버섯의 품종육성을 위해서는 종간 및 종내의 다른 두 개의 단포지를 분리하여 교배한 후 우량형질을 선발하여 신품종으로 등록된다. 전세계적으로 25%를 재배생산되고 있는 느타리버섯은 4극성교배시스템을 가지고 있어서 이러한 교배 불화합성을 이용하면 육종 시간 및 노력을 단축할 수 있다. 느타리버섯의 교배형은 4개의 딸핵으로 분열되는 세포분열에 A형, 클램프 연결체의 형성에 관여하는 B형으로 나눈다. 최근에는 게놈프로젝트에 의해 교배기작에 관련된 유전자가 밝혀짐에 따라 이것을 이용한 육종효율 제고를 위해 많은 연구자들이 교배형 결정인자의 동정에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 최근에는 분홍느타리(Pleurotus djamor)에서 CLA4(MAP kinase) 유전자의 CAPS 분석에 의해 교배형 B가 동정되었다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 제한효소를 사용하지 않고 바로 PCR로 동정할 수 있는 방법으로 교배형 A에 해당하는 homeodomain 유전자를 이용하여 교배형 A를 동정하였다.

Pleurotus ostreatus 'Miso' is a mutant strain showing white color in pileus from the known parent strain 'Wonhyeong No. 1'. Shape and several other characters also vary with culture conditions. Mating experiments were performed to understand interstrain mating relationship using monokaryons of the parent and the mutant strains. All monokaryons were grown from single spores isolated from freshly collected fruit bodies. Pairings were performed in 90 mm petri dishes on PDA. They were allowed to grow at 25℃ until two fronts of the advancing mycelia met and developed a conspicuous contact zone. The contact zone and the outer edges of paired colonies on each plate were examined for clamp connections. The crosses were considered positive when clamp connections were at the growing margin of either side of the interacting monokaryons. The parent strain 'Wonhyeong No. 1' and the mutant strain 'Miso' resulted in tetrapolar incompatibility system in intrastrain crosses. Normal compatible matings could be visibly distinguished from incompatible ones by the rapid growth and gross morphology. The resultant dikaryotic colony was also confirmed microscopically by the presence of clamp connections from incompatible pairings. In interstrain crosses, each monokaryotic tester strains of the parent strain was out-crossed to monokaryotic tester strains of the mutant. The four classes of tester strains representing the four incompatibility types were chosen from each mutant and parent strains. As a result of these crosses it was found that both strains share the same A and B incompatibility factors yielding 25% compatibility.

This study investigated the efficiency of mating disrupters for the control of Grapholita molesta(Busck) and Adoxophyes orana in pear orchards. G. molesta was shown 4 peak occurrence, which were different according to treatments. In conventional control, many moths were captured in mid and late April and peaks occurred in mid June, August, and early-mid September. In the non-control treatment, there were low populations in April. A. orana also appeared to 4 peak in 2007. Moths were rarely captured in mating disrupter treatment but many were captured in both the non-control and in conventional treatment. A. orana damage differed significantly between mating disrupter use and conventional control in 2006. Especially, the difference was significant between conventional control and mating disrupter to leaf damage in August, and there were similar results in the damage by G. molesta in the shoots and fruits.

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (BSF), has a worldwide distribution in the tropics and warm temperate regions and is active in the Korea from May through October. This species colonize a wide variety of decomposing vegetable and animal matter and oviposit in a variety of decomposing materials. In this study, how the BSF molting, adult emergence and mating rate changed by seasonal condition at the artificial rearing system was investigated. The black soldier fly larvae and pupae were reared under laboratory condition (27℃, 60% R.H.). Under the laboratory condition, molting and adult emergence were not influenced by seasonal factors such as climate, radiation intensity. But it is known that the sunlight is the most important factor of the mating. In the previous study the time of day, temperature, and humidity is significantly correlated with oviposition and mating. The rearing of BSF throughout the year is restricted by sunlight. In this study, the data shows definitely different mating numbers throughout whole year. The time of the day and sunlight density are changed with season and it influence on artificial rearing. To culture the black soldier fly throughout the year in Korea needs a more deep study under the artificial rearing system.

