In this study, NASICON-type Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.4) solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries were synthesized through the sol-gel method. In addition, the influence on the ion conductivity of solid-state electrolytes when partially substituted for Ti4+ (0.61Å) site to Ga3+ (0.62Å) of trivalent cations was investigated. The obtained precursor was heat treated at 450 °C, and a single crystalline phase of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 systems was obtained at a calcination temperature above 650 °C. Additionally, the calcinated powders were pelletized and sintered at temperatures from 800 °C to 1,000 °C at 100 °C intervals. The synthesized powder and sintered bodies of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 were characterized using TGDTA, XRD, XPS and FE-SEM. The ionic conduction properties as solid-state electrolytes were investigated by AC impedance. As a result, Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 was successfully produced in all cases. However, a GaPO4 impurity was formed due to the high sintering temperatures and high Ga content. The crystallinity of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 increased with the sintering temperature as evidenced by FE-SEM observations, which demonstrated that the edges of the larger cube-shaped grains become sharper with increases in the sintering temperature. In samples with high sintering temperatures at 1,000 °C and high Ga content above 0.3, coarsening of grains occurred. This resulted in the formation of many grain boundaries, leading to low sinterability. These two factors, the impurity and grain boundary, have an enormous impact on the properties of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3. The Li1.3Ga0.3 Ti1.7(PO4)3 pellet sintered at 900 °C was denser than those sintered at other conditions, showing the highest total ion conductivity of 7.66 × 10-5 S/cm at room temperature. The total activation energy of Li-ion transport for the Li1.3Ga0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 solidstate electrolyte was estimated to be as low as 0.36 eV. Although the Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 sintered at 1,000 °C had a relatively high apparent density, it had less total ionic conductivity due to an increase in the grain-boundary resistance with coarse grains.

Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 (LATP) is considered to be one of the promising solid-state electrolytes owing to its excellent chemical and thermal stability, wide potential range (~5.0 V), and high ionic conductivity (~10-4 S/cm). LATP powders are typically prepared via the sol-gel method by adding and mixing nitrate or alkoxide precursors with chelating agents. Here, the thermal properties, crystallinity, density, particle size, and distribution of LATP powders based on chelating agents (citric acid, acetylacetone, EDTA) are compared to find the optimal conditions for densely sintered LATP with high purity. In addition, the three types of LATP powders are utilized to prepare sintered solid electrolytes and observe the microstructure changes during the sintering process. The pyrolysis onset temperature and crystallization temperature of the powder samples are in the order AC-LATP > CA-LATP > ED-LATP, and the LATP powder utilizing citric acid exhibits the highest purity, as no secondary phase other than LiTi2PO4 phase is observed. LATP with citric acid and acetylacetone has a value close to the theoretical density (2.8 g/cm3) after sintering. In comparison, LATP with EDTA has a low sintered density (2.2 g/cm3) because of the generation of many pores after sintering.

Rechargeable zinc-based batteries (RZBs) with the advantages of high safety, low cost, abundant resources and environmental friendliness, are considered as advanced secondary battery systems that can be applied to large-scale energy storage. As an important cathode material for RZBs, NASICON-type Na3V2( PO4)3 (NVP) possesses three-dimensional and large-scale ion channels that facilitate the rapid diffusion of Zn2+, and has a higher average operating voltage compared with other vanadiumbased compounds, thus exhibiting the possibility of realizing RZBs with high energy density. However, NVP still has some problems, such as poor electronic conductivity and spontaneous dissolution in aqueous solution. The sluggish kinetics of Zn2+ (de)intercalation in NVP and dendritic growth on the Zn anode also contribute to the poor rate performance and short cycle life of the batteries. In this review, optimization strategies for the electrochemical performance of RZBs with NVP as cathode are systematically elaborated, including modification of NVP cathode and optimization of electrolyte. Several mainstream energy storage mechanisms and analysis methods in this battery system are sorted out and summarized. On this basis, the development direction of NVP–RZB system is further prospected.

Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) is considered a promising material for all-solid-state lithium batteries owing to its high moisture stability, wide potential window (~6 V), and relatively high ion conductivity (10-3–10-4 S/cm). Solid electrolytes based on LATP are manufactured via sintering, using LATP powder as the starting material. The properties of the starting materials depend on the synthesis conditions, which affect the microstructure and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes. In this study, we synthesize the LATP powder using sol-gel and co-precipitation methods and characterize the physical properties of powder, such as size, shape, and crystallinity. In addition, we have prepared a disc-shaped LATP solid electrolyte using LATP powder as the starting material. In addition, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements are conducted to analyze the grain size, microstructures, and ion conduction properties. These results indicate that the synthesis conditions of the powder are a crucial factor in creating microstructures and affecting the conduction properties of lithium ions in solid electrolytes.

