This paper addresses a scheduling problem aimed at minimizing makespan in a permutation flow shop with two machines and an inspection process that must be conducted at least once every certain number of outcomes from the first machine. A mathematical programming approach and a genetic algorithm, incorporating Johnson's rule and a specific mutation process, were developed to solve this problem. Johnson's rule was used to generate an initial population, while the mutation process ensured compliance with the inspection constraints. The results showed that within a computation time limit of 300 seconds, the mathematical programming approach often failed to provide optimal or feasible solutions, especially for larger job sets. For instance, when the process times of both machines were similar and the inspection time was longer, the mathematical programming approach failed to solve all 10 experiments with just 15 jobs and only had a 50% success rate for 100 jobs. In contrast, the proposed genetic algorithm solved all instances and delivered equal or superior results compared to the mathematical programming approach.

Detection and sizing of defects are very important for structure life management base on fracture mechanics. The non-destructive inspection techniques based on the induced current field measurement are newly developed. This paper describes the results obtained by these techniques for artificial surface defects. In the case of the RICFM technique, the potential drop distribution around a surface defects was measured as a smaller potential drop than that in a place without a defect. This potential drop showed a minimum value at the defect location, and the absolute value of this minimum value increases depending on the depth of the defect. In the case of the FEF technique, the potential difference distribution for surface defects was measured as a maximum at the location of the defect. This maximum value showed a difference depending on the depth of the defect.

지난 10년간 국내 고속도로의 관리 대상 구조물 수는 2013년 8,302개소에서 2023년 11,054개소로 약 25% 증가했다. 특히, 공용 20~30년 미만의 교량이 전체 교량의 약 40%를 차지하고 있으며, 이들 교량의 노후화가 향후 10년 내 집중적으로 발생할 것으로 예상 된다. 이에 따라 유지관리 비용이 급격히 증가할 것으로 전망된다. 효율적인 자산관리를 위해서는 상태평가 결과를 바탕으로 예측모델 을 적용하여 구조물의 성능과 생애주기 비용을 예측하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나, 유지관리에 따른 구조물 성능향상과 열화모델 적용 등 다양한 변수를 고려한 예측모델 적용할 때, 인력점검의 한계와 점검자의 주관적 판단에 따른 점검오차를 최소해야만 개별 구조물 의 현재 상태에 대한 정확한 평가가 가능할 것이다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 자산관리 개선을 위한 추진전략과 상태평가 신뢰성 확보를 위한 신기술 적용방안을 제시하고자 한다. 따라서, 교량 자산가치평가 정확도 향상을 위해 BIM(Building Information Modeling) 모델 제작 및 손상평가 AI(Artificial Intelligence) 기술을 적용한 ‘BIM 기반 외관조사망도 자동생성 시스템’을 통해 인력점검의 한계와 점검오차로 인한 문제를 개선하고자 하며, 점검/진단 자동화 기술을 구조물 유지관리 업무 시스템에 연계하여 손상정도를 시계열로 모 니터링하고, 최적 보수시기 및 공법 선정 의사결정에 활용할 수 있으며, 보수·보강 비용 및 조치편익을 분석하여 유지관리 사업계획 수립 시 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 ‘점검/진단 자동화 시스템‘을 고속도로 자산관리에 시범적으로 적용하여 실제 현장 점 검자의 사용성 검증과 시스템 운영방안 수립을 통해 효율적 자산관리를 위한 도로관리자의 의사결정을 지원할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

In South Korea, over 400,000 Non-building Structures are inadequately managed and exposed to potential risks due to insufficient inspection systems, leading to an increase in accidents and significant losses of life and property. Therefore, it is crucial for users to conduct proactive self-inspections to identify and mitigate potential hazards. This study reclassified Non-building Structures into four main categories by analyzing their structural characteristics and associated risks through statistical analysis. Among these, retaining walls, which account for the largest proportion, were systematically analyzed to identify common damage patterns. Based on this analysis, self-inspection checklists were developed for both non-experts and experts. The proposed process involves an initial visual inspection using a simple non-expert checklist, followed by a more detailed expert-level inspection if any anomalies are detected. The reliability of this process was validated through approximately 120 validation processes.