Upon mating, females of many animal species undergo dramatic changes in their behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, post-mating behaviors are triggered by sex peptide (SP), a key modulatory substance produced in the male seminal fluid and transferred to female during copulation. SP modulates female behaviors by acting on the sex peptide receptor (SPR) located in a small subset of internal sensory neurons that innervate the female uterus and project to the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, however, SPR is also expressed broadly in the CNS of both sexes. Moreover, SPR is also encoded in the genomes of insects that lack obvious SP orthologs. Based on these observations, we speculated that SPR may have additional ligands that are only distantly related to SP, if at all. If so, then this also raises questions on the evolution of SP-SPR signaling. To begin to address these questions, we set out to identify additional ligands for SPR. Here, we identify myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) as a second family of SPR ligands that is conserved across a wide range of invertebrate species. MIPs are potent agonists for Drosophila, Aedes and Aplysia SPRs in vitro, yet are unable to trigger post-mating responses in vivo. In contrast to SP, MIPs are not produced in male reproductive organs, and are not required for post-mating behaviors in Drosophila females. We conclude that MIPs are evolutionarily conserved ligands for SPR, which are likely to mediate functions other than the regulation of female reproductive behaviors. Therefore, we propose that SPR has a different ancestral function, with a role in post-mating behavior arising only recently in Drosophila evolution, concomitant with the emergence of its novel SP ligand.

Mating disruption (MD) using synthetic sex pheromone lures has been used to control the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple orchards. In Korea, where several small apple orchards are clustered but independently managed, its efficacy has been suspected mainly due to immigration of any mated females from nearby untreated cultivating areas. This study developed an edge treatment technique to decrease any local MD-free zones in a specific MD-treated farm and to trap any immigrating mated females by installing MD lures and food traps around the apple farm with 10 meter intervals. The addition of the edge treatment to the MD significantly prevented leaf and fruit damages induced by G. molesta compared to MD only. Moreover, this study tried to optimize the MD control technique by determining frequency of MD application. It suggests two MD applications with the edge treatment at the end of March and at the early of July to be effective throughout the entire apple growing seasons.

Since its first discovery in Jinchoen in 1998, three types of Bemisia tabaci have been recorded in the Repulic of Korea. Because B. tabaci damages the high-return produce such as eggplant and bell pepper, non-chemical methods are sought to control the B. tabaci populations. We studied the mating behaviors of Q-type B. tabaci by video-recording 20 virgin pairs using digital microscopes, of which 10 had a successful mating. The mating behaviors of Q-type males can be divided into searching, paralleling to female, mounting and wing-flicking stages, whereas those of females were almost motionless throughout the mating sequence. During the paralleling stage, males also exhibited antennal drumming and undulation behavior. B. tabaci is know to use vibratory signals during mating. To understand the frequency and function of vibratory signals, we are simultaneously video-recording mating behaviors and measuring vibratory signals by means of a laser vibrometer.

Ascotis selenaria, one of the major Geometridae moths, annually damages the citrus leaves and fruits. This study was focused to identify the sex pheromone components of A. selenaria in order to monitoring and control its population. Adult female and male were usually emerged at the time between 2 hour before and 2 hour afterlights-off in 16L:8D photoperiod. Mating, irrespective in female age, started at 2 hour after lights-off and peaked between 4 hour and 6 hour after lights-off. They copulated for 3 hour 47 min per pair. Gland extract of virgin female was analyzed with GC-MS and GC-EAD.Z,Z-6,9-3,4 epoxy nonadecadiene (Z,Z-6,9-3,4 epo- 19Hy) was identified as the candidate. Both of stereo isomer, Z,Z-6,9-3R,4S epo- 19Hy and Z,Z-6,9-3S,4R epo- 19Hy, showed a strong EAG response in male antennae. Further study like field attraction test should be needed to clarify the sex pheromone composition and in A. selenaria. Age and time were related with the amount of sex pheromone components biosynthesized in A. selenaria gland. 0 day old female had 112.7ng per gland at 5 hour after lights off and the amount was decreased as they aged. The sex pheromone biosynthesis started from lights-off and showed the increasing tendency during scotophase.

