The milk fever and mastitis that occur during the colostrum period in dairy cattle cause great damage in the dairy industry by causing a rapid decline in the cattle’s health and decreasing milk production. In order to prevent this, gradual milking (GM), calcium injection with gradual milking (CG), and calcium injection with complete milking (CC) methods are used. However, differences in effectiveness between these methods have not been established. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of each preventive method on milk fever and mastitis. The results of this study showed that while there was a significant negative correlation of GM with milk fever and mastitis (r = –0.657, p < 0.05), there was no correlation of CG and CC with milk fever and mastitis. The incidence of milk fever was significantly lower in CG and CC than in GM (p < 0.05) but no differences in the incidence of mastitis were observed between the three groups. No significant differences in the rate of recovery from milk fever and mastitis were observed between the three groups. The recurrence rate of milk fever was significantly higher in CG and CC than in GM (p < 0.05), though no differences in the recurrence rate of mastitis were observed. This study showed an inverse relationship between the incidence rates of milk fever and mastitis when calcium injection was not used during the colostrum period. When calcium injections were used, the incidence of milk fever was reduced without affecting the incidence of mastitis regardless of the milking method, but the recurrence rate of milk fever was increased. The results of this study would be useful for controlling blood calcium concentrations and establishing efficient milking strategy in order to effectively prevent milk fever and mastitis in dairy cattle during the colostrum period.
Due to the development of the industry, the importance of injection molded products is increasing in the fields of electricity, electricity, automobiles, etc. Through this experiment, the weight change of molded products according to the injection speed change during injection molding was investigated. As a result of the experiment, a statistical program was used to confirm that the pi control method produced about 69.2% more weight deviation than the dpi method and to adopt the null hypothesis that the p-value was less than 0.05 Injection speed affected the molded product.
이염화이소시아뉼산나트륨(NaDCC) 주입 선박평형수처리설비(BWMS, ballast water treatment system)에 의해 처리된 배출수 내에는 브롬 및 염소계열의 활성물질과 소독부산물질(DBPs, disinfection by-products)들이 포함되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 NaDCC로 처리된 선박평형수가 해양환경에 미치는 생태위해성을 파악하기 위하여 생태독성시험(WET test, whole effluent toxicity test)과 생태위해성평가(ERA, ecological risk assessment)를 수행하였다. 배출수독성 시험종은 규조류(Skeletonema costatum, Navicula pelliculosa), 녹조류(Dunaliella tertiolecta, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), 로티퍼(Brachionus plicatilis, Brachionus calyciflorus) 및 어류(Cyprinodon variegatus, Pimephales promelas)로 8개의 해양 및 담수종을 이용하였다. 생태독성시험결과, 규조류 및 녹조류를 이용한 성장저해시험에서만 명확한 독성영향이 나타났으며 해수의 시험 조건에서 무영향농도(NOEC, no observed effect concentration), 최저영향농도(LOEC, lowest observable effect concentration) 및 반수영향농도(EC50, effect concentration of 50%)는 각각 25.0 %, 50.0 % 및 > 100.0 %로 가장 민감한 영향을 나타냈다. 하지만 로티퍼 및 어류를 이용한 독성시험의 경우 모든 염분 구간에서 독성영향이 나타나지 않았다. 한편, 배출수에 대한 화학물질분석결과, bromate, isocyanuric acid, formaldehyde, chloropicrin과 trihalomethanes (THMs), halogenated acetonitriles (HANs), halogenated acetic acid (HAAs) 등 총 25개의 소독부산물질들이 검출되었다. ERA결과, 25 개의 소독부산물질들 중, 지속성(P), 생물축척성(B) 및 생물독성(T)의 특성을 모두 보이는 물질은 없었다. 예측환경농도(PEC, predicted environmental concentration) /예측무영향농도(PNEC, predicted no effect concentration) 비율은 일반적인 항구 환경에서는 모든 물질이 1.0을 초과 하지 않았지만 선박 최 인접지역의 경우 Isocyanuric acid, Tribromomethane, Chloropicrin 및 Monochloroacetic acid가 1.0을 초과하여 위해성이 있을 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 실제 배출수를 이용한 생태독성시험결과의 NOEC (25.0%)를 적용한 결과 NaDCC로 처리된 선박평형수가 해양에 배출되었을 때 선박 최 인접지역을 포함한 일반적인 항구 환경에 수용 불가한 생태위해성을 가지지 않는 것으로 판단된다.
