Bunhwangsa Stone Brick Pagoda, constructed in 634, is Korea's oldest stone pagoda. As a prototype of the Silla Stone Pagoda, the pagoda was constructed using flagstones. Since it was constructed with flagstones, it has been known to be a pagoda that replicates the brick pagoda until now. The latest research suggests that it copies the India Stupa or the Stacked Stone Pagoda more than the Brick Pagoda. However, the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda has a significant difference in terms of construction technique and shape compared to Brick Pagodas, India Stupas, and Stacked Stone Pagodas. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the stone building technique used in Silla. Through this study, I would like to clarify that the Bunhwangsa stone brick pagoda is a stone pagoda that creatively reflects the existing Silla stone building techniques such as stone fortresses and stone chamber tombs.

중국의 五代十國시기는 중원의 물적, 인적 자원이 대량 양자강 남쪽으로 이동했던 시기 이다. 이는 당 말기부터 시작되었으며 안정된 정세 속에서 새롭게 번성하였다. 특히 南唐의 南京은 산동성과 인접해 있는 지리적 여건으로 매번 북방이 혼란해 질 때마다 동북쪽 이민 들이 이동하여 밀집되는 곳이다. 서하사의 역사적 배경에도 이러한 동북방 유민들의 영향이 확인되며 사리탑의 조성 배경 에서도 동일하게 찾아진다. 또 다른 주요 요인은 당시 중국 남쪽에서 성장하여 특히 남부 지 방에 큰 영향력을 끼쳤던 법안종의 화엄적 성격이다. 서하사 사리탑은 화엄경의 깨달음으로 여래가 출현하면서 불, 보살, 천왕, 역사상, 나 한 등이 화엄삼성의 연화장 정토 세계에 함께 모인 장면을 華嚴藏海 위에 구현하고 있으며 밀첨식 지붕, 3단의 앙연판 탑신받침, 목조 건축을 세밀하게 표현하면서도 공포 부분을 생략 하고 둥글게 처리한 지붕돌 등의 양식은 당 중기 이후 조성되는 중국 동북방 지역의 밀첨식, 화엄경 석탑 등에서 찾아 볼 수 있어 그들의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 吳越 杭州 지역의 석탑 3기는 유사한 배경 속에서 먼저 조성되지만 서하사사리탑과는 달 리 지역적 특색을 발휘하며 새로운 진전을 보인다. 이상을 통해 볼 때 중국의 중심 문화는 오대 이후 남쪽으로 그 중심축을 이동했으며 이들 문화를 수용한 송나라는 개봉을 수도로 중국 문화의 맥을 계승하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

Recently, cultural heritages in South Korea gain many interests of restoration and preservation from the government since many of that have been severely damaged during earthquakes. Many previous studies in both terms of experimental and analytical approaches have been done to examine structural behavior and decide appropriate methods of preservation. Being motivated by such researches, this research aims to investigate a religious stone pagoda dated back to the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. The structure consists of a granite stone foundation and baked bricks, which resembles the shape of traditional pagodas. In order to examine the structural behavior of the pagoda, an analytical model is implemented using ANSYS, a comprehensive engineering simulation platform. For the time history analysis of the pagoda, several earthquake excitations are chosen and input to simulation modeling. Seismic response of the tower such as time domain, natural frequency, modal shapes and peak acceleration measured at each layer are presented and discussed. In addition, the amplification ratio of the tower is calculated from the accelerations of each layer to determine tower stability in accordance with Korean seismic design guide. The determination and evaluation of status and response of the brick tower by simulation analysis play an important role in the preservation of history as well as valuable architectural heritages in South Korea.

This study was prepared to understand the changes in the stylobate and the characteristics of contrasting with the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, which occupies an important position in ancient architecture. Literature data related to the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, excavation data, and newly identified stylobate stone were examined.The reconstruction period of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, the size and form of the stylobate, the plan of the stylobate, the height plan, and the elevation plan were reviewed one after another.Since its foundation in 646, the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple has been rebuilt during the reign of King Gyeongmun in 873 and a stylobate has been rebuilt. Through the analysis of similar cases with the wooden pagoda's face stone members, the elevation of the stylobate was