This study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) essential oil (CBE) in New Zealand white male and female rabbits. Acute oral treatment with the CBE did not reveal any sign of toxicity or mortality in treated rabbits. The body weight of the rabbits was not affected after a single oral administration of the CBE during the 14-day observation period. In both the hematological and blood biochemical analysis, all parameters of the treated group with 2,000 mg/kg body weight of the CBE were not significantly different than those of the control group. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of the CBE was estimated to be greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rabbits, which indicated that the CBE is non-toxic. In conclusion, this study suggests that oral administration of the CBE is safe on rabbits.

The present study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) essential oil in ICR male and female mice. Acute oral treatment with C. obtusa essential oil did not reveal any sign of toxicity or mortality in treated mice. Mouse body weights were not affected after single oral administration of C. obtusa essential oil during the 14-day observation period. In the hematological and blood biochemical analysis, all parameters of the treated group with 2,000 mg/kg body weight of the essential oil were not significantly different those of the control group. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of the essential oil was estimated to be greater than 2,000 mg/ kg body weight in mice, which indicated that the essential oil is non-toxic. In conclusion, this study suggests that C. obtusa essential oil orally safe ICR mice.

The effects of some essential oils and Sopophora extract on Frankliniella occidentalis adults, Myzus persicae adults, Plutella xylostella larvae, and Spodoptera exigua larvae were investigated. Insecticidal and phytotoxicity activities of emulsion in water formulations containing the active essential oils as active ingredients under laboratory and pot conditions were also tested. Based on these results, NRS-13 and NRS-24 formulations were selected to further assess as follows; the GC and GC-MS analysis on the active essential oils, the quantity analysis of the major components contained in the formulations, their insecticidal activities under pot and field conditions, and their oral, dermal, skin and eye irritation, and fish toxicities. Thus, the NRS-13 (BaechooSaferTM) and NRS-24 (JindiOutTM) formulations could be considered as insecticides for pest control.

An assessment was made of the fumigant toxicity of 20 constituents from catnip oil and another additional five previously identified compounds of the oils and control efficacy of three experimental spray formulations containing catnip oil (1, 0.5 and 0.1% sprays) to females from B- and neonicotinoid-resistant Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Spathulenol (LC50, 0.39 μg/cm3) and thymol (0.45 μg/cm3) were the most toxic compounds, followed by carvacrol, α-terpineol, nerol, linalool, menthol and eugenol toward Q-biotype females (0.85–1.24 μg/cm3). The toxicity of these compounds was virtually identical toward both biotype females, indicating that the terpenoids and the insecticides (neonicotinoids and dichlorvos) do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross-resistance. The 0.5% spray of oil formulation resulted in > 80% mortality toward both biotype females. Global efforts to reduce the level of toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on catnip oil-derived materials as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of B. tabaci populations.

This study was aimed at assessing the fumigant toxicity to adult Thrips palmi and Orius strigicollis of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil compounds and structurally related compounds using vapour-phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with those for dichlorvos. Against adult T. palmi, linalool (LD50, 0.0055 mg cm–3) was the most toxic fumigant and was 15.2–fold more effective than dichlorvos (0.0837 mg cm–3). Strong fumigant toxicity was also observed in pulegone (0.0095 mg cm–3), (±)-camphor (0.0097 mg cm–3) and 1,8-cineole (0.0167 mg cm–3). Moderate toxicity was produced by camphene, 3-carene, (–)-menthone, (+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene, α-terpineol and (–)-α-thujone (0.0215–0.0388 mg cm–3). Against adult O. strigicollis, dichlorvos (LD50, 9.0 ×10–10 mg cm–3) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LD50 values of these compounds ranged from 0.0127 to >0.23 mg cm–3. Based upon selective toxicity ratio (STR, O. strigicollis LD50/T. palmi LD50), the compounds described (STR, 0.7–>10.7) are more selective than dichlorvos (STR, 10.8×10–9 mg cm–3). Basil oil compounds described merit further study as potential insecticides for control of T. palmi in greenhouses because of their generally lower toxicity to O. strigicollis and their greater activity as a fumigant than dichlorvos.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of basil, Ocimum basilicum, essential oil, 11 basil oil constituents, seven structurally related compounds and another 22 previously known basil oil constituents and the control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (1, 2, 3 and 4% sprays) to adult American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide (deet). The active principles were determined to be citral, α -terpineol and linalool. Citral (24 h LC50, 1.13 μg/cm2) and menthol (1.69 μg/cm2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by methyl eugenol (5.78 μg/cm2). The toxicity of these compounds was more toxic than that of benzylbenzoate(LC50, 8.41 μg/cm2) and deet (37.67 μg/cm2). These compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. Basil applied as 3 and 4% experimental sprays provided 97 and 100% mortality against the mites respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/l spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Reasonable mite control in indoor environments can be achieved by spray formulations containing the basil oil (3 and 4% sprays) as potential contact-action fumigants.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 24 oil constituents and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (0.5. 1, 2, and 3% sprays) to adult American house dust mite (AHDM), Dermatophagoides farinae, and copra mite (CM), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Results were compared with those of three conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), and permethrin. Based on 24 h LC50 values, (–)-thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against AHDM (9.82 μg/cm2) and CM (10.92 μg/cm2) and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 μg/cm2). High toxicity was also observed with (–)-(E)-pinocarveol, carvacrol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, β-thujaplicin, cedrol, α-terpineol, (+)-ledene, thymol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol against both mite species (LC50, 11.92–19.19 and 12.49–22.97 μg/cm2). These constituents were more toxic than deet (LC50, 35.53 and 38.42 μg/cm2). Hiba applied as 2 and 3% sprays provided >95% mortality against both mite species, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/L spray treatment resulted in ca 11% mortality. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on hiba oil preparations containing the constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants or lead molecules for the control of mite populations.

