포란 기간 동안에 대양성 바다새들은 기아생태로 포란함으로써 커다란 몸무게 변화를 겪는다. 포란 동안에 몸무게의 심각한 변화를 겪는 슴새목 조류에서, 몸무게 조절은 포란 기간 동안에 그들의 포란 행동을 결정하는 중요한 요소로 작용할 것이다. 이 연구는 2013년 6월부터 8월까지 제주특별자치도 제주시 추자면에 위치하고 있는 무인도서인 사수도에서 번식하는 슴새를 대상으로, 포란 기간 동안 개체의 몸 크기, 몸 상태 그리고 포란 행동이 그들의 몸무게 조절에 어떠한 영향을 주는 지를 연구하였다. 연구결과를 보면, 포란하는 슴새 개체의 일별 몸무게 감소량은 그들의 몸 크기나 몸 상태와 관계가 없었으나, 둥지 내에서 포란 시도 횟수가 증가함에 따라 일별 몸무게 감소량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 몸 크기가 큰 개체일수록 일별 포란 시도를 많이 하는 경향을 보이고 있었다. 결과적으로 포란하는 개체의 몸 크기와 몸 상태는 그들의 일별 몸무게 감소와 관계가 없었지만, 일별 몸무게 감소량에 영향을 주고 있는 포란 시도 횟수는 그들의 몸 크기에 따라 조절되고 있었다. 따라서 포란 기간 동안에 번식 개체들의 몸 크기는 그들의 포란 행동을 결정하는 중요한 요소 중에 하나로 작용하고 있다.

Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa offers a potential tool for rescuing genetic material from males of genetically elite populations. Castration, catastrophic injury, sudden death or any other event that makes semen collection or mating impossible may prematurely terminate a stallion reproduction. Stallion epididymal spermatozoa vary widely in the loss of progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and viability during freezing and thawing. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of (1) freezing package types on cryopreservation efficiency, (2) thawing temperatures (37, 56 or 70℃) on Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) parameters and (3) post-thawing incubation time (0, 1, 2 or 4h) on castrated stallion epididymis. Post-thawed sperm motility ranged between 59.69% and 64.28% (56℃ and 37℃) in various thawing temperatures. When stallion epididymis sperm was frozen, straw was better than freezing tube on VCL (Velocity of Curvilinear Line) and VAP (Velocity of Average Path) parameter. Higher percentage of motility was observed at 37℃ thawing temperature even though no significant difference was observed among various temperatures. The motility, VCL, ALH (Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement), VAP, BCF (Beat-Cross Frequency) and STR (Straightness index) parameter of post-thawed sperm were significantly decreased by increasing the incubation time for all thawing temperatures. The present study showed that type of freezing package (Straw vs. Freezing tube) was not significantly different on cryopreservation efficiency. Furthermore, stallion epididymal spermatozoa frozen-thawed at 37℃ for 1 min resulted the highest proportion of motility and velocity movement. In addition, motility and viability of frozen-thawed stallion epididymal spermatozoa were also decreased by incubation.

지속적인 양식활동과 어장환경 보호를 위해서는 연안해역과 양식어종마다 각기 다른 연안생태계의 물질순환에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 양식장아래 퇴적물-수층 경계면의 침강 용출 플럭스에 관한 정확한 산정이 중요하다. 이에 관한 연구방법 중 벤틱 챔버를 이용한 현장배양법과 코아 채니를 이용한 실내배양실험법으로 퇴적물 산소요구량과 용존무기질소 용출 플럭스를 비교하여 보았다. 통영 어류 가두리양식장, 여수 어류 가두리양식장, 완도 전복양식장에 대하여, 퇴적물 산소요구량을 측정하여본 결과, 현장배양법은 116, 34, 31 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, 실내배양법은 52, 17, 15 mmol O2 m-2 d-1이었고, 용존무기질소 용출 플럭스의 경우, 현장배양법은 7.18, 7.98, 1.78 mmol m-2 d-1, 실내배양법은 3.33, 3.74, 1.96 mmol m-2 d-1로, 현장배양법이 실내배양법보다 약 2배 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 각 양식장에 따른 물질 플럭스를 살펴봄으로서, 양식장아래 퇴적물-수층 경계면에 대한 두 가지 물질수지 계산 방법의 특성을 비교하였다.

