This research analyses the discursive construction of beauty through skin care advertisements and its visual representations in Indonesian women’s magazines. Indonesia is an industrialising and increasingly global country with a sizable emerging middle class that is the largest in Southeast Asia. We explore themes of whiteness, naturalisation and scientification as socio-cultural constructions of beauty as the products not only promise youthful, smooth and fair skin to affluent middle-class consumers, but promote the constant ‘upscaling’ of lifestyle norms related to the pursuit of higher economic and social status. In this research, we draw on existing scholarship in gender, beauty, ‘whiteness’ (Ariss, Ӧzbilgin, Tatli & April, 2014) and ‘colourism’ (Glenn, 2009) that examines the growing phenomena of skin whitening in beauty products and their relationship to particular cultural contexts and locations. This body of theory and research has shown how ‘whiteness’ and ‘colour’ are constructs related to, but not the same as ‘race’, that carry complex meanings generated by the intersection of gender, colonial history, ethnicity, class and globalisation (Rondilla, 2009). While it has been long argued that beauty is culturally diverse in different markets and is multidimensional (Englis, Solomon & Ashmore 1994), it is also highly globalised (Jones, 2011). The globalisation also increasingly standardises communications campaigns run by creative advertising agencies who are predominantly Western or ‘Western trained’. This has contributed to a ‘transnational look’ (Frith, Shaw & Cheng, 2005), a ‘reduction in the range of global variation in beauty ideals’ (Jones, 2008, p.150), and a ‘narrow representation of beauty’ (Yan & Bissell, 2014). We question the extent of this resultant homogeneity in a non-Western context that is under-studied

Fashion has become a major thing worldwide. In Indonesia, especially in big cities like Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya, fashion is quite evolving. Jakarta is a bustling modern city with international interaction and professional working environment. This atmosphere influences the inhabitants to dress in modern, professional look; as fashion may be seen as visible identity for a person. As a country with more than 300 tribes, Indonesia is also very rich in culture (Tamindael, 2011). Each area has its own traditional clothes, house, food, custom, art, and language. In big cities, those cultural differences have somewhat blend together or rather invisible in the capital city of Jakarta. Despite the modern environment, traditional clothing and religious clothing tried to get substantial segment as well. However, cultural or traditional costume seem to face the adversity to stand out. Traditional costume can be seen as an identity for a country or specific culture. Like Kimono in Japan or Sari in India, Indonesia actually has kebaya as national costume for women. Kebaya is actually a tight fitting blouse known as originated from Java. Nowadays, with the many modern women seems to wear kebaya only for special occasion, such as wedding reception, national day, or official ceremony. As it was meant for special moment, the kebaya these days are more elaborated, mostly adorned with embroidery and glittery embellishment. Still, whether modest or modern, kebaya is perceived as complicated, out-of-date, and inflexible. This national costume might face the threat of extinction, although the rise of patrimonial awareness made kebaya get more attention these days. Despite kebaya has been appointed as national costume for Indonesian women, many of them, especially youngsters, seem reluctant to wear it in many occasion. This phenomenon evokes the need for research, how Indonesian youngsters perceived the kebaya as national identity? This research will relate the brand identity with kebaya. Kebaya itself may be considered as a brand, attached to Indonesia as a country. Within the brand identity framework, kebaya would be seen as a brand. However, a brand should be known among its target and how the people or target consumers perceive it. As an initial research, this paper aimed to explore how youngsters in Indonesia perceived kebaya as national outfit. This research will rely on theories about branding. Kebaya is actually a product. However, the term of kebaya can be considered as a brand in the context of Indonesian national costume. This research measures the brand identity and brand imagery within the theory of brand identity from from Aaker (1996) and Keller (2013). The brand identity will be measured using the indicators of brand awareness, and the brand meaning will be measured using the brand associations. The survey has been conducted to 30 youngsters, from 17 to 25 years old. Whereas two interviews have also been conducted to a founder of Perempuan Berkebaya (Women in kebaya) community and a bussinesswoman who start to wear kebaya everyday. To raise the awareness of kebaya, this community has made some efforts. There was some news coverage on the national medias and outdoor events to show that kebaya is suitable for any occassion. As this research will explore how these young ladies perceived the kebaya, most of them can be assumed to be aware of kebaya. However, they might have different perception and comprehension about it. All of the respondents from the survey claimed they the national costume of Indonesia. However, the answer were varies when they recall the object. Batik is also mentioned alongside with kebaya. Many people are more accustomed to wear batik clothes, as it can be transformed into different kinds of outfit, such as shirt or dress. Athough all respondents agree for kebaya to be one of national identity, most of them claimed kebaya is not suitable for everyday wear. They argued that kebaya is impractical, and not convenient for day-to-day activities. Some of them believed kebaya is only for wedding or other special occasions, thus will lessen their exclusivity or prestige if they wear it everyday. The second part of the questionnaire is about the association; how kebaya as a brand would match or associate to certain group of user, usage situation, experience, and values. Many people seen women wearing kebaya in rural areas, worn by grandmothers and door-to-door jamu (herbal drink) sellers, thus have an ancient or traditional look. This is in line with result from the survey. This kind of association is actually in contrast to the image of kebaya for special occasion. Thus, to outsmart the out-of-date association, many modern women avoid humble kebaya to wear in many occasions; they rather opt for more expensive kebaya to wear at special events. How the youngsters perceive may be arguable. They see kebaya as something unique which they don’t see, let alone wear it, every day. This explain how they value kebaya as an exclusive outfit that may elevate the look of the wearer. The excuses whether to wear or not-to-wear kebaya as daily outfit seems endless. There may be a slight hesitation toward the kebaya which associated to old fashion or outdated, but some would opt for modern cut of kebaya. In the end, kebaya should build strong image as national identity; where every Indonesian women, no matter their age nor social class, will be proud to wear it.