The toxicity of red pine needle hydrodistillate (RPN-HD), 19 RPN-HD constituents and 12 structurally related compounds and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing RPN-HD (0.5. 1, 2 and 3% sprays) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae was evaluated. RPN-HD (24 h LC50,68.33 μg cm–2) was toxic. Menthol was the most toxic compound (12.69 μg cm–2) and the toxicity of this compound and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly from each other. High toxicity was also produced by α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, thymol, linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citral, linalool and camphor (18.79–36.51 μg cm–2). These compounds were more toxic than either deet or dibutyl phthalate. In vapour-phase mortality tests, these compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. RPN-HD 3% experimental spray provided 95% mortality against adult D. farinae, whereas permethrin (cis:trans,25:75)2.5gL–1 spray treatment resulted in 0% mortality. In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, RPN-HD and the compounds described merit further study as potential biocides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants with contact action.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of 12 insecticides, three essential oils and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) alone or in combination with the oil major constituents, (E)-anethole (AN), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and eugenol (EU), to third instars from bamboo forest collected Aedes albopictus and rice paddy field collected Anopheles sinensis resistant to various groups of insecticides. The toxicity of the test insecticides, essential oils and binary mixtures of Bti and the oil constituents (1:1 ratio) was evaluated using a direct-contact mortality bioassay. Binary mixtures of B.t.i. and CA, AN or EU were significantly more toxic against Ae. albopictus larvae (LC50, 0.0084, 0.0134 and 0.0237 mg/l) and An. sinensis larvae (0.0159, 0.0388 and 0.0541 mg/l) than either B.t.i. (1.7884 and 2.1681 mg/l) or CA (11.46 and 19.43 mg/l), AN (16.66 and 25.11 mg/l) or EU (24.60 and 32.14 mg/l) alone. Based on the co-toxicity coefficient (CC) and synergistic factor (SF), the three binary mixtures operated in a synergy pattern (CC, 140.7–368.3 and SF, 76–213 for Ae. albopictus CC, 75.1–245.3 and SF, 40–136 for An. sinensis).The binary mixtures of Bti and essential oil constituents described, particularly (E)-cinnamaldehyde, merit further study as potential mosquito larvicides for the control of malaria vector mosquito populations in light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the aquatic environment.

Origanum essential oil [Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.)] showing insecticidal activity and repellency against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults was analysed by GC-MS. All constituents of the oil were identified, and the main components were carvacrol (67.2%), p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (5.5%), thymol (4.9%),and linalool(2.1%). In vapor phase fumigant assay, the origanum oil was more effective in closed condition (LD50 = 0.555 mg/cm3) than in open one (LD50 = 0.353 mg/cm3).This result suggests that the toxicity of the oil to red flour beetle is exerted largely by vapor phase. Based on 24-h LD50 values, the toxicity of caryophyllene oxide (0.00018 mg/cm3) was comparable with that of dichlorvos (0.00007mg/cm3) as a positive insecticide. In addition, thymol, camphene, α-pinene, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene gave good insecticidal activity (LD50 = 0.012 - 0.195 mg/cm3). In repellent test using 9 constituents of origanum oil, caryophyllene oxide showed 100% repellent activity at 0.0158 and 0.0032 mg/cm2. These results indicate that the origanum oil and its some components could be potential candidates as a fumigant and repellent for managing T. castaneum adults. Potential molecular target of repellents will be discussed.