This study introduces a novel approach for identifying potential failure risks in missile manufacturing by leveraging Quality Inspection Management (QIM) data to address the challenges presented by a dataset comprising 666 variables and data imbalances. The utilization of the SMOTE for data augmentation and Lasso Regression for dimensionality reduction, followed by the application of a Random Forest model, results in a 99.40% accuracy rate in classifying missiles with a high likelihood of failure. Such measures enable the preemptive identification of missiles at a heightened risk of failure, thereby mitigating the risk of field failures and enhancing missile life. The integration of Lasso Regression and Random Forest is employed to pinpoint critical variables and test items that significantly impact failure, with a particular emphasis on variables related to performance and connection resistance. Moreover, the research highlights the potential for broadening the scope of data-driven decision-making within quality control systems, including the refinement of maintenance strategies and the adjustment of control limits for essential test items.

In the military, ammunition and explosives stored and managed can cause serious damage if mishandled, thus securing safety through the utilization of ammunition reliability data is necessary. In this study, exploratory data analysis of ammunition inspection records data is conducted to extract reliability information of stored ammunition and to predict the ammunition condition code, which represents the lifespan information of the ammunition. This study consists of three stages: ammunition inspection record data collection and preprocessing, exploratory data analysis, and classification of ammunition condition codes. For the classification of ammunition condition codes, five models based on boosting algorithms are employed (AdaBoost, GBM, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost). The most superior model is selected based on the performance metrics of the model, including Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score. The ammunition in this study was primarily produced from the 1980s to the 1990s, with a trend of increased inspection volume in the early stages of production and around 30 years after production. Pre-issue inspections (PII) were predominantly conducted, and there was a tendency for the grade of ammunition condition codes to decrease as the storage period increased. The classification of ammunition condition codes showed that the CatBoost model exhibited the most superior performance, with an Accuracy of 93% and an F1-score of 93%. This study emphasizes the safety and reliability of ammunition and proposes a model for classifying ammunition condition codes by analyzing ammunition inspection record data. This model can serve as a tool to assist ammunition inspectors and is expected to enhance not only the safety of ammunition but also the efficiency of ammunition storage management.

In this study, we present a sewer pipe inspection technique through a combination of active sonar technology and deep learning algorithms. It is difficult to inspect pipes containing water using conventional CCTV inspection methods, and there are various limitations, so a new approach is needed. In this paper, we introduce a inspection method using active sonar, and apply an auto encoder deep learning model to process sonar data to distinguish between normal and abnormal pipelines. This model underwent training on sonar data from a controlled environment under the assumption of normal pipeline conditions and utilized anomaly detection techniques to identify deviations from established standards. This approach presents a new perspective in pipeline inspection, promising to reduce the time and resources required for sewer system management and to enhance the reliability of pipeline inspections.