Effluent treated by an NaDCC injection method in Ballast water management system (BWMS) contains reactive chlorine species and disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we conducted whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and ecological risk assessment (ERA) to investigate its ecotoxicological effects on marine environment. WET testing was carried out for four marine pelagic and freshwater organisms, i.e., diatom Skeletonema costatum, Navicula pellicuosa, chlorophyta Dunaliella tertiolecta, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Brachionus calyciflorus and fish Cyprinodon variegatus, Pimephales promelas. The biological toxicity test revealed that algae was the only biota that showed apparent toxicity to the effluent; it showed no observed effect concentration (NOEC), lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) and effect concentration of 50% (EC50) values of 25-50%, 50-100% and >100%, respectively, at three water condition, but did not show any significant toxicities on other biota. Meanwhile, chemical analysis revealed that the BWMS effluent contained total residual oxidants (TROs) below 0.03 g/L and a total of 25 DBPs such as bromate, volatile halogenated organic μ compounds (VOCs), halogenated acetonitriles (HANs), halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), chloropicrin and Isocyanuric acid. Based on ERA, the 25 DBPs were not considered to have persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) properties. The ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of the other DBPs did not exceed 1 for General harbor environment. However, four substances (Isocyanuric acid, Tribromomethane, Chloropicrin and Monochloroacetic acid) were exceed 1 for Nearship environment. But observed toxicity in the test water on algal growth inhibition would be mitigated by normal dilution factor of 5 applied for nearship exposure. Thus, our results of WET testing and ERA showed that the BWMS effluent treated by NaDCC injection method would have no adverse impacts on marine environment.
The purpose of this research was to prepare silibininloaded nano sized liposomes to improve their aqueous solubility and to optimize the preparation method. For the preparation, specific amount of cholesterol was dissolved into ethanol. After that, phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk (~60%) was dissolved into mixture about 20, 40, and 60 mg/mL, and subsequently, silibin in was dissolved into organic phase at approximate 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The organic phase was regularly injected at 0.9 mL/min into phosphate buffered saline (PBS) using peristaltic pump under stirring. Liposomes were formed spontaneously as soon as lipid phase was in contact with the aqueous phase. Then, the liposome suspension was kept under stirring for 15 min. Thereafter, ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. As the result, silibin in loaded liposomes were circular shape which had lipid bilayer at edge of the liposome droplets and were multilamellarvesicles. In addition, average size of silibinin loaded liposome droplets were 148.27, 144.52, and 173.46 nm at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL silibinin concentrations, respectively. Zeta potentials of liposome particles were showed about -9.64, -12.03, and -12.79 mV. As concentration of phosphatidylcholine in ethanol increased, droplet size and zeta potential of the liposome increased. The average encapsulation efficiency of obtained liposome suspensions was 57.6%. In conclusion, the liposome preparation method established can be used to encapsulate various hydrophobic bioactives for food application such as beverage.
In this paper, the 5 joint toggle link of an injection molding machine is optimized. A model considering toggle link kinematics, frictions at the pin joints, and stiffness is verified by a finite element analysis(FEA) and a measured result. The FEA was carried out by the commercial FEA software ANSYS and the clamping force was calculated by measuring the tie-bar deformation of the molding machine. The influence on the maximum clamping force and stroke ratio are analyzed for the length variations of links. Based on the mathematical model and design parameter, the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate are optimized by using the response surface method(RSM) for the length of the toggle link, where the lager-the-better, the norminal-is-best, and the smaller-the-better characteristics are applied for the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate.
The smoke emission of biodiesel fuel was reduced remarkably in comparison with diesel fuel, that is, it was reduced approximately 36% at 2000rpm, full load condition. And, power, torque and brake specific energy consumption showed no significant differences. However, NOx emission of biodiesel fuel was increased compared with commercial diesel fuel. Also, the effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) to reduce the NOx emission has been investigated. It was found that simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx was achieved with biodiesel fuel(20vol-%) and cooled EGR method(10∼15%).