Recently, Hypsizigus marmoreus is noticed as new mushroom item in Korea. However, this mushroom has the long incubation period about 80 days including pre-incubation period. This study was attempted to establish the optimal post-incubation temperature and period of Hypsizigus marmoreus for bottle cultivation. The most effective post-incubation temperature and period were 25℃ and 20days, respectively. The higher yield was obtained under 25℃ for 20 day after 30 days of pre-incubation. Therefore, total cultivation period was shortened from 106 days (control) to 78days. It is useful information to increase rotation time of cultivation for effective management in H. marmoreus.

Presently, the effect of 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)-supplemented maturation medium during different incubation time on meiotic arrest (germinal vesicle) and resumption (metaphase II) of porcine oocytes and embryonic development of porcine oocytes following in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) was determined. Porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in 0.5 mM dbcAMP for 17, 22, 27, or 42 h, and an additional 22 h without 0.5 mM dbcAMP. The nuclear status was examined at each time point. Oocytes cultured from 39~49 h displayed more than 80% meiotic resumption. More than 85 % of meiotic arrest was presented at 17~22 h. Oocytes were cultured for 22 h with 0.5 mM dbcAMP and additional 22 h without dbcAMP to assess developmental potential following IVF or PA. There were no significant differences in blastocyst rates among the dbcAMPIVF, IVF, dbcAMP-PA, and PA groups, although cleavage rate of IVF group was significantly higher than those of dbcAMP-PA, and PA groups. In conclusion, 0.5 mM dbcAMP influenced meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes depending on incubation time of oocyte, although embryonic development was not improved in both IVF and PA.

This study is conducted to screen compounds affecting ruminal fermentation under in vitro incubation. Saponin, chitosan, metformin, zinc acetate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, ascorbic acid, oil-coated ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, eastern herb cocktail, charcoal extract and garlic sources (lyophilized and extract) were added to rumen culture fluid at 1.25% of substrate (100% timothy) volume at 24 h incubation. pH, total gas, ammonia, VFAs were measured. Ascorbic acid increased total gas production indicating fermentation level. All zinc compounds significantly decreased (p<0.05) although zinc sulfate increased propionate of volatile fatty acid (p<0.05). In following experiment, ascorbic acid, oil-coated ascorbic acid, garlic lyophilized, herb cocktail and zinc sulfate were added to rumen culture fluid at 2.5% of substrate with 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation. Zinc sulfate decreased both ruminal fermentation and VFAs production but ascorbic acid enhanced total gas production. Ascorbic acid increased fermentation regardless of supplement concentration although excessive zinc sulfate decreased fermentation. These results suggest that optimal level of trace compounds might affect ruminal fermentation in ruminant.

The effect of sterilization and incubation temperatures of fermented oak sawdust on Lentinula edodes hyphal growth was investigated. The pile of 33 tonnes of oak sawdust fermented in a plastic shed for 24 days. During the fermentation the acidity of the sawdust within the pile was lowered to pH 4.2 and temperatures increased to 58℃ in over 20cm depth. The sawdust samples collected at 20, 60, 80 and 100㎝ depth each and moistened to 65% water content were sterilized at 65, 100 and 121℃ each for an hour. The sterilized sawdust contained in 50㎖ test tubes was inoculated with L. edodes hyphae cultured on potato dextrose agar medium and then was incubated at 15, 20, 25℃ for four weeks. L. edodes hyphae grew faster, 94.6mm, on the sawdust collected from 60cm depth than other depths, and did at 25 incubation temperature after sterilization at 121℃. The hypahe grew only 9.9cm on the sawdust from 100cm depth. When the sawdust from 60cm depth was sterilized at 100℃, the hyphae grew best by 22.1cm at 15℃. However, on the sawdust sterilized at 65℃ the hyphae did not grow at all. Thus, we conclude that sawdust fermentation under 60㎝ depth and autoclaving it can improve L. edodes hyphal growth, but the sterilization of sawdust at 65℃ is not sufficient for the hyphal growth.

Beef marbling is known as one of the most important beef-quality traits in Korea. It is likely that marbling derived from fatty acids, mainly propionate, is mediated by rumen. Recently micro-agents were studied to enhance marbling, although many parts of that were digested in rumen. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen candidate materials to effect on beef quality with in vitro ruminal incubation. The materials such as saponin, chitosan, Zn compounds (4), vitamin C sources (2), Korean herb cocktail and garlic sources (2) were added to rumen fluid to 1.25% of substrate volume at 0 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas production in intact vitamin C source increased but that in all Zn compounds decreased (P＜0.05). Total gas production in Zn sulfate compound less decreased than in other Zn sources. Propionate in Zn sulfate increased than the other candidate compounds at all incubation time (P＜0.05). Experiment two was conducted to clarified effect of additives such as vitamin C sources (2), garlic lyophilized, Korea herb cocktail and Zn sulfate were supplemented with 2.5% volume at the 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas in Zn sulfate was lower than any other treatments. Propionate in garlic, herb and Zn sulfate appeared to be lower than control and vitamin C sources at all incubation time, although significant difference was not observed in total VFA among control and all treatment. This study suggested that micro-agent might be used to improve beef quality with minute level.