해상특수교량은 특수한 환경적 조건뿐 아니라 고주탑의 구조형식, 보호재로 쌓여있는 케이블 등 특 수한 형식을 가지고 있어 일반적인 육안전검으로 안전점검을 할 수 없는 사각지대가 존재한다. 주탑의 외부 손상상태 및 케이블의 손상에 대해서는 정밀안전점검에서도 점검이 되지 않는 경우가 대부분이 므로 이에 대한 대책 마련이 시급하다. 또한 해상특수교량에 대한 전문적인 경험과 기술이 부족한 관 리자도 대상교량의 손상과 이상거동을 직관적으로 확인하고 판단할 수 있는 지원체계가 필요하다. 이 에 본 연구에서는 해상특수교량 고주탑에 대한 손상정보를 파악하기 위하여 드론의 자동비행 기술을 개발하고 이를 이용하여 주탑 외부 균열 손상에 대한 안전점검을 실시하고 이를 분석하였다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to analyze the primary maintenance procedures and safety inspection checklist characteristics for suspension bridges. The study referred to the current suspension bridge safety management manual and conducted an on-site safety inspection. By comparing and analyzing any missing or inadequate inspection and management procedures, the study identified major inspection and management areas requiring improvement, and proposed potential solutions. METHODS : The study referred to the current suspension bridge safety management manual and conducted on-site safety inspections. By comparing and analyzing any missing or inadequate inspection and management procedures, the study identified major inspection and management areas requiring improvement, and proposed potential solutions. RESULTS : The study found that suspension bridges are currently inefficiently managed compared to other facilities subject to more rigorous maintenance and safety inspection. Therefore, maintenance and safety inspection procedures require improvement. CONCLUSIONS : For effective safety management and to reduce potential accident risk factors arising from negligent management, major improvements were suggested. Scientific maintenance and safety management could be achieved by incorporating enhancements into statutory requirements and improving management and inspection procedures. This long-term approach is likely to be more economical than the current methods, which lead to higher maintenance and repair costs and increased social costs from traffic accidents.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to secure the work space in alarm valve rooms to ensure stable working conditions for the engineers. METHODS : We analyzed situations where alarm valve room work spaces were inadequately secured posing a problem. Using the Ovako working posture analysis system (OWAS) method, we measured the body size of adult male technicians and their tools to analyze the actual space needed for them to maintain a healthy posture while working. On this basis, we proposed regulations governing workspace size and acceptable durations for unstable body postures. RESULTS : By measuring valve room work space and technician body size, we found that the workspace was inadequate for technicians. Applying OWAS showed that securing more space in the valve room improved the construction stability. CONCLUSIONS : Regulations on valve room size and appropriate work space for technicians will improve construction and inspection stability. This reduces the probability of poor construction and inadequate inspection, increasing the reliability of the firefighting facility system.

In this paper, we present a case study of developing MVIS (Machine Vision Inspection System) designed for exterior quality inspection of stamping dies used in the production of automotive exterior components in a small to medium-sized factory. While the primary processes within the factory, including machining, transportation, and loading, have been automated using PLCs, CNC machines, and robots, the final quality inspection process still relies on manual labor. We implement the MVIS with general- purpose industrial cameras and Python-based open-source libraries and frameworks for rapid and low-cost development. The MVIS can play a major role on improving throughput and lead time of stamping dies. Furthermore, the processed inspection images can be leveraged for future process monitoring and improvement by applying deep learning techniques.

The public safety management guidelines were introduced in 2019 and continue to be dedicated to advancing comprehensive measures for public safety management, with a primary focus on prioritizing the safety and well-being of the public within governmental institutions. To achieve this goal, our previous study developed a establishment procedure of risk assessment-based safety inspection system for public institutions that order construction projects and applied it to highway construction projects to evaluate its effectiveness. To enhance the practicality of the establishment procedure, it is essential to collect and analyze feedback from stakeholders regarding its performance and suitability. This study conducted a survey involving 200 participants who had experience with the establishment procedure, and performed statistical analyses to evaluate its performance and applicability. The survey results indicated that the participants reported a high level of satisfaction (scoring 4 and above on a 5-point Likert scale) in several areas: specialization of safety inspection items for different types of work (with a satisfaction rate of 65%), the evaluation process for safety ratings (64.5%), and their willingness to recommend the procedure to other institutions (75.5%). In the factor analysis with Varimax rotation, two factors emerged: (1) a specialization factor related to safety inspection items, and (2) a grading factor associated with safety evaluation results. Regression analyses of these factors unveiled significant positive relationships with improvements in safety and health performance, including the prevention of fatal accidents, heightened safety responsibility, and raised safety inspection standards. The establishment procedure of safety inspection system developed in our previous study can play a crucial role in reducing accidents resulting in fatalities and injuries at construction sites, ultimately contributing to a safer working environment for all involved parties.