S plastic injection molding factory located at Namdong Industrial Complex in Incheon produces plastic parts for semiconductor, vacuum cleaners, office furniture, etc. It produces the parts to customers’ order and delivers them directly to customers at due
The present work illustrates the use of water-soluble cupric salts as ingredients of binder for injection molding of Cu. Parts produced are dense, homogeneous and have good surface finish, compared to those produced using conventional binder system. This new binder system provides also process-simplification benefit. with the purity of was selected for this study. Rapid sintering process involving thermal decomposing was successful in densification for 1h. Final density that is about of theoretical value could be obtained, and are distinguishable from conventionally processed W-Cu composites.
Although the structure of carbon nanotubes is important factor characterizing its properties, it is very difficult to control the structure of carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and to predict the range of their diameter, which is the primary factor of MWNTs' physical properties. We tried to control the diameter of MWNTsby governing the feed injection temperature of floating catalyst method. The structure of MWNTs was influenced by the phase change of ferrocene fed as the catalyst,. The carbon nanotubes were very narrow at injection temperatures close to the sublimation pt. of ferrocene, in which most MWNTs had diameters in the range of 20~30 nm. At injection temperatures between the boiling pt. and melting pt. of ferrocene, the diameters became larger and had broad distribution. However, at injection temperatures higher than the boiling pt., the diameters became narrow again and had very uniform distribution.
양액재배 용수 내에 HCO3-(중탄산 이온)이 많이 존재하면 배지의 pH가 높아져서 알칼리성이 되고 다른 유용 이온의 용해도와 흡수를 저해하므로 중탄산 이온의 제거를 위한 적절한 방법이 필요하다. 중탄산 이온을 제거하기 위해 실제 농가에서 사용하고 있는 용수를 재료로 산 용액(HNO3, H3PO4 및 H2SO4)의 첨가법을 이용하여 중탄산 이온을 처리하였다. 적정기를 이용하여 처리 전과 후 시료의 중탄산 이온을 적정한 결과 산의 첨가량에 비례해서 중탄산 이온 농도가 감소하였다. KHCO3을 3차 증류수에 첨가하여 50, 100, 150, 200, 250mg.L-의 중탄산 용액들을 만들고, 각각 HNO3, H3PO4또는 H2SO4을 일정 비율로 첨가한 결과 pH도 교정되고 중탄산 제거에도 효과적이었다 이 결과에 따라 양액재배를 하고 있는 농가에서 사용하고 있는 용수의 중탄산 이온의 함량을 적정하고 각 산을 첨가한 후 잔류량을 적정한 결과 중탄산 이온의 제거 효과를 보였다.
Defining the relationship between the quality of injection molded parts and the process condition is very complicate because of lots of factor are involved and each factor has a non-linearity. With the development of CAE(Computer Aided Engineering) technology, the estimation of volumetric shrinkage of injection mold parts is possible by computer simulation even though restricted application. In this research, the Taguchi method and Neural Network applied for finding optimal processing condition. The percent of volumetric shrinkage compared on each case and show neural network can be successfully applied.
Bosch법과 Zeuch법의 분사율 측정기를 직접설계, 제작하여 분사율 측정실험을 행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Bosch법 분사율 측정기는 분사량의 참 값에 대한 측정오차가 약 ±1%로 정밀도와 신뢰성이 높았다. 2. Bosch법 분사율 측정기에서, 분사율은 연료펌프의 회전수와 부하가 증가할수록 높아지는 반면, 분사기간(ms)은 회전수가 증가할수록 짧아짐을 알 수 있었다. 3. 본 실험에서는, 동일조건하의 단발분사가 연발분사에 비해 전체적으로 분사율이 낮고 기관의 1 cycle당 분사량도 약 30% 정도 적었다. 4. Zeuch법 분사율 측정기로 구한 체적강성계수의 값은 배압이 증가할수록 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 5. Zeuch법 분사율 측정기는 Bosch법 분사율 측정기에 비해 정밀도가 낮았다.