A cDNA of PBAN receptor (Plx-PBANR) isolated from female pheromone gland of the diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella (L.) encodes 338 amino acids. Plx-PBANR includes 7 transmembranes, indicating it belongs to G-protein coupled receptor family. Plx-PBANR showed high similarities with other moth PBANRs and its expression was only found in female pheromone gland, demonstrating that pheromone gland is the only molecular target of Plx-PBAN. To accomplish the funcional expression of Plx-PBANR, Human uterus carcinoma was stably transfected with Plx-PBANR gene and Plx-PBANR expression was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Plx-PBANR expressing cells increased level of Ca2+ influx when challenged with Plx-PBAN and Hez-PBAN from Heliothis zea, as ionomycin as a positive control does. To inhibit Plx-PBNAR expression in vivo, RNAi fragment for Plx-PBANR was injected into pupae. Suppression of PBANR expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and also induced inhibition of mating behavior in adults, revealing that reproductive organ of the female has no spermatocyte and that there are no successful reproductive behaviors. RNAi-treated adults showed reduced pheromone production. These results suggests that inhibition of PBANR expression affects the molecular biological events of PBAN and eventually suppresses mating behavior.

Field collected larvae inside the pumpkin fruit in Jinan, Chonbuk Province were kept in the laboratory at 24±2℃, RH 65±5%, and 14L:10D until they pupated and eclosed. Adults were fed with dry-milk based diet. Mating behavior was observed when they were 40 days old in a field cage at dusk in July and October, 2008. Wing vibration in male took place under the light intensity of 200 lux-20 lux, however, most commonly under 30 lux. Mounting between male and female was observed under 150 lux-30 lux after the act of wing vibration, also most frequently under 30 lux. Copulation occurred under 150 lux-20 lux. Females approached face to face to males which had been engaged in wing vibration and the copulation was successful for up to 64%. Copulation never occurred when a female positioned in front or at side of the male that was not engaged in wing vibration.

Temperature is an important inorganic factor which affects on every aspect in life of phytoseiid mites in general including N. californicus in this study. Cumulative and short-term effects of temperature through different life stages (immature, mating and oviposition periods) on mating duration and total fecundity of N. californicus were investigated at temperatures of 18, 25, 30 and 350C with a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Throughout experiments, females mated once and egg production was observed until they stop oviposition.

We investigated mating conditions about care temperature of queen before mating, mating period, and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of Bombus terrestris. Among 19℃, 22℃ and 25℃, care temperatures of queen before mating, queen cared at 19℃ was more effective than those at 22℃ and 25℃ in death rate during care and mating periods, and colony development. In case of mating period, oviposition rate and preoviposition periods at queen mated during 3 days were 89.3% and 11.4 days, respectively, which was higher and earlier than those of queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. The rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production at 3 daysmated queen were also 2.0-11.6% higher than those at queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. In number of queen per mating cage, the rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production queen mated at mating cage with 10 queens and 30 males were 41.5%, 25.9% and 23.2%, respectively. These values correspond to 1.5-6.8 folds those queen mated at cage with 20 queens and 30 queens. Therefore, we supposed that care temperature favorable for B. terrestris queen was 19℃ and the period need to mating was 3 days, and the number of queen per mating cage (55× 45× 65㎝) was 10.

