본 연구에서는 동태성과 시간을 고려한 시스템다이내믹스 관점에서 낚시어선의 낚시활동에 있어서 단속 및 처벌의 강화(정책 개입)에 따라 시스템 구조가 어떻게 변화하는지 알아보고 그에 따른 전략수립 방향을 논의하고자 한다. 지금까지 낚시어선의 단속과 처 벌은 사고예방이라는 사전적 차원에서 일시적 단기적으로 단속을 실시하고 처벌을 부과했다. 그러나 변칙적이고 다양한 부작용으로 소기 의 성과를 거두지 못하였고, 안전사고는 끊임없이 발생하고 또 다시 후속조치가 뒤따라가는 형국을 보이고 있다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르 면, 낚시어선의 단속과 처벌이 강화된 안전기준으로 사고 예방을 위한 시설 장비 산업 등 관련 사항 개선 및 기술개발(시간지연 발생)보다 는 즉각적이고 큰 저항이 없는 음성적(불법적) 활동을 지속함에 따라 사고예방을 위한 안전사각지대를 최소화하지 못하고 있다. 이와같이 동태적 매커니즘과 시간이라는 변수를 충분히 고려하지 않고 단선적 사고에 입각한 정책개입으로는 정책이 추구하는 기본적 가치를 오 히려 왜곡시킬 수 있다. 낚시어선의 단속과 처벌에 있어서 강화된 안전기준의 마련에 앞서 관련 기술의 개선 및 개발, 낚시인 낚시산업체 관련기관 등 다양한 주체들에 대한 교육시간 의무화, 낚시관련 산업 육성을 위한 낚시 관리 및 육성법의 구체적인 방안 제시와 같은 매커 니즘을 보완하는 전략을 마련해야 한다.

본 논문은 토니 모리슨이 자신의 문학을 포함해서 흑인 문학에 가장 중요한 기독교 정신이라고 본 희생양의 고통과 승리라는 점에 초점을 맞추어 모리슨의 세 번째 소설 􋺷솔로몬의 노래􋺸를 조명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 기독교적 관점에 서 희생양 메커니즘과 그 극복을 연구한 대표적인 학자인 르네 지라르와 현대 미국사에서 주요 희생양이었던 흑인들의 시민권 운동 시기 비폭력 저항 정신과 의 공통점을 통해 지라르의 연구가 가질 수 있는 탈역사성을 극복하고 모리슨 작품을 흑인 현대사의 맥락 속에 위치시키고자 한다. 􋺷솔로몬의 노래􋺸에서 모리슨은 폭력과 배제를 겪지만, 가해자들까지도 이해 하며 사랑으로 폭력에 비폭력으로 자신을 내어주는 그리스도적인 희생양의 면 모를 가진 인물을 창조한다. 이 소설의 등장인물 중 파일럿과 밀크맨에게는 신 으로서 인간의 희생 제의적 과정에 자기 자신을 ‘내어주어’, 인간의 죄를 감당 한 예수 그리스도의 이미지가 강하게 투영되어 있다. 특히 파일럿의 자기 희생 적 죽음은, 기타에 대한 밀크맨의 복수가 아니라 기타를 자신의 형제로 보고, 그 를 향해 날아가는 ‘타자를 향한’ 비상을 가능케 만든다는 점에서, 희생양 만들 기의 폭력을 종식시킨다고 볼 수 있다.

By the time the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) entered into force, there had been numerous bilateral and multilateral agreements between the parties regarding its rules on dispute settlement. However, the WTO dispute settlement system currently remains the most requested. The present article provides a comparative analysis of the procedures of dispute settlement under the CPTPP, the WTO DSU, and some RTAs. Among the novelties of the CPTPP mechanism compared to the WTO DSU are that it extends its scope to measures not yet introduced, offers more transparency, including the use of electronic means of communication, simplifies access for third parties, and provides financial compensation as a temporary remedy. Although the authors conclude that many of the CPTPP provisions repeat those of the WTO DSU and other RTAs between the CPTPP partners, there may be a desire to test the CPTPP mechanism in practice due to crises of the WTO Appellate Body.

In China, all dispute resolution mechanisms have introduced online dispute resolution (ODR) system into their operations. To address this situation, this article suggests the principle of due process should include the limitations of Internet-based dispute resolution attempts and the impact of technologies should be taken seriously. The first part of this paper introduces the development of ODR in China. The second part identifies the major areas in which the due process should be secured. The third part focuses on new technologies and its relationship with ODR and among others, electronic evidence and artificial intelligence are discussed. This article concludes that we first need to consider the rapid development of ODR, while the settled procedural principles regarding due process and neutrality should still be the primary task of civil justice and Alternative Dispute Resolution.

