Background: Excessive hamstring (HS) activation due to the weakness of the gluteus maximus (GM) causes pain in the hip joint. A single-leg deadlift is a hip extensor exercise, especially GM, that includes functional movements in daily life and complex multi-joint training. In single-leg deadlift, the muscle activity depends on the forward trunk lean angle, and it's necessary to study which muscles are used dominantly depending on the angle. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on the muscle activity of the GM and HS during single-leg deadlift according to different forward trunk lean angles and the ratio of the GM vs HS (GM/HS). Methods: Twenty-one healthy female participants were recruited. The muscles activities of the GM, HS and the GM/HS ratio were measured through electromyography during single-leg deadlift according to three condition of forward trunk lean angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). Results: The GM and HS activities significantly differed among three conditions (p < 0.05). GM/HS ratio was significantly higher at 30°and 60° of forward trunk lean compared to 90°. Moreover, the GM activity was significantly higher at 60°of forward trunk lean than at 30° (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The single-leg deadlift at 60°of forward trunk lean is a proper GM muscle strengthening exercise.

Maritime transportation plays a significant role in global economies. Seaports as primal nodes in maritime supply chain are also indispensable in ensuring efficient and effective global trading. On the other hand, seaport inefficiencies have profound influences on the overall performance which can cause congestion, operational disruption, high cost expenses, unnecessary wastes and environmental pollution, which eventually resulting significant financial losses. As a result, business and environmental sustainability will not be achieved. In order to overcome these hindrances, a novel performance model of Lean, Agile, Resilience and Green (LARG) is proposed as management tools for enhancing the business and environmental sustainability in seaport supply chain operations. The compatibility of LARG paradigms in seaport supply chain need to be identified and analysed to achieve the research aim. This paper employed a compatibility analysis for the new LARG paradigm for enhancing seaport supply chain practices. In this analysis, all potential paradigms are thoroughly reviewed and further validated by the domain experts consisting of academic and industry experts. The result of this paper shows that 17 selected LARG paradigms are compatible with 23 seaport supply chain practices respectively. For future research, the identified paradigms can be further investigated for many purposes such as measuring their influence on seaport supply chain practices and even assessing their applicability. It is worth mentioning that this research outcomes can assist Malaysian seaport practitioners to develop an enhanced management paradigm to boost their performance based on LARG model. Moreover, this model also can be applied globally as it is able to be adapted, revised and adjusted to suit the seaport preferences. As a result, this model able to enhance business capabilities, operational efficiencies and competitive advantages of seaport supply chain operations globally.

A lean alloy is defined as a low alloy steel that minimizes the content of the alloying elements, while maintaining the characteristics of the sintered alloy. The purpose of this study is to determine the change in microstructure and mechanical properties due to the addition of silicon or tin in Fe-Mo-P, Fe-Mn-P, and Fe-Mo-Mn-P alloys. Silicon- or tin-added F-Mo-P, Fe-Mn-P, and Fe-Mo-Mn-P master alloys were compacted at 700 MPa and subsequently sintered under a H2-N2 atmosphere at 1120oC. The sintered density of three alloy systems decreases under the same compacting pressure due to dimensional expansion with increasing Si content. As the diffusion rate in the Fe- P-Mo system is higher than that in the Fe-P-Mn system, the decrease in the sintered density is the largest in the Fe-PMn system. The sintered density of Sn added alloys does not change with the increasing Sn content due to the effect of non-dimensional changes. However, the effect of Si addition on the transverse rupture strengthening enhancement is stronger than that of Sn addition in these lean alloys.