Indonesia is struggling to achieve financial inclusion. These barriers could be addressed through branchless banking program. This study explores roles of regulator and bank in the program. This study used secondary data and interviews to explore the objectives. Both regulator and banks are embracing branchless banking to achieve financial inclusion.

The research studied about the satisfaction and reuse intention of Indonesian people towards the innovated transportation using mobile applications in Indonesia. In 2015 some issues come up from the service companies that use mobile application as the channel for it. People have great expectations for this service.

The research is conducted to study how myth tourism story marketing can affect global tourist visiting intention. The exploratory result shows that people intention to visit a myth tourism destination is driven by the curiosity after hearing or reading the story. In several travellers’ forum, people tend to discuss about a place’s story such as in Bali. Meanwhile, interview with a local myth tourism community shows that there are several types of people who want to visit the places such as an adventure seeker, travellers who find it exciting to explore, and also the one who is curious with things related to myth. Therefore, this research aim to focus on West Java myth tourism story marketing as West Java is well- known as its mythical tourism sites spread across the province. As myth is inseparable from cultural symbol, this study also put cultural and psychographic factors into account and expect to see to what extent those factors influence the tourist visiting intention to West Java myth tourism sites. Lifestyle is one of the most common psychographic attributes. Gonzales and Bello (2002) also emphasized that lifestyle is a push-factor for tourists in choosing a destination as tourists seek the experience which can be related to their lifestyle. Loureiro (2014) pointed out that a myth story might not correspond to the actual facts but the originality is provided by the story-teller. In order for the tourist to choose a destination, hence good story-telling that would deliver the value is required. This statement conformed to Park and Njite (2010) who considered story as a form of marketing communication strategy. Furthermore, the story marketing which resonance with the customer values could lead to a purchasing behaviour. (Thomas, 2012). In relation to story marketing, the respondents are asked to select the destination they intent to visit before and after provided with the myth behind those destinations. This research is then analysed using multivariate analysis method, conjoint analysis and multiple linear regression to see which factors influence the tourist visiting intention the most. By understanding important factors influencing tourist visiting intention, it is expected that West Java myth tourism information sites may improve their ability to attract both foreign and domestic tourists through its myth story marketing.

Social media has quickly becoming tools of choice for communicating between brand and their customers. Among all social medias, instagram is seen as the most effective one, especially for fashion brands. Instagram’s main function to share videos and pictures is suitable with visual communication methods that is often being used by fashion brands. Posts with high amount of likes and positive comments may increase brand awareness and can trigger positive e-WOM (Electronic Word of Mouth) among customers and potential customers. Why is communicating with consumers very important? Because in this era consumers are brands’ most trustworthy and loyal marketers for company’s products (Çukul, 2015). Customers are likely to believe review from their families and friends rather than reviews that is being written by the company itself (Chang, 2014). Realizing the importance of nurturing positive word of mouths among customers, this paper is going to use qualitative analysis to analyze Instagram posts of well-known local fashion brands to find out what kind of post that will generate the highest positive e-WOM feedback from the audience. Content of Instagram account of researched brands are being examined according to post type (photo / video), content type (9 elements), number of likes and reviews, photo type (amateur / professional), and shooting place (studio / outdoor / shops). Analysis is conducted to understand what kind of Instagram post that will give positive feedback from their customers. The result of this paper will serve as guidance for company to tailor interesting and engaging post hence increasing the probability of creating positive e-WOM that will increase brand image that ultimately will increase sales.