To improve the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) deposition rate of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites prepared by the traditional chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method, the 3D Ni/wood-carbon (3D Ni/C) catalyst was introduced into the CVI process. The effects of catalyst on the density of C/C composites were studied, and the deposition rate and morphologies of PyC were investigated after catalytic CVI. The morphologies of catalyst and PyC were characterized by scanning electron microscope and polarized light microscopy. The catalytic deposition mechanism of PyC was studied by density functional theory. The experimental results show that the initial carbon deposition efficiency of the catalytic pyrolysis process was 3–4 times that of the noncatalytic process. The catalyst reduced the energy barrier in the first step of deposition reaction from 382.55 to 171.67 kJ/mol according to simulation results. The pyrolysis reaction energy with Ni catalyst is reduced by 54% than that without the catalyst.

The phenomena of single-layer graphene resonant photoluminescence and Raman radiation are discussed taking into account the photo-generated electron–hole Coulomb interaction. On the base of general principles of a many-particle interactions and the interband resonance optical transitions a photon radiation new mechanism (Coulomb mechanism) is proposed. Through Stokes 2D’-mode particular case analysis has shown that the graphene photoluminescence and the resonant Raman radiation are characterized by the same frequency shifts. Probabilities of resonance photo-radiation processes have been presented where the electron–hole Coulomb attraction has been taken into account. The probabilities are the same fourth-order small values. The weak photo-radiation Coulomb mechanism has a common character. It is applicable to both zero and nonzero band gap crystals.

In this study, we verify the stability of the operation of mechanical dust remover by conducting the development of a rack-type operating structure and mechanism. This led to the development of a new type of mechanical dust remover, which resulted in the following conclusions. The optimum design was established for the specifications and shapes of the main structural and power transfer components according to the required capabilities of the mechanical dust remover. The power transmission structure of the worm gear and the spur gear corresponding to the rack bar gear box was determined to fit the lift structure, which is a combination of rack sprockets. When the rack bar is elongated, it develops a rack-type operating structure that enables smooth descent by allowing it to form a gap between the rake and the screen. And the mechanism was verified by calculating the stresses on the sprocket entering the rack box.

There are many changes appeared with the Chinese degree adverbs as languages evolve over time, such as the emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and the phrase structures like ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’, ‘巨痛’ are used in our daily communication commonly. This article discussed about the evolution mechanism of the Chinese emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning in perspective of cognitive linguistics. First, we focused on the prototype meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is a adjective and the existing meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is used as a degree adverb. Second, we compared the image schema of the adjective ‘ju(巨)’ with the image schema of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and managed to find the differences between them. Then we studied the evolution mechanism of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning that is metaphor and made ‘ju(巨)’s metaphor mapping model. Third, we chose ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’ and ‘巨痛’ as examples by corpus-based study and used the conceptual blending theory to compared the conceptual blending spaces of them. Lastly, we found a general rule that can have reference significance to the study about the evolution of the other emerging degree adverbs, such as ‘狂’, ‘神’and so on. 저 자

As the use of capacitors in electrical appliances and electrical control circuits increases, the related electrical fire is increasing. There are various parts such as resistors, coils, and capacitors that make up an electric circuit. Among them, the ignition of a capacitor with a temporary charging function is closely related to the structural characteristics of the capacitor. Capacitors can explode due to various reasons, and the high heat generated when they explode ignites the inflammable dielectric, which in turn burns the inflammable materials such as the surrounding electric wires and spreads into a fire. In this paper, the ignition mechanism is studied by conducting a reenactment experiment on the various probabilities that can be ignited in an electric capacitor, and the prevention measures to be applied to the fire prevention are presented.

Hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) have been successfully prepared by a facile carbonization and subsequent CO2 activation process using corncob as a natural carbon precursor and Mg(C2H3O2)2 as a MgO nano-template precursor. The prepared corncob-based hierarchical porous carbons (C-HPCs) with desirable micropores and mesopores feature the excellent absorbency of gas (i.e., CO2 and CH4) and solution (i.e., methylene blue (MB)). Increasing the ratio of Mg(C2H3O2)2/corncob enlarged the specific surface area up to 1004 m2/ g, micropore and mesopore volumes, CO2, CH4, and MB adsorption capacities (112, 31 and 230 mg/g after 325 min, respectively). The results indicated that the pore structures of C-HPCs can be easily and suitably controlled by the amount of the template precursor and CO2 activation effecting concurrently, which leads to fascinating adsorption capacity for CO2, CH4, and MB.