Many software enterprises prefer to use usual entrepreneurial approaches and make detailed business plans, which cost them a lot of time and resources. In the highly uncertain environment, the above practice lead to fail at business or entrepreneurship. To avoid the undesirable feature, software enterprises should adopt lean start-up method. The core idea of lean start-up method is to put in a minimalist prototype on the market, and fast iterative product on the basis of customer feedback (Ries, 2011). Because customers are introduced to the products or service iterative innovation process, the enterprise can meet the needs of the market better and grow up rapidly. Meanwhile, the enterprise can find a suitable business model to achieve efficient operation or reduce the risk of entrepreneurship (Maurya, 2013). Combining case study and theoretical deduction, this paper will show a process for software enterprise using lean start-up method. Firstly, based on literature reviews, the paper will sum up the basic logic of lean start-up and specifically expatiate the five-step model for software enterprises which is “idea generation-customer validation-prototype creation-customer feedback-product iteration”. Secondly, this paper will give a lean start-up process for software enterprises. In the process, the first step is drawing a business model canvas rather than a detailed business plan, it may include nine blocks which are key partners, key activities, key resources, value propositions, customer relationships, channels, customer segments, cost structure and revenue streams, each block has a series of hypotheses (Blank, 2013). The second step is adopting the customer development method to test these hypotheses and adjust irrational hypotheses to satisfy customers’ requirements, this step is referred to as validated learning, with the aim of setting up a continuous customer feedback channel and achieving long-term sustainable development. The third step is adopting agile development to build minimum viable product and iterative the product according to customer feedback quickly, in order to reduce waste and save resources. It is essential for lean start-up to use a smaller, faster iterative process to verify the idea (Ries, 2011). Thirdly, this paper will use several typical cases of software enterprises to verify this lean start-up process. Finally, put forward the general rule of lean management so that it can provide reference for the software enterprises.

The purpose of this study was to analyze Hanwoo usage in restaurants and to develop menus of lean cut Hanwoo. Restaurant served customers Hanwoo menus, with the exception of broiled or roasted meat, mainly to provide various menus to customers (4.14), due to customer needs (3.87) and utilizing stocks (3.59). On the other hand, the reason for not providing Hanwoo menus, with the exception of broiled or roasted meat was manpower shortage (3.63), lack of popularity (3.58), low profit (3.29), preservation of Hanwoos’ original flavors (3.28) and complex cooking methods (3.22). Concomitantly, the restaurant owners’ intentions to apply new menus with lean cut Hanwoo was 73.4%, showing an interest in developing new menus and recipes using lean cut Hanwoo suitable to the changing owner awareness of customer health and trends. This study has established a standard for developing cooking methods and developed menus according to classified recipes for lean cut Hanwoo, based on the survey of restaurants' current status of using Hanwoo and the owners' opinions. 20 menus using lean cut Hanwoo (rump or shank) were developed by 1st and 2nd cooking experiments, and in-depth interview of experts-groups. Of these, 12 menus suitable for the restaurant were finally selected based on the results of consumer's evaluation using JARS. Structured recipe flow diagram and recipe instructions were developed for future semi-processed or processing foods. Diverse recipe methods using lean cut Hanwoo were obtained from the study, however aggressive public relations work is required for promoting the developed menus.