A wax-typed pheromone dispenser has been developed and applied to control outbreak of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in apple orchard. To optimize its application technique, this study analyzed effect of different amounts of the pheromone dispenser on mating disruption (‘MD’) of G. molesta. Different pheromone dispenser amounts significantly influenced the MD effect assessed by cumulative male adult catches monitored respectively by sticky delta trap and food trap, and resulted in differential damage on host plants. In a field test during entire growing season, a standard amount (120 g per 0.117 ㏊) of wax-typed pheromone dispenser was proved to be effective to suppress outbreak of G. molesta adults and to prevent host plant damage as much as a current commercial MD product (Isomate<SUP>Ⓡ</SUP>). This study also demonstrated an effectiveness of deployment of food trap barriers around MD-treated area to prevent immigration of mated females from outside untreated areas. These results indicate that the wax-typed pheromone dispenser can be applied to control field G. molesta populations and its co-application with food trap barriers would be optimal to maximize MD efficacy.

The large bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, which is indigenous to Europe and is used extensively for high-value crop pollination, has been artificially introduced throughout the world. Here we show the interspecific cross-mating between bumblebee species, B. terrestris and B. ignitus under laboratory conditions. The mating and oviposition rates of interspecific cross-mating of B. terrestris queen with B. ignitus male are higher than those of intraspecific matings of B. ignitus. Furthermore, the competitive copulation experiment indicates that cross-mating of a B. ignitus male with B. terrestris queen is 1.8-fold more frequent than with a B. ignitus queen. The cross-mated B. ignitus queen with B. terrestris male produced B. ignitus workers and B. ignitus male offspring, and the cross-mated B. terrestris queen with B. ignitus male produced both B. terrestris males and B. ignitus male offspring. The genetic tests using a portion of the mitochondrial COI gene for the parent and hybrid offspring indicate that mitochondrial DNA was maternally inherited. Our results indicate that interspecific cross-mating occurred between B. ignitus and B. terrestris, which suggests that the cross-mating is not an exclusive force against the negative impact of competition and genetic contamination on native bumblebees.

본 연구는 1999년부터 2001년까지 경남에 있는 K 종돈장의 Yorkshire(Y), Landrace(L), Duroc(D), L×Y and Y×L 5품종 종빈돈 3,893복의 분만성적인 복당 총산자수, 복당 포유개시두수, 복당 사산두수, 복당 미이라두수, 복당 포유개시체중 및 1회 종부 후 분만율에 영향하는 교배조합, 분만년도, 분만계절 및 분만 산차의 효과를 추정하였다. 교배조합의 효과는 각 형질에 대하여 교배조합별로 순종은 복당 총산자수, 복당 포유개시두수와 복당 미이라두수에서 다소 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 보였으며, 교잡종에 있어서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 분만년도의 효과는 여러 연구자의 보고와 상이한 결과를 보였는데, 복당 총산자수는 1999년 및 2001년이 2000년도에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 분만 계절의 효과는 복당 총산자수를 제외한 각 형질에 대하여 유의하게(p<0.05) 영향하는 것으로 나타났다. 복당 총산자수는 4～7산차에서 유의하게(p<0.05) 높게 나타났으며, 7산차 성적이 가장 우수하고, 1산차 성적이 가장 저조했다. 이는 조사대상 집단에 대한 점진적인 관리 환경 개선과 모돈 자체에 대한 체계적인 사양관리의 개선 때문이라고 사료된다.

This study demonstrates a variability in efficacy of mating disruption against the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, populations infesting apples cultivated in differential environmental conditions. Throughout the growing seasons, trap catches of G. molesta male moths and damaged leaf and fruit were examined to evaluate the efficacy of a commercialized mating disruptor. Treatment of the mating disruptor significantly reduced the trap catches of male moth in treated plot, compared to those of the untreated plot. This reduced trap catches were significantly correlated with leaf and fruit damage. Moreover, the highest host damage occurred in June just after the highest overwintering adult peaks in both plots. The treatment of mating disruptors in Chungsong effectively disrupted the overwintering population in April and May, resulting in no noticeable host damage during the following growing seasons. However, there was a marked difference in host damage between two plots, especially in late seasons. Variation in the efficacy of mating disruption technology in terms of host damage appeared to be related with nearby pheromone-untreated orchards, which may result in the immigration of gravid females.