This study was carried out to set up proper moisture content of substrate and relative humidity during fruit-body induction and growing period in oyster mushroom. The proper moisture content for mycelium incubation of Suhanneutari1ho was 65∼ 70% and that of Chunchu neutari2ho was 70%. at that condition, it took 13 days to finish spawn running and the yield of Suhanneutari1ho and Chunchuneutari2 ho were 2.36kg/0.2㎡, 2.44kg/0.2㎡ respectively. The higher relative humidity in growing room, the less moisture content in substrate and the higher relative humidity in growing room, the more moisture content in fruit body during the growing period. In Chunchuneutari2 ho, when the volume of 5 per days was put on the bed and relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.35kg/0.2㎡. In Suhanneutari1 ho, the water supply on the bed, when relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.29kg/0.2㎡

우리의 전통 발효식품인 동치미로부터 E. coli O157에 대한 항균 활성을 나타내는 L. plantarum K11 균주가 생산하는 박테리오신의 활성에 영향을 미치는 배양 조건에 관하여 살펴보았다. 본 균주가 생산하는 박테리오신은 MRS 배지 상에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었고 M17, BHI 및 TSB 보다 균의 증식속도도 빠르게 나타났다. 대수기 초기부터 활성이 점점 증가하기 시작하여 정지기 때 최대에 이르렀고 이후에는 급격히 감소하였다 배양온도의 영향으로는 온도가 상승함에 따라 박테리오신의 활성도 증가하여 최대 활성은 37circC상에서 나타났고 45circC에서는 오히려 활성이 감소하였다. 배지의 초기 pH 영향을 살펴본 결과 배양 8시간부터 pH 7.0과 8.0에서 활성이 나타나기 시작하여 배양이 진행될수록 pH 7.0에서 최대로 나타났으나, pH 5.0과 9.0에서는 활성이 매우 약하게 나타났다 Glucose 0.5, 1.0%와 lactose 0.5sim1.5%를 첨가한 경우 대조구에 비해 박테리오신 활성이 2배 이상 증가하였으나, galactose 1.0%, fructose 1.0% 및 maltose 1.5% 이상 첨가 시에는 대조구 보다 오히려 활성이 감소되었다. 질소원은 0.5%의 beef extract나 tryptone 혹은 0.5와 1.0%의 peptone이나 yeast extract에 의해 대조구와 동일한 활성을 나타내었으나, 그 이상의 농도로 첨가했을 때에는 활성이 감소되었다. 또한 NaCl 0.5%와 K2HPO4 0.5% 첨가한 경우 박테리오신의 활성이 대조구보다 2배 증가한 반면, NaCl 2.0%, K2HPO4 2.0% 이상, MgSO4cdot7H2O 1.5% 이상 및 MnSO4cdotH2O 1.0% 이상을 첨가했을 때에는 대조구 활성의 50% 이하로 감소하였다.

Temperature and humidity are the vital environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of ectothermal organisms. Also, these variables often determine the efficacy of biological control of spider mites using phytoseiid mites N. californicus, N. womersleyi and P. persimilis are promising biocontrol agents of spider mites. The combined effects of temperatures (15,20,25,30 & 35oC) and relative humidity (33,51,75 & 95%) on egg hatch, incubation period from single egg and cannibalism from five eggs experiment were tested for three phytoseiid mites. Photoperiod was set to 16L:8D and neither water nor diet was provided. The result showed that higher temperatures (30&35oC) and lower relative humidity (33&51%) caused increased egg mortality by shrinking and desiccation. The egg hatch of N. californicus and P. persimilis were higher than N. womersleyi in all conditions with the exception of 35oC and 95% RH treatment where P. persimilis did not hatch at all. The incubation periods of egg decreased as the humidity level increased even under the same temperature. The cannibalism, habit of feeding the same species was found from protonymphal and deutonymphal stages under higher humidity levels (75&95%) in the three phytoseiid species. This tendency was higher in N. californicus and N. womersleyi than in P. persimilis. The results partially explain the lower predator performance during hot summer by P. persimilis and the possibility to sustain the predator population when the prey population is low.