The CTBTO is the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization to ban all forms of nuclear testing (underwater, air, and underground) worldwide and was adopted at the UN’s 50th annual general meeting in September 1996. As of September 2023, 187 out of 196 countries signed and 178 ratified. The Republic of Korea signed it in 1996 and ratified it in 1999. Several major Annex 2 countries still need to ratify it, and certain countries have not even signed it, so it has not come entry into force. The CTBTO has three verification systems for nuclear tests and consists of the International Monitoring System (IMS), the International Data Center (IDC), and On-Site Inspections (OSI). IMS consists of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide monitoring. The measured data are delivered to IDC, analyzed by CTBTO headquarters, distributed raw data, and analyzed forms to member states. The final means of verification is in the field of OSI and will be operated when CTBT takes effect. Based on the IMS data, inspectors will be dispatched to the Inspected State Party (ISP) to check for nuclear tests. KINAC is attending the Working Group B, OSI technology development verification along with KINS and KIGAM. Since OSI is a means for final verification, integrated capabilities such as seismic and data interpretation and nuclides detection are required. CTBTO continues its efforts to foster integrated talent and modernize OSI equipment. Types of equipment include measurement, flight simulation equipment, and geographic information monitoring systems etcetera. KINAC is also developing equipment to detect contaminated areas using drones and probes. Development equipment is the nuclides detection and measurement of contaminated areas, and it is the equipment that prepares a control center and drops probes into suspected contamination areas to find a location of the radiation source. The probe can be used to track the location where the dose is most substantial through Bayesian estimation and source measurement.

Arms control treaties during the Cold War generally used national technical means (NTM) to verify treaty compliance. This was because signatory states refused to agree on on-site inspection (OSI) measures since it would require some level of intrusion. Efforts on nuclear arms control such as the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) or Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) initially included some form of OSI but could not continue due to refusal from signatory states. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty concluded between the US and the Soviet Union in 1978 was significant since both states agreed on a highly intrusive verification measure. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and the new START also called for OSI measures similar to the INF. Alongside reducing a significant number of nuclear warheads and limiting specific types of nuclear warhead delivery vehicles, these treaties also provided basic models for conducting on-site inspection (OSI). OSI measures primarily rely on the political agreement between signatory states. However, the structure, types of inspections, number of inspections allowed, and technology/equipment used in each of the regimes also differ according to the objectives of each treaty. The INF treaty and START are salient cases as basic models for current nuclear disarmament verification research. Thus, this paper will conduct a case study on the procedures and mechanisms required for nuclear arms control verification in terms of OSI. Using the implications drawn from the INF treaty and START, this paper offers considerations for a potential nuclear disarmament verification.

The Agency needs to maintain a solid and reliable foundation for recruited inspectors by providing practical training at commercial nuclear power plants. The Comprehensive Inspection Exercise (CIE) is a basic training which consists of a simulation of a Design Information Verification (DIV) Visit, a Physical Inventory Verification (PIV) at a nuclear power plant, including Complementary Access. The basic curriculum includes a pre-course session, auditing exercises, fresh fuel (bundles and assemblies) measurements, spent fuel (bundles and assemblies) measurements, verification of design features, as well as nuclear material flow. ROK has been holding the lightwater reactor (LWR) / heavy-water reactor (CANDU) training course (CIE) from 2010 every year with about 2 weeks curriculum through MSSP (Member State Support Program). LWR and CANDU are operated by KHNP. To efficiently carry out the safeguards, IAEA receives the contribution through the ROK support program and implement R&D for the nuclear material inspection. ROK has been supporting and contributing total 22 tasks to IAEA in-cash and in-kind. Among them, this training provides for a course on safeguards verification activities at CANDU and LWR facilities. This course offers inspectors a unique opportunity to understand diversion scenarios and to familiarize themselves with instruments specifically used at CANDU and LWR facilities (OFPS and DCVD), as well as spent fuel dry storage transfer verification activities and dry storage dual sealing arrangements. KINAC performs PoC (Point of Contact) on behalf of NSSC and coordinates work between IAEA and KHNP. Additionally, KINAC first discusses with KHNP that can host light-water reactors and heavy-water reactors with KHNP at the beginning of each year. In order to hold a successful training, ROK plans and carries out a lot of process including agenda, accommodation, equipment movement, logistics and so on in consultation with the IAEA and facilities.