본 연구에서는 한우를 이용하고 있는 초․중․고등학교 급 식소를 대상으로 한우 이용 실태 및 한우 메뉴 활용 실태를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 한우 저지방 부위를 이용한 메뉴를 개 발하여 학교급식 메뉴로서의 적합성을 평가해 보고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 학교급식에 다양한 한우 메뉴가 이용되는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이용되고 있는 한우 메뉴들은 전반적으로 학 생들에게 인기가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 한우를 이용 한 후 모든 학교에서 학생, 학부모, 교사 모두 급식에 대한 만족도가 증가하였다고 응답하였다. 그러나 이에 비해 한우 이용 메뉴의 제공 빈도수는 높지 않았으므로, 한우를 활용한 메뉴 제공의 횟수를 높일 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다. 특히 한우의 저지방 부위를 이용할 경우 급식소에서는 다른 부위 에 비해 상대적으로 저렴하게 구매할 수 있으며, 한우 유통의 측면에서는 수급 불균형을 초래하고 있는 저지방 부위를 대 량으로 유통시킬 수 있는 한 가지 수단이 되므로, 급식소에서 의 한우 저지방 부위의 활용은 적극 권장되는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 조사 결과, 한우 자체가 다른 육류 에 비해 높은 가격으로 형성되어 있으므로 원활한 한우 저지 방 부위 활용을 위해서는 관할지역 지원이나 정부 지원이 확 대되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 경제적 어려움 이외에 조리법 과 관련하여 한우 저지방 부위를 급식에서 많이 활용하기 위 해서는 육질 개선(3.80), 다양한 소스 개발(3.74), 기존 메뉴를 위한 양념 개선(3.61) 등이 필요하다는 의견이 많았다. 본 연구진에서는 또한 위의 학교급식의 한우 이용 실태 조사를 바탕으로 한우 저지방 부위의 육질 개선 및 다양한 소 스, 양념 개선 등을 고려하여 급식에서 이용할 수 있는 저지 방 부위 활용 한우 메뉴 8종을 개발하였다. 개발된 메뉴의 특 징은 저지방 부위에 따른 질긴 식감을 부드럽게 만들기 위하 여 주 조리법 이외에 다양한 부 조리법을 사용하는 등 복합적 조리법을 활용하였다는 점과 메뉴에 이용되는 소스나 양념 을 다양화하였다는 것이다. 개발된 메뉴에 대해서는 다량조 리임을 감안하여 제조방법을 단순화시킨 공정도를 함께 제 시하여 추후 조리방법의 간소화를 위한 기초를 마련하였다. 개발된 메뉴의 급식 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 단체급 식 종사자 및 외식업 종사자 30명의 JARS를 평가한 결과, 모 든 메뉴의 조사항목별 JARS도 모두 설정 기준을 충족하여 학교급식에 적용하였을 경우 높은 만족도를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 한우의 주요 조리법인 구이에 소비되고 있는 등 심, 안심 이외의 상대적으로 저렴한 한우 저지방 부위를 이용 한 급식 메뉴 개발의 필요성 및 타당성을 제공하는데 있어서 의미있는 시도라고 할 수 있다. 현재 한우를 이용하고 있는 학교급식의 만족도가 사용 전에 비해 향상된 것을 볼 때, 향 후 학교급식에서는 성장기 청소년들에게 영양적 가치가 뛰 어난 양질의 단백질 공급을 위하여 수입산 쇠고기가 아닌 저 지방 한우의 사용은 아직 한우 사용을 본격적으로 시도하고 있지 않은 학교급식에서도 신중히 고려해볼 만한 사항이라 고 생각된다. 이는 학생들에게 우리나라에서 생산된 안전하 고 품질 좋은 쇠고기를 섭취하게 하는 한편, 한우 제공자의 측면에서 이용 부위의 편중화를 줄이고, 다양한 부위별 판매를 이루어 한우의 수급 불균형 완화 차원에서도 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다. 이러한 다양한 기대효과를 거두기 위해서는 학교급식에 활용 가능한 한우 저지방 부위 를 이용한 다양한 메뉴의 개발이 더욱 활발히 진행되어야 하 며, 개발 메뉴에 대한 영양사 및 조리사 등을 대상으로 한 조 리교육이 필요할 것이다(Han & Lee 2010; 한우자조금관리위 원회 2006). 또한 한우 저지방 부위 사용 증대를 위하여 정부 나 지자체의 정책적․경제적 지원이 확대되고, 강조되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

PURPOSES: As pavement generally provides service shorter than an expected life cycle, maintenance cost increases gradually. In order to help extending the service life and reduce maintenance cost, a new multi-functional composite pavement system is being developed in Korea. METHODS: This study is a part to develop the multi-functional composite pavement and is to investigate the mechanical performances of fiber-reinforced lean concrete for pavement subbase. The inherent problem of fiber reinforced concrete is dispersion of fibers in concrete mix. This study additionally evaluated fiber dispersion characteristics with respect to different fiber types. RESULTS: From the test results, the compressive strengths of the concretes satisfied the required limit of 5MPa at 7days. The standard deviation of the measured number of fibers were lower in the order of nylon, steel fiber and polypropylene. CONCLUSIONS: Reject ash was shown to be satisfactory as a replacement material to Portland cement in lean concrete base. The fiber volume fraction is suggested to be 0.4% even though the fracture toughness did not vary significantly with respect to fiber types. However, fracture energy absorbed up to complete failure increased with the increased fiber volume fraction increment.