본 연구에서는 기존의 균열보수 주입공법의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 일반포트와는 다르게 중앙부에 높은 압력을 견딜 수 있도록 저장관의 재질은 고탄성 라텍스를 사용하였으며, 균열부위에 보수용액을 주입시 콘크리트 균열 내부에 존재하고 있는 공기가 배출될 수 있도록 TPS 공법을 개발 하였다. 또한 보수용액의 역류를 차단하는 밸브를 주입구에 설치한 새로운 주입식 포트를 개발하고 이에 대한 물리적 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 기존 주사기 공법에 비해 보수용액 주입속도가 향상되고, 시험조건에서 균열부위가 완전히 충전되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 보수 후의 품질은 압축강도 및 인장강도의 경우 주사기 공법 적용시에는 보수 후 약 20% 정도 저하하는 것으로 나타났고, TPS 공법 은 보수 후 강도가 오히려 약 2~7% 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통하여 탄성저장관을 사용한 주입식 포트 공법은 기존의 주사기 공법과 비교하여 주입성능 및 보수 후 품질이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었고, 이를 활용하여 실구조물 적용 및 상용화를 위한 기반 자료로서 활용하고자 한다.
Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline (20%) decreased serum testosterone level which was similar to the surgical castration in the rat, showing the state of chemical castration. In the present study, we further verify the efficacy of this less invasive method as an alternative of surgical orchidectomy in the andrological field. Sterilized 20% saline was directly injected into the adult male rats (750 μl per testis). The tested rats were divided into 3 groups including intact group (intact), orchidectomy group (ORX) and saline injection group (SAL) after bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of injection. All rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after injection. The reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostates) were collected and used for DNA and protein pattern analyses. Also, patho-histological studies on the testes were performed. In contrast to the intact group, similar DNA damages of testis and seminal vesicle were appeared in ORX group and SAL group. The DNA degradations seemed to be the results of necrosis rather than apoptosis. In the protein pattern analysis, all the testing tissues exerted similar patterns in the ORX group and the SAL group compared to the those of intact group. Patho-histological studies revealed that severe degenerative changes in testicular seminiferous tubules and massive infiltration of immune cells in SAL group. The present study confirmed that direct injection of hypertonic saline into the testis caused the equivalent biochemical changes in the accessory sex organs as shown in the orchidectomized animals. These results suggest that hypertonic saline injection model could be a useful castration model which can substitute for surgical castration when its safety is secured through further study in the future.
The objective of this research was to suggest the estimation method of air injection quantity for pre-stabilization of landfilled wastes in a sustainable landfill. A study on the determination of oxygen demand quantity of landfilled wastes, therefore, was conducted in two different experiments. Firstly, a batch test was performed in order to measure the oxygen quantity required to oxidize easily degradable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Secondly, a lysimeter experiment was carried out to assess the air injection period according to moisture content (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and to validate the oxygen demand quantity obtained by the batch test. This study assumed that landfilled wastes contain two different organic matters and two matters are sequentially utilized by microorganism. The first one provides the faster oxygen uptake rate that called the “easily degradable organics”. During the second phase of the aerobic decomposition, the other one provides the slower oxygen uptake rate that called the “moderately degradable organics”. Also, in this study, a modified logistic equation divided two terms (fractions of easily degradable organic and moderately degradable organic) was suggested to determine the oxygen demand quantity for easily degradable organic of landfilled solid waste. As a result, the oxygen demand quantity obtained by the batch test led to similar results compared with that of lysimeter experiment. Therefore, it showed that the modified logistic equation and batch test were appropriate for determination of oxygen demand quantity for decomposition of easily degradable organic matter. Also, air injection period for decomposition of easily degradable organic decreased with the increase of moisture content.
T-N and T-P in the filtrate from Sludge Treatment Process (STP) was returned to water treatment processing, because T-N and T-P are returned, it makes overload in Advanced Treatment Process. Removal efficiency of T-N and T-P are compared both at using polymer as simple method and at using PFS and polymer as complex method when coagulants was injected in Thickener. In simple method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 95.68% and 99.29% for each. In complex method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 98.07% and 99.90% for each. From the result, removal efficiency of complex method was highly better than simple method. According to increasing of removal efficiency, returned T-N and T-P loading to water treatment process was decreased (Reduced amount of T-N is 0.2309 kg/hr and TP is 0.0145 kg/hr). Also, the amount of a polymer used has been decreased to 80% by using PFS.