T-50 인도네시아 수출은 정부의 정책목표를 구현하고 국내 방산업체들의 해외 수출활동을 촉진시키는 촉매제가 되었다. 방산수출은 국가의 위상을 높이고 경제적 이익을 창출하는 신성장 동력으로서 인정받게 되었으며 정부의 주요 정책 중 하나로 자리매김하였다. 본고는 T-50 인도네시아 수출 성공의 동인(動因)을 정책 네트워크의 관점에서 분석하여 효과적인 방산수출 정책방향을 제시하고자 한다. 정책네트워크 이론(Policy Network Theory)은 방산수출 지원정책을 수립하고 집행하는 과 정에서 각 정책행위자들의 속성과 그들 사이에서 이루어지는 상호작용이 어떤 산출물을 가져 왔는지를 분석하는 데에 유용성과 적실성을 갖았다. T-50 인도네시아 수출에 관한 정책네트 워크는 정책공동체(policy community) 유형으로서 다수의 정부부처와 이익집단인 방산업체, 그리고 연구기관의 전문가들이 공동의 정책목표 달성을 위해 상호 공감대를 형성하여 범정부 조직인 방산물자교역지원센터(KODITS)를 창설하고 이를 중심으로 행위자들이 공식⋅비공식 접촉을 지속하면서 수출 성공을 위한 전략을 모색하였다. 일부 주요 정책행위자 사이에 대 립과 갈등이 존재했으나, 다수의 행위자가 강한 협력의 관계를 형성함으로써 T-50 인도네시 아 수출을 위한 정책결정이 효과적으로 이루어질 수 있었고, 그것은 T-50 수출 성공의 중요 한 동인이 되었다. 시사점으로 협력적 상호작용에 의한 정책공동체 유형이 방산수출 지원정책의 목표 달성에 유용함을 고려, 미국에 대한 훈련기(T-X) 수출 등 대형 방산수출프로젝트 추진시 범정부차 원의 한시적 테스크포스(TF)를 운영할 필요가 있으며 TF에 참여한 기관들이 상호 협력의 관계를 강화할 수 있도록 기관장들간 정기적인 논의의 장 마련 등 제도⋅절차적 보완이 필요 함을 제시하였다.

동남아시아 주요 옥수수 생산국인 인도네시아의 옥수수 생 산과 생산성 제한 요인에 대하여 조사·분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인도네시아는 북위 5°에서 남위 10°사이에 위치하여 연 중 열대성 기후를 보이며 건기와 우기의 구별이 뚜렷하다. 2. 옥수수 재배면적은 약 4,000천ha 정도이며 생산량은 2009년 이후로 17,000천톤 이상을 유지하고 있다. 그 가운데 수확면적과 생산량의 약 50%를 Jawa섬이 차지하고 있다. 2014년 단위 면적당 생산성은 4.95ton/ha로 1980년대에 비하 여 약 3배 증가하였으나 지역적으로는 2.5 ~ 7.32ton/ha의 변이 를 보여 지역 간 차이가 심하다. 3. 생물적 생산성 제한요인은 downy mildew (Peronosclerospora), maydis leaf blights (Helminthosporium spp.), leaf spots (Curvularia spp.), rusts (Puccinia polysora), stalk and ear rots (Fusarium spp., Diplodia spp.), banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB, Rhizoctonia solani) 등의 병과 바 구미(Sitophilus spp.), shoot flies (Atherigona spp.), Asian corn borers (Ostrinia furnacalis), 멸강충(Mythimna spp.), corn ear worm (Helicoverpa spp.) 등의 충이나, 가장 큰 영 향을 주는 요인은 downy mildew이다. 4. 비생물적 생산성 제한요인은 토양의 산성화에 따른 척박 토양과 관개가 자유롭지 못한 전작 지대의 한발피해 등이며, 경제·사회적 제한요인으로는 비료, 농약 등 농자재 투입 비용 과 hybrid종자 가격 등이다. 5. 인도네시아에 적응하는 품종 개발 시 생산성 제한 요인을 극복하기 위한 주요 타겟 형질은 환경 스트레스 내성으로서, 특 히 downy mildew 저항성과 내산성, 내건성이 요구된다.

These days, advanced technologies provide an easy way for the public to obtain information about anything, including astronomy. Most people know astronomy for its sky events and scientific results. In Indonesia, the public has a high interest not only in astronomy information but also in participating in astronomy events, but it is limited to those who has access to a club nearby. Otherwise, for those who live in remote areas or simply don't have any access, they depend on information from newspapers, magazines, books or word of mouth. They usually think that astronomy is a dicult subject to learn, while in fact it is something doable and fun.