In this work, Ag3PO4/In2S3 nanocomposites with low loading of In2S3 (5-15 wt %) are fabricated by two step chemical precipitation approach. The microstructure, composition and improved photoelectrochemical properties of the asprepared composites are studied by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photocurrent density, EIS and amperometric i-t curve analysis. It is found that most of In2S3 nanoparticles are deposited on the surfaces of Ag3PO4. The as-prepared Ag3PO4/ In2S3 composite (10 wt%) is selected and investigated by SEM and TEM, which exhibits special morphology consisting of lager size substrate (Ag3PO4), particles and some nanosheets (In2S3). The introduction of In2S3 is effective at improving the charge separation and transfer efficiency of Ag3PO4/In2S3, resulting in an enhancement of photoelectric behavior. The origin of the enhanced photoelectrochemical activity of the In2S3-modified Ag3PO4 may be due to the improved charge separation, photocurrent stability and oriented electrons transport pathways in environment and energy applications.

In this paper, AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite photocatalyst is successfully synthesized by microemulsion method and anion in situ substitution method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) are used to study the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite composite. Using rhodamine B (RhB) as a simulated pollutant, the photocatalytic activity and stability of the AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite composite under visible light are evaluated. In the AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite visible light system, RhB is nearly 100 % degraded within 15 minutes. And, after five cycles of operation, the photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite remains at 95 % of the original level, much higher than that of pure Ag3PO4 (40 %). In addition, the mechanism of enhanced catalytic performance is discussed. The high photocatalytic performance of AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite composites can be attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag3PO4, diatomite and AgCl nanoparticles. Free radical trapping experiments are used to show that holes and oxygen are the main active species. This material can quickly react with dye molecules adsorbed on the surface of diatomite to degrade RhB dye to CO2 and H2O. Even more remarkably, AgCl/Ag3PO4/diatomite can maintain above 95 % photo-degradation activity after five cycles.

After flame-retardant treatment by the two different agents, the thermal behaviors of Lyocell fibers are discussed. In this research, H3PO4 and NaCl reduced the degradation rate and increased the char yield of the Lyocell fibers, and also increased the limiting oxygen index with the char yield increased. After treatment, the integral procedure decomposition temperature and the activation energy of Lyocell fibers are significantly increased by various concentration factors. These phenomena were indicated by the dehydration, rearrangement, formation of carbonyl groups, the evolution of carbon monoxide and dioxide, and carbonaceous residue formation. These effects were indicating the slow pathway of flame retardancy for the Lyocell fibers and are attributed to the two different flame-retardant agent treatments.

Spherical Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) and carbon-coated LVP with a monoclinic phase for the cathode materials are synthesized by a hydrothermal method using N2H4 as the reducing agent and saccharose as the carbon source. The results show that single phase monoclinic LVP without impurity phases such as LiV(P2O7), Li(VO)(PO4) and Li3(PO4) can be obtained after calcination at 800 oC for 4 h. SEM and TEM images show that the particle sizes are 0.5~2 μm and the thickness of the amorphous carbon layer is approximately 3~4 nm. CV curves for the test cell are recorded in the potential ranges of 3.0~4.3 V and 3.0~4.8 V at a scan rate of 0.01 mV s–1 and at room temperature. At potentials between 3.0 and 4.8 V, the third Li+ ions from the carbon-coated LVP can be completely extracted, at voltages close to 4.51 V. The carbon-coated LVP exhibits an initial specific discharge capacity of 118 mAh g–1 in the voltage region of 3.0 to 4.3 V at a current rate of 0.2 C. The results indicate that the reducing agent and carbon source can affect the crystal structure and electrochemical properties of the cathode materials.

Impedancemetric NOx (NO and NO2) gas sensors were designed with a stacked-layer structure and fabricated using LaCrxCo1-xO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1) as the receptor material and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 plates as the solid-electrolyte transducer material. The LaCrxCo1-xO3 layers were prepared with a polymeric precursor method that used ethylene glycol as the solvent, acetyl acetone as the chelating agent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the polymer additive. The effects of the Co concentration on the structural, morphological, and NOx sensing properties of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders were investigated with powder Xray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and its response to 20~250 ppm of NOx at 400 oC (for 1 kHz and 0.5 V), respectively. When the as-prepared precursors were calcined at 700 oC, only a single phase was detected, which corresponded to a perovskite-type structure. The XRD results showed that as the Co concentration of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased, the crystal structure was transformed from an orthorhombic phase to a rhombohedral phase. Moreover, the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders with 0 ≤ x < 0.8 had a rhombohedral symmetry. The size of the particles in the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased from 0.1 to 0.5 μm as the Co concentration increased. The sensing performance of the stack-structured LaCrxCo1-xO3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensors was found to divide the impedance component between the resistance and capacitance. The response of these sensors to NO gas was more sensitive than that to NO2 gas. Compared to other impedancemetric sensors, the LaCr0.8Co0.2O3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensor exhibited good reversibility and reliable sensingresponse properties for NOx gases.

