸의 세계를 상실과 고난에 대한 인식과 더불어 어떻게 받아들이고 있는가도 다루어 본다.

Detecting exoplanets around giant stars sheds light on the later-stage evolution of planetary systems. We observed the M giant HD 18438 and the K giant HD 158996 as part of a Search for Exoplanets around Northern circumpolar Stars (SENS) and obtained 38 and 24 spectra from 2010 to 2017 using the high-resolution Bohyunsan Observatory Echelle Spectrograph (BOES) at the 1.8m telescope of Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory in Korea. We obtained precise RV measurements from the spectra and found long-period radial velocity (RV) variations with period 719.0 days for HD 18438 and 820.2 days for HD 158996. We checked the chromospheric activities using Ca ii H and H lines, HIPPARCOS photometry and line bisectors to identify the origin of the observed RV variations. In the case of HD 18438, we conclude that the observed RV variations with period 719.0 days are likely to be caused by the pulsations because the periods of HIPPARCOS photometric and H EW variations for HD 18438 are similar to that of RV variations in Lomb-Scargle periodogram, and there are no correlations between bisectors and RV measurements. In the case of HD 158996, on the other hand, we did not find any similarity in the respective periodograms nor any correlation between RV variations and line bisector variations. In addition, the probability that the real rotational period can be as longer than the RV period for HD 158996 is only about 4.3%. Thus we conclude that observed RV variations with a period of 820.2 days of HD 158996 are caused by a planetary companion, which has the minimum mass of 14.0 MJup, the semi-major axis of 2.1 AU, and eccentricity of 0.13 assuming the stellar mass of 1.8 M⊙. HD 158996 is so far one of the brightest and largest stars to harbor an exoplanet candidate.

In the companion papers (I, II), site-specific response analyses were performed at more than 300 domestic sites and a new site classification system and design response spectra (DRS) were proposed using the results of the site-specific response analyses. In this paper, the proposed site classification system and the design response spectra are compared with those in other seismic codes and verified by different methods. Firstly, the design response spectra are compared with the design response spectra in Eurocode 8, KBC 2016 and MOCT 1997 to estimate quantitative differences and general trends. Secondly, site-specific response analyses are carried out using VS-profiles obtained using field seismic tests and the results are compared with the proposed DRS in order to reduce the uncertainty in using the SPT-N value in site-specific response analyses in the companion paper (I). In addition, site coefficients from real earthquake records measured in Korean peninsula are used to compare with the proposed site coefficients. Finally, dynamic centrifuge tests are also performed to simulate the representative Korean site conditions, such as shallow depth to bedrock and short-period amplification characteristics. The overall results showed that the proposed site classification system and design response spectra reasonably represented the site amplification characteristic of shallow bedrock condition in Korea.

First of all, Fe or/and Mn immobilized granular activated carbons (Fe-GAC, Mn-GAC, (Fe, Mn)-GAC) were synthesized and tested to remove arsenate (As(V)). The results in batch test indicated that Fe-GAC removed As(V) effectively, even though the surface area of Fe-GAC was reduced largely. Moreover, adsorption isotherm test indicated that the experimental data fit well with Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Fe-GAC for As(V) was 3.49 mg g-1, which was higher than GAC (2.24 mg g-1). In column test, the simulated water, which consisted of As(V), Fe(III), Mn(II) and Ca(II) in tap water, was used. Fe-GAC column with 1 hr of pre-washing time treated As(V) effectively while GAC column removed Fe(III) better than Fe-GAC column. Moreover, the increasing pre-washing time from 1 to 9 hour in Fe-GAC column enhanced Fe(III) removal with little negative impact of As(V) removal. Mostly, the column filled with Fe-GAC and GAC (i.e. the mass ratio of Fe-GAC:GAC = 2:8) showed the higher treatability of both As(V) and Fe(III), even it operated with 1 hr pre-washing time.

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a widely used engineering tool in the fields of the design of a product or a process to improve its quality or performance by prioritizing potential failure modes in terms of three risk factors―severity, occurrence, and detection. In a classical FMEA, the risk priority number is obtained by multiplying the three values in 10 score scales which are evaluated for the three risk factors. However, the drawbacks of the classical FMEA have been mentioned by many previous researchers. As a way to overcome these difficulties, this paper suggests the ELECTRE III that is a representative technique among outranking models. Furthermore, fuzzy linguistic variables are included to deal with ambiguous and imperfect evaluation process. In addition, when the importances for the three risk factors are obtained, the entropy method is applied. The numerical example which was previously studied by Kutlu and Ekmek‡ioğlu(2012), who suggested the fuzzy TOPSIS method along with fuzzy AHP, is also adopted so as to be compared with the results of their research. Finally, after comparing the results of this study with that of Kutlu and Ekmek‡ioğlu(2012), further possible researches are mentioned.

Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune response of insects. We cloned full-length cDNA encoding putative apoLp-III from larvae of the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor (TmapoLp-III), by identification of clones corresponding to the partial sequence of TmapoLp-III, subsequently followed with full length sequencing by a clone-by-clone primer walking method. The complete cDNA consists of 890 nucleotides, including an ORF encoding 196 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 20 amino acid residues, the 176-residue mature apoLp-III has a calculated molecular mass of 19,146 Da. Genomic sequence analysis with respect to its cDNA showed that TmapoLp-III was organized into four exons interrupted by three introns. Several immune-related transcription factor binding sites were discovered in the putative 5’-flanking region. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis reveals that TmapoLp-III has high sequence identity (88%) with Tribolium castaneum apoLp-III but shares little sequence homologies (<26%) with other apoLp-IIIs. Homology modeling of Tm apoLp-III shows a bundle of five amphipathic helices, including a short helix 3’. The ‘helix-short helix-helix’ motif was predicted to be implicated in lipid binding interactions, through reversible conformational changes and accommodating the hydrophobic residues to the exterior for stability. Highest level of TmapoLp-III mRNA was detected at late pupal stages, albeit it is expressed in the larval and adult stages at lower levels. The tissue specific expression of the transcripts showed significantly higher numbers in larval fat body and adult integument. In addition, TmapoLp-III mRNA was found to be highly up-regulated in late stages of L. monocytogenes or E. coli challenge. These results indicate that TmapoLp-III may play an important role in innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens in T. molitor.