Astronomy is a popular topic for the public in term of astronomical phenomenon such as occultations, solar and lunar eclipses or meteor showers. In term of education, astronomy also is popular as one of the world Science Olympiads. Social media, as the new trend in communicating and connecting people, plays a significant role in increasing the size of the astronomy community. Beyond IYA 2009, more and more astronomy activities have been done in many places in Indonesia. New astronomy communities have been formed in several cities and public engagement is also high in social media especially on Facebook and Twitter. In this paper, we will discuss the lesson learned from astronomy outreach achievements in Indonesia and the need for citizen science projects as a distance learning tool for the public as part of astronomy development in Indonesia. We argue and propose that this project will be also important up to a regional scope.

Jabon tree(Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is a native and fast growing species in Indonesia that is preferred by the local community because of its good adaptability and economic profitability. However, information on this tree and its appropriate silvicultural practices are still lacking. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) document the existing silvicultural practices used by local communities, (2) investigate tree growth performance among different sites, and (3) examine the linkage between silvicultural practices and soil fertility and their effects on stand quality in West Java. The results obtained from interviews indicated that most of the jabon plantations are owned by outsiders from Jakarta or other cities. In addition, there are three types of management: partnership, hiring employees and direct management. There are only a few practitioners with silvicultural training; however, all practitioners have implemented basic silvicultural practices. Jabon plantations in West Java were inventoried and 53 plots were established across 19 sites. This species was introduced into Java in 2008; therefore, tree age ranges from 0.5 to 3.5years. The mean diameter ranges from 2.45 to 14.57cm with a maximum of 29.3cm, and the mean height ranges from 1.29 to 12.62m with a maximum of 18.68m in Situgede. Regression modeling was performed using dominant height, and the Chapman model was selected to generate a site index curve: Hd=10.6982(1-exp(-0.8915t))1.3078, with an R2 value of 0.6513. This model divided the 19sites into three categories, i.e., good, medium and poor. Based on these results, there are 2 good, 11 medium and 6 poor sites. Three DBH-age equations were generated based on site classification. A comparison between good and poor sites suggests that site conditions and soil fertility have more significant effects on the growth of jabon than silvicultural practices such as fertilization and site maintenance.

Maritime boundary issues have become a constraint in the relations between Indonesia and its neighboring countries, including Malaysia. One of the pending issues regarding the overlapping maritime boundary which is not yet to be resolved is the Ambalat area. The primary purpose of this research is to suggest possible senarioa to resolve the maritime delimitation dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia around Ambalt peacefully under international law. This article is prepared to explore all available ways for the peaceful settlement on Ambalat issue.The author will examine the diplomatic channel, ASEAN Way dispute settlement mechanism, adjudication process (litigation and arbitration), and dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. He will also epropose other innovative approach, such like Joint Development Zone. The result of such examination can be used as considerations for the way forward.

Malaysia has asserted sovereign rights over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks, which partially overlap with the Ambalat and East Ambalat sea blocks. Indonesia has also asserted sovereign rights over there. This article argues the validity of Malaysia’s claim over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks by virtue of the Pulau Ligitan dan Pulau Sipadan case in which the International Court of Justice found that the 4°10′ N parallel mentioned in the 1891 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands Defining Boundaries in Borneo terminated on the east coast of Sebatik and did not extend seawards. This article finds that Malaysia may use the Sipadan and Ligitan Islands as a basis to assert sovereign rights over the ND6 and ND7 sea blocks. The authors also highlights several other documents including a 1954 British declaration and bilateral treaties between Malaysia and Indonesia.

본 연구는 위성영상 자료와 래스터 연산을 활용해 인도네시아 깜빠르 지역에서 REDD 이행 시 필요한 탄소배출 기준선 설정에 주된 목적을 둔다. REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation)는 개도국의 개발활동에 의한 산림황폐화를 막기 위해 산림유지에 대한 대가로 탄소배출권을 발행하는 국제환경보전정책이다. ‘기준선’은 REDD가 이행되지 않았을 때 잠재적으로 발생할 미래의 탄소배출량을 의미한다. 이는 탄소배출권 규모를 결정짓는 중요한 요소이기 때문에 REDD 사업 경제성과 밀접한 관계가 있다. Landsat 영상에 기반해 토지이용 및 피복을 분류하였고, 기 구축된 바이오매스 지도와 세 가지 토지이용 시나리오를 적용해 기준선을 설정하였다. 그 결과, 연구지역은 산림황폐화로 인한 탄소 유실이 산림전용으로 인한 유실보다 더 큰 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구에서 개발한 기준선 설정 방법론은 국제적으로 공인 받은 REDD 가이드라인을 응용하여 설계하였기 때문에 실제 REDD 이행 시 유용할 것이라 예상된다.