Ti-Al-Si target and Cr-Si target are sputtered alternately to develop a multi-layered nitride coating on a steel mold to improve die-casting lifetime. Prior to the multi-layer deposition, a CrN layer is developed as a buffer layer on the mold to suppress the diffusion of reactive elements and enhance the cohesive strength of the multi-layer deposition. Approximately 50 nm CrSiN and TiAlSiN layers are deposited layer by layer, and form about three μm-thickness of multi-layered coating. From the observation of the uncoated and coated steel molds after the acceleration experiment of liquid metal injection casting, the uncoated mold is severely eroded by the adhesion of molten metallic glass. On the other hand, the multi-layer coating on the mold prevents element diffusion from the metallic glass and mold erosion during the experiment. The multi-layer structure of the coating transforms the nano-composite structured coating during the acceleration test. Since the nano-composite structure disrupts element diffusion to molten metallic glass, despite microstructure changes, the coating is not eroded by the 1,050 oC molten metallic glass.

Recent incidents of state terrorism, including the assassination of Kim Jong-Nam, the murder (and attempted murder) of persons with strong ties to Russia, and the Jamal Khashoggi assassination, demonstrate cruelty while implying the involvement of the state, unlike other acts of terrorism since the Second World War. This trend denies the efforts of the international community, which has suppressed physical punishment including the death penalty in modern times and has achieved advances in human rights and humanitarianism under contemporary international law. Accordingly, this paper utilizes Michel Foucault’s indications regarding prison to reconsider recent cases of state terrorism from a broader perspective while taking into consideration the historical background of conventional terrorism and the development of international terrorism-related treaties.

We report a simple procedure to fabricate single crystals 3D C60 having an FCC structure on silicon substrates using a vapour–solid set-up in vacuum conditions. The morphology of the deposited film can be tuned by controlling the temperature and position of the substrate. The as-fabricated samples are extensively characterised by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nanoindentation, which allow us to shed light on the recrystallization process of the C60. In addition, the growth mechanism of the formation of crystalline 3D structure of the C60 film is discussed in detail. Based on the newly gained knowledge of mechanism and its unique properties, fullerene has shown huge potential as a solid lubricant on various kinds of substrates.

To solve the common problems of concrete preparation in low-temperature environments, calcium formate (C2H2O4Ca), anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), triethanolamine (C6H15O3N), calcium bromide (CaBr2), and triisopropanolamine (C9H21NO3) are selected as early strength agents and mixed with C40 concrete in different dosages under low-temperature environments of 5 oC and 10 oC to develop a high-efficiency low-temperature compound early strength agent based on the effect of single-doped early strength agents. The effects of the compound early strength agent on the early strength of the concrete, the cement paste setting time, and cement fluidity at 5 oC and 10 oC are investigated, and the corresponding reaction mechanism is discussed from the perspective of micro-products. The best compound early strength agent ratio is found to be 2% of calcium formate + 0.08 % of TEA (C6H15O3N). The compound early strength agent effectively promotes the formation of hydration products, such as Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H gel. In comparison with the control group, the strength of the concrete cured for 18 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d under simulated natural conditions at 5 oC increases by 700%, 540%, 11.4 % and 10 %, respectively, whereas at 10 oC, the corresponding values are 991%, 400%, 19.6 % and 11 %, respectively. The strength of the concrete at each age is close to the normal temperature standard of the curing strength. The addition of the compound early strength agent causes a reduction in cement fluidity and initial and final setting times, and also yields a good effect on the porosity of the early concrete.

The primary purpose of this research is to propose the solution to the current crisis of the WTO dispute settlement system focusing on Article 25 of the WTO Agreement. The Dispute Settlement Understanding is one of the significant successes of the WTO. Recent years, however, have witnessed the difficulties and challenges facing the multilateral trading system along with rising anti-globalization and trade protectionism. The Appellate Body (AB) has been experiencing an unprecedented crisis of dysfunction mainly due to the US’s boycott of appointing the new members. The WTO Members, including China, have thus proposed various reforms in response to the crisis. However, they have not touched the core demands of the US. Because of the imminent crisis that the AB is about to stop operating, China should take urgent action with other WTO members, consider launching a majority voting program, design and use alternative appeal arbitration, and combine international rules with domestic deepening reforms.

The Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing serious crisis, which has impeded its normal function. To address this impasse, this article suggests a reform of the WTO’s dispute-settlement mechanism: the establishment of a new megamultilateral court to substitute for the Appellate Body. The first part of this paper addresses the reasons for considering this approach. The second part identifies how to establish a new mega-multilateral court within the WTO. The third part puts forward an idea of the function of the Dispute Settlement Body, which would serve as a forum for adjudicators and State Parties of the mega-multilateral court, in order to balance judicial independence, judicial accountability, and consistency. In discussing the reason for this reform, approaches to implementing it, and other examples of what form it might take, this article concludes that it is appropriate to establish a new mega-multilateral court within the WTO.