The vapor phase repellency and toxicity of Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate (ZP-SD), Z. armatum seed oil (ZA-SO), and their 29 constituents to the adult female stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined using filter paper fumigation bioassay. Results were compared with those of the currently used repellent: DEET. Both of ZP-SD and ZA-SO exhibited vapor phase repellency and toxicity to female flies at 5 to 40 mg/filter paper (0.23 to 1.82 mg/cm3 air) during a 120-min exposure, whereas DEET exhibited neither repellency nor toxicity to the stable fly. At 5 mg/filter paper, vapor phase of ZP-SD and ZA-SO repelled 50 to 67% and 61 to 51% flies, respectively, to control area during 30 to 120 min. At 40 mg/filter paper, vapor phase of ZP-SD and ZA-SO caused 100% and 81% mortality, respectively, after 120 min of exposure. Among the tested volatile constituents, cuminaldehyde was the strongest repellent and toxic compound to the fly and was four times more toxic than ZP-SD and ZA-SO. Cuminaldehyde vapor phase repelled 62% flies to control area after 30 min at 2.5 mg/filter paper and caused 100% mortality after 120 min at 10 mg/filter paper. Based on the structure-activity relationships, the toxicity and repellency of constituents having aldehyde moiety were better than those of alcohol or ether one. Overall, ZP-SD, ZA-SO, and their bioactive constituents could be useful as potential vapor repellents to control stable fly population.

The toxicity of melissa and savory essential oil constituents against adult Bemisia tabaci was examined using vapor-phase toxicity bioassay. Results were compared with those following the treatment with currently used insecticide dichlorvos. As judged by 24 h LC50 values, thymol (0.59×10-3 mg/cm3) was the most toxic constituent, followed by cavacrol (0.60×10-3 mg/cm3). These compounds were slightly less toxic than dichlorvos (LC50, 0.20×10-3 mg/cm3). Strong activity was also obtained from borneol (LC50, 1.06×10-3 mg/cm3), α-terpineol (1.22×10-3 mg/cm3), geraniol (1.23×10-3 mg/cm3), linalool (1.33×10-3 mg/cm3), lavendulol (1.44×10-3 mg/cm3), nerol (1.52×10-3 mg/cm3), β-citronellol (1.81×10-3 mg/cm3), terpinene-4-ol (1.87×10-3 mg/cm3), 1-octen-3-ol (2.06×10-3 mg/cm3), and citral (2.34×10-3 mg/cm3). The melissa and savory essential oil-derived compounds, particularly thymol and carvacrol, merit further study as potential insecticides for the control of B. tabaci.

바퀴벌레(Blattella germanica)에 대한 coriander oil (Coriandum sativum) 등 5종의 식물정유의 훈증독성을 조사하였다. 그들 중 spearmint oil이 20과 (air)의 약량처리에서 모두 의 높은 살충활성을 나타내었다. Coriander를 GC와 GC/MS로 분석한 결과, -pinene (), camphene (), -pinene (), -myrcene (), limonene (), -terpinene (), -cymene (), -terpinolene (), camphor (), linalool (), -tepineol (), geranyl acetate (), geraniol ()이 주요 구성성분으로 나타났으며, 그 중 -terpinene과 geranyl acetate가 (air) 약량에서 의 높은 훈증독성을 나타내었다.

Pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs (KMH) are known as effective therapeutic agents on various blood vessel disease. We have already reported the ameliorative effect of complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs against hyperlipidemia. B

Epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) is a plasticizes of PVC which is being widely used as a gaskets for the lid of glass jars including baby food. Using reverse mutation assay, chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test, ESBO were evaluated the mutagenicity. In the reverse mutation test, ESBO did not induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA102 with and without metabolic activation. In the chromosome aberration test using CHL cells, the results showed no increased structural and numerical aberrations in the concentration of sample producing cytotoxicity with and without metabolic activation. The in vivo induction of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of young (3 weeks old) and adult (6 weeks old) ddY mice of both sex. At 24 hours after treatment with ESBO 20, 10, 5, 2.5 g/B.W. kg/corn oil 10 ml by oral route animals were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were prepared for smear slides. The results showed no increased micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes regardless of sex and age. It was concluded that water soluble ESBO did not show certain genotoxicity within our studies conducted.

Spilled oil into marine environments are known to induce disturbance not only hepatodetoxification system but also immune function in fish. However, toxic mechanisms on immune system and complex toxicity of crude oil have not been fully investigated. Innate immune response considered on the attractive effect-based monitoring tools due to their capacities to predict population disturbances by modification of disease susceptibility. In the study, to clarify the toxic effects of Hebei sprit spilled crude oil on fish immune system, multiple hepatodetoxific enzymes (Cytochrome P4501A and GST) and cytokines such as Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were evaluated in juvenile Rockfish fed individually the gelatin-capsulated Iranian Heavy Crude Oil (IHCO). At 12 h after treatment, the oil-fed groups were shown higher concentrations of biliary 1-OH pyrene fluorescence metabolite and CYP1A expression than the control group. Cat. L and G-CSF mRNA also increased significantly at initial stage of exposure (from 12 h to 48 h after exposure) but decreased to the level of control group or less. 72 h post-oil injection, fish were intraperitoneallyadministered an LD50 dose of Streptococcus iniae (FP.5228; Korea Fish Diseases Information Center). Host survival was monitored for 7 days and cumulative mortality rate was calculated. Host mortality rate was increased significantly in oil exposure group compared to sham group.