본 연구는 고추 종자산업의 해외진출 확대 및 수출산업화의 기초자료로 이용할 수 있는 정보를 제공하기 위하여 수행하였다. 최근 빠른 경제성장을 보이는 인도네시아와 베트남을 대상으로 고추의 주산단지별 재배현황 및 품종동향, 병해충 등을 조사 분석하였다. 인도네시아는 세계 4위의 인구대국으로, 최근 5년간 평균6%의 경제성장을 보이는 국가이다. 인도네시아에서 주로 재배되는 고추 타입은 Spiral과 대과종이며, 주 재배지역은 동부 자바와 중부 자바 지역이다. 주요 품종으로는 “Gada”, “Lado”, “TM 999” 및 “Hot Chilli” 이다. 수출용 품종의 구비조건은 청고병, 역병 등의 토양 전염병 및 총채벌레, 열대파리와 같은 해충에 강한 품종이어야 한다. 베트남의 인구규모는 한국의 약 2배에 이르며, 2013년 기준 국내총생산(GDP)이 1,700억 달러이다. 베트남에서 주로 재배되는 고추 타입은 Short Erect(하늘초)로서 주요 품종은 “EW207”과 “Chenh phong No.1”이다. 베트남 수출용 품종을 육성할 때 가장 문제가 되는 탄저병 및 청고병에 대한 저항성을 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

본 연구는 양배추 종자의 수출확대 및 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위한 기반 정보를 제공하고자, 동남아시아 신흥 경제성장국인 인도, 인도네시아, 베트남의 양배추 주산단지별 재배작형, 주요 품종의 선호특성, 병해충 등을 조사 분석하였다. 인도는 세계에서 두번째로 큰 규모의 채소 생산국으로 양배추 종자 소요량은 50톤에 달한다. 주 재배지역은 Maharashtra, Nashik, West Bengal주 이며, 주요 품종은 “Kranti”, “Saint”, “Green Challenger”, “Summer Queen”이다. 수출용 우량품종 구비조건은 중소형으로 구무게가 800 ~ 1,000 g 내외이며, 배추좀나방과 같은 해충에 내충 및 내병성 품종이어야 한다. 인도네시아는 세계 4위의 인구 대국으로 콜라비와 양배추 재배 면적 및 생산량이 샬롯에 이어 2위를 차지하고 있다. 인도네시아에서 재배되는 양배추 타입은 편형계 한가지로 주 재배지역은 중부 자바, 동부 자바, 서부 자바, 북부 수마트라 지역이며, 주요 품종은 “Green Cornet”, “Green Nova”, “Grand 11” 이다. 베트남의 인구규모는 한국의 약 2배에 해당하며, 경제 성장률은 2011년 기준 5.8%로 신흥개도국 중 상위의 경제성장률을 보이는 국가이다. 양배추 재배면적은 14,200 ha, 종자 소요량은 4,260 kg이며, Hai duong을 포함한 북부 지역이 70%로 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 편형계 타입이 주력 타입으로 주요 품종들은 “New Star Cross”, “Grand KK”, “Green Helmet”이다.

칼데라는 저장되어 있는 마그마의 대규모 폭발적인 분화 다음에 발생하는 지반의 붕괴에 의해 형성된다. 지구상에서 칼데라는 수 킬로미터에서 수십 킬로미터의 크기에 이르는 다양성을 갖는다. 칼데라 붕괴에 관련된 인도네시아의 화산붕괴는 많은 사망자뿐만 아니라 전 지구적 영향을 미친 바 있다. 본 연구는 인도네시아 칼데라의 사례 연구를 통해 칼데라인 백두산과의 유상성을 분석하였다. 주요 분석 관점은 주요 위해 요인, 최근 화산활동의 증상 및 가까운 장래에 분화하는 경우의 위험성 등이며, Krakatau산, Tambora산, Ijen산, Tengger 칼데라, Rinjani산 및 Ranau 칼데라에 대한 가중 평가 매트릭스를 사용하여 유사성 분석을 수행하였다.

As an economy with archipelago contour and one of the largest populations in the world, Indonesia faces specific challenges in utilizing ICT for education nationwide. The present study provides a systematic categorization of such challenges into four categories based on Kim YoungHwan’s categorization of ICT utilization challenges, and then breaks down such categories into more explanatory sub-categories, along with order of frequency. Hence, this study aims at systematically describing challenges in utilizing ICT in Indonesia.