To maximize the operational efficiency of production and operations systems, Six Sigma and Lean Production System have been widely used. The main focus of Six Sigma is reducing variations, whereas that of Lean Production System is eliminating losses. To take advantage of the two approaches Six Sigma and Lean Production System was integrated into Lean Six Sigma, and the integrated approach has been used in recent years. In the implementation of Lean Six Sigma, the problems under consideration have often physical or technical contradictions which are difficult to be solved by conventional methods. To solve such contradictions TRIZ is useful in many cases. In this thesis, it is considered that how TRIZ can be applied to Lean Six Sigma. An integrated road-map of Lean Six Sigma and TRIZ is suggested and some cases are reviewed.

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the mechanical performance of the fiber reinforced lean concrete with respect to different types of fibers. METHODS: Increased vehicle weight and other causes from the exposed conditions have accelerated the deteriorations of road pavement. A new multi-functional composite pavement system is being developed recently in order to extend service life and upgrade the pavement. A variety of tests were conducted before and after hardening of the concrete. RESULTS: From the test results, it was found that the use of different types of fibers did not affect the compressive strength development. This might be due to the inherent property of the lean concrete. When steel fibers were used relatively greater flexural strength and flexural fracture toughness were developed. Also addition of fly ash by replacing a part of Portland cement the fracture toughness was slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS: It has been known that the addition of fibers and use of mineral admixture can be positively considered in the development of multi-functional composite pavement system as its required mechanical performance is obtained.

This paper aims to develop a new chain metrics for obtaining lean Overall Equipment Effectiveness(OEE) and present implementation strategy which considers the properties for Total Productive Maintenance(TPM) to reduce machine losses, Performance Analysis and Control(PAC) to reduce labor losses, Lean Production System(LPS) to reduce floor wastes, and Theory of Constraints(TOC) to minimize the problem of Capacity Constrained Resource(CCR). The study reviews the related literatures and reformulates the structure of machine losses, labor losses and field wastes. The research also develops the integrated productivity metrics according to time, units, reliability and maintainability. It is found that the study develops the actual productivity measure in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and standard productivity. In addition to that, it outlines and develops by using the integrated LPS and TPM, lean OEE measures such as Time Based Productivity(TBP), Unit Based Productivity(UBP), and Reliability & Maintainability Based Availability(RMBA). Implication examples are proposed to make it easier and available for practioners to understand the implementation strategies about TPM OEE, lean OEE and TOC OEE. Futhermore related to other studies, the research contributes to create a new chain productivity measures to clear the interrelationship concepts of productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover the paper develops the enhanced OEE measures by integration of TPM, PAC, LPS and TOC with the perspective of schedule, throughput, reliability, maintainability and availability.

최근 국내 석산에서의 골재공급이 부족해지면서, 성토재 등의 저급재료로 재활용 되던 폐 콘크리트 순환골재의 용도를 점차 구조용 콘크리트 및 도로 포장재와 같은 고급재료로 재활용하기 위한 노력이 계속되고 있다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 정부는 2009년 순환골재 품질기준을 제정하였으며, 순환골재가 기존보다 고급재료의 용도로 활용될 수 있는 제도적 기반을 마련하였으나, 현재까지 빈배합 콘크리트 기층용으로서의 순환골재의 활용은 매우 낮은 형편이다. 본 연구는 순환골재 품질기준에 규정되어 있는 빈배합 콘크리트용 순환골재의 이물질과 관련된 품질기준의 적정성을 일련의 실험을 통하여 평가하였다. 연구결과, 빈배합 콘크리트 기층용 순환골재 내의 폐 아스콘 골재는 강도에 악영향을 초래하는 반면, 아스콘의 특성으로 인하여 순환골재의 주요한 품질기준인 비중을 높이고, 흡수율 및 마모율을 오히려 낮추는 결과를 초래하여, 전체적인 순환골재의 품질을 평가하는데 큰 방해요소로 작용하였다. 따라서 이물질 함유량 기준 중, 폐 아스콘 함유량 기준은 개선의 여지가 있는 것으로 조사되어, 그 대안을 제시하였다.

This paper deals with the productivity increment through construction of lean production system for automobile factory in China. This lean production system has been progressed according to 5 steps. Step 1 is the work preparation. Step 2 is the process design. Step 3 is the establishment of method to count production quantity. Step 4 is the establishment of measuring method for input and output. Finally, step 5 is the construction of flexible production system able to adapt for environment change. This lean production system is expected to obtain the productivity increment by 50% for plastic plant and reduction by 50% in inventory quantity.