생리활성물질 처리가 priming 고추종자의 발아에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, ASM 0.1 mM 처리에서는 치상후 7일째 98%의 발아율을 보였으며 T50은 0.96일이였다. 그러나 ASM 0.5 mM 처리에서는 17%의 낮은 발아율을 보여 발아가 억제되었다. INA 0.01 mM 처리에서는 치상 후 2일째에 90% 이상의 발아율을 보였지만, 0.1 mM 처리에서는 치상 후 5일째에 90%의 발아율을 보였다. T50은 INA 0.01과 0.1 mM 처리에서 각각 0.65와 6.03일로 나타났다. BABA와 JA 처리는 priming에 의한 발아촉진 효과에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3(LATP) is a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state Li ion batteries. In this study, LATP isprepared through a sol-gel method using relatively the inexpensive reagents TiCl4. The thermal behavior, structuralcharacteristics, fractured surface morphology, ion conductivity, and activation energy of the LATP sintered bodies areinvestigated by TG-DTA, X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM, and by an impedance method. A gelation powder was calcined at 500oC.A single crystalline phase of the LiTi2(PO4)3(LTP) system was obtained at a calcination temperature above 650oC. The obtainedpowder was pelletized and sintered at 900oC and 1000oC. The LTP sintered at 900~1000oC for 6 h had a relatively low apparentdensity of 75~80%. The LATP(x=0.3) pellet sintered at 900oC for 6 h was denser than those sintered under other conditionsand showed the highest ion conductivity of 4.50×10−5S/cm at room temperature. However, the ion conductivity of LATP(x=0.3) sintered at 1000oC decreased to 1.81×10−5S/cm, leading to Li volatilization and abnormal grain growth. For LATPsintered at 900oC for 6 h, x=0.3 shows the lowest activation energy of 0.42eV in the temperature range of room temperatureto 300oC.

Most heavy metals are well-known toxic and carcinogenic agents and when discharged into wastewater represent a serious threat to the human population and the fauna and flora of the receiving water bodies. The present study aims to develop a procedure for Pb(II) removal. The study was based on using powdered activated carbon, which was prepared from walnut shells generated as plant wastes and modified with potassium carbonate or phosphoric acid as chemical agents. The main parameters, such as effect of pH, effect of sorbent dosage, Pb(II) concentrations, and various contact times influence the sorption process. The experimental results were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. The kinetic study of Pb(II) on activated carbon from walnut shells was performed based on pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The data indicate that the adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo-second order rate. The procedure was successfully applied for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions.

The effect of the precipitator (NaOH, NH4OH) and the amount of the precipitator (150, 200, 250, 300 ml) on the formation of Fe3(PO4)2, which is the precursor used for cathode material LiFePO4 in Li-ion rechargeable batteries was investigated by the co-precipitation method. A pure precursor of olivine LiFePO4 was successfully prepared with coprecipitation from an aqueous solution containing trivalent iron ions. The acid solution was prepared by mixing 150 ml FeSO4(1M) and 100 ml H3PO4(1M). The concentration of the NaOH and NH4OH solution was 1 M. The reaction temperature (25˚C) and reaction time (30 min) were fixed. Nitrogen gas (500 ml/min) was flowed during the reaction to prevent oxidation of Fe2+. Single phase Fe3(PO4)2 was formed when 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml NaOH solutions were added and 150, 200 ml NH4OH solutions were added. However, Fe3(PO4)2 and NH4FePO4 were formed when 250 and 300 ml NH4OH was added. The morphology of the Fe3(PO4)2 changed according to the pH. Plate-like lenticular shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed in the acidic solution below pH 5 and plate-like rhombus shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed around pH 9. For the NH4OH, the pH value after 30 min reaction was higher with the same amount of additions of NaOH and NH4OH. It is believed that the formation mechanism of Fe3(PO4)2 is quite different between NaOH and NH4OH. Further investigation on this mechanism is needed. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the pH value was measured by pH-Meter.