We investigated starvation of hatching larvae, occasional artificial hatching and incubation method to establish year-round rearing of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai. In the test of starvation of hatching larvae for brushing at a time, the survival rate of the fourth instar of larvae starved for 1 day after hatching in 25℃ and 5℃ was 83.3% and 96.0%, respectively. The result represents that the survival rate is high at low temperature during starvation. In the occasional artificial hatching test for multi-times rearing of A. yamamai, the useful hatchability is high at 5℃ in case of preserving eggs for 2 months from incubation time, and at both 2.5℃ and 0℃ in case of over 6 months. A new incubation method with pre-incubation at 15℃ and 24 D photoperiod showed high hatchability about 80% for only 2 days compared with hatching for 5-6 days in traditional incubation method with the preservation at 25℃.

The founding purpose of Business Incubation System is to induce those businessmen who have technology and promising business ideas but are lacking fund, information, and management skill, and to speed up their business establishment and enhance the level

동결 과정 중 필수적인 단계중 하나인 냉각(cooling)과 냉각 후 배양시간이 생쥐 난자의 방추체의 형태와 염색체의 배열에 미치는 영향을 알아봄으로서 냉각 후 손상되었던 난자의 방추체와 염색체가 정상적으로 회복하는데 필요한 최적의 배양시간을 알아보기 위해 본 실험을 실시하였다. 생후 4-6주령의 암컷 B6C3Fl 생쥐를 과배란 처리하여 metaphase II상태의 난자를 회수하여 다음과 같이 처리하였다. 대조군은 난자를 냉각처리하지 않았으며 실험군은

본 연구는 개의 불임해결과 체외수정란을 생산할 목적으로 난소의 보존 및 난구세포의 부착 여부가 신선 및 동결 개 정자를 이용한 투명대 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 적출한 난소를 4 와 salt에 각각 48시간 보존 후 회수한 난구세포 부착 난자와 나화난자의 정자침입율은 각각 62.5%, 37.5% 및 42.5% 및 22.4%로서 난소를 적출 후 곧 바로 회수한 난구세포 부착 및 나화난자 내 정자침입율인 93.3%와 56.7%에 비해 현저히 낮

본 연구는 돼지 동결-융해 정자의 배양에 의한 체외수정능력과 glycosidase activity를 평가하기 위하여 chlortetracycfine fluorescence분석법을 이용하여, glycosidase가 체외수정능력과 정자침입에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 돼지난자의 투명대내에서 발견된 당잔기에 대한 정자의 glyco-sidase 특이성을 확인하기 위하여 α-L-fucosidase, α-D-mannosidase, β-D-galactosidase 및 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (β-GlcNAc''''ase)의 activity를 분석하였다. 그 결과 glycosidase activity는 동결정자의 응해 후 배양하지 않았을 때보다 2시간 배양했을 때 더 높게 나타났다. β-GlcNAc''''ase의 activity 는 정자 배양 유무에 관계없이 다른 glycosidase 처리시보다 최소한 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 또한 첨체반응이 유기된 정자의 비율은 glycosidase (α-D-mannosidase; P<0.05)에 의해 영향을 받았으며 자를 배양하지 않은 경우보다는 배양된 정자에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 배양시간에 따른 정자의 존성에 대해 glycosidase의 종류에 따른 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 한편 투명대내 정자의 접착과 입에 대한 또 다른 실험에서, 서로 다른 glyco-sidase가 첨가된 배양액내에서 수정된 정자가 배양시간이 길어짐에 따라 정자의 침입율은 낮아졌다 β-GlcNAc''''ase; P<0.05). 투명대내의 정자접착정도는 glycosidase의 첨가시에 무첨가시보다 접착정도가 더 높았으며, 가장 높은 접착율은 β-GlcNAc''''ase 첨가시 나타났다. 또한 모든 glycosidase 처리시 2시간 배양한 정자보다는 배양하지 않은 정자에서 투명대에 대한 접착정도가 높게 나타났으며, α-D-mannosidase의 처리시 유의적인 차이를 보였다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과, β-GlcNAc''''ase가 주로 돼지정자의 원형질막내에 존재하는 것으로 추측되며, 배양된 정자에 의한 투명대 접착정도와 침입율이 낮았음에도 불구하고 glycosidase activity가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.