본 연구에서는 선형 편광된 빔과 원형 편광된 빔을 이용한 이차 조화파 발생 현미경(Second Harmonic Generation Microscope)으로 비선형 물질인 KDP의 이미지를 얻었다. 펨토초 수준의 Ti-Sapphire 레이저를 광원으로 하였고, 편광상태발생기로 편광된 빔(0°, 45°, 90°, 우원편광)을 KDP에 투과시킨 후, 이차 조화파 신호를 발생시켜 편광상태 분석기로 검출하였다. 검출기로는 4개의 광전자증배관을 사용하였으며, 여기서 얻은 신호세기로 고유값 보정법을 이용하여 A 행렬을 구하였다. 그 결과, 스톡스 벡터와 A행렬로 뮬러 행렬을 구할 수 있음을 알았다. 또한 편광계를 더욱 발전시켜 세분화하였고, 대비효과를 높였으며, 편광된 빔(0°, 45°, 90°, -45°, 우원편광, 좌원편광)에 따른 KDP의 이미지 변화를 관찰하였다.

본 연구는 사료작물 재배지에 가축분뇨를 시용한 사료작물 재배지에서 초지식생대를 설치에 따른 -P와 토양 유실 저감 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 시험은 국립축산과학원 초지사료과 시험포장(천안)에서 경사가 약 10%에서 인 자연 경사지를 이용하여 2007년부터 2009년까지 3년간 수행하였다. 가축분뇨 시용은 화학비료, 우분퇴비 및 돈분퇴비를 시용하였으며, 초지식생대의 길이는 5 m, 10 m 및 15 m의 길이로 설치하였다. 초지식생대 길이에

Lithium dihydrogen phosphate (LiH2PO4) powder was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. Fromthe scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, these polycrystals have dimensions in the range of 25-250µm. The electrical conductivity was measured at a measuring frequency of 1 kHz on heating polycrystallinelithium dihydrogen phosphate (LiH2PO4) from room temperature to 493 K. Two anomalies appeared at 451K (Tp1) and 469 K (Tp2). The electrical conductivity reached the magnitude of the superprotonic phases: 3×10-2Ω-1cm-1 at 451 K (Tp1) and 1.2×10Ω-1cm-1 at 469 K (Tp2). It is uncertain whether the superprotonic phasetransformations are due to polymorphic transitions in the bulk, surface transitions, or chemical reactions(thermal decomposition) at the surface. Considering several previous thermal studies (differential scanningcalorimetry and thermogravimetry), our experimental results seem to be related to the last case: chemicalreactions (thermal decomposition) at the surface with the progressive solid-state polymerization.

For possible applications as luminescent materials for white-light emission using UV-LEDs, Ba2Mg(PO4)2:Eu2+ phosphors were prepared by a solid state reaction. The photoluminescence properties of the phosphor were investigated under ultraviolet ray (UV) excitation. The prepared phosphor powders were characterized to from a single phase of a monoclinic crystalline structure by a powder X-ray diffraction analysis. In the photoluminescence spectra, the Ba2Mg(PO4)2:Eu2+ phosphor showed an intense emission band centered at the 584 nm wavelength due to the f-d transition of the Eu2+ activator. The optimum concentration of Eu2+ activator in the Ba2Mg(PO4)2 host, indicating the maximum emission intensity under the excitation of a 395 nm wavelength, was 5 at%. In addition, it was confirmed that the Eu2+ ions are substituted at both Ba2+ sites in the Ba2Mg(PO4)2 crystal. On the other hand, the critical distance of energy transfer between Eu2+ ions in the Ba2Mg(PO4)2 host was evaluated to be approximately 19.3 A. With increasing temperature, the emission intensity of the Ba2Mg(PO4)2:Eu phosphor was considerably decreased and the central wavelength of the emission peak was shifted toward a short wavelength.

시설 토마토 과실의 상품성을 향상시키기 위하여 칼륨 엽면처리 농도 및 시기를 분석한 결과, 0.5% 칼륨 엽면처리구에서 과중이 200~400g인 상품과 비율이 75.5%로 대조구에 비해 29.5%증가하였다. 처리시기는 착과기가 가장 좋았는데, 착과기에 0.5% 칼륨를 엽면처리하면 상품과 비율이 대조구에 비해 5.9% 증가하였고 상품수량은 10% 증가하였다.

술폰화 폴리아릴에테르벤즈이미다졸 공중합체를 K2CO3를 이용한 직접중합법으로 합성하고 인산도핑을 하여 고온운전 연료전지용 고분자전해질 막을 제조하였다. 최적의 전해질 막 제조를 위하여 술폰화도 0~60% 및 도핑을 0.7~5.7의 범위에서 다양한 조성의 전해질 막 제조실험이 수행되었으며, 원자현미경분석 및 열중량분석, 수소 이온 전도도측정 등을 통해 전해질 막의 기본특성들을 평가하였다. 수소 이온 전도도는 도핑율에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 130℃의 비 가습환경에서 측정된 수소 이온 전도도는 도핑을 5.7의 전해질 막에서 최대 7.3×10 -2 S/cm의 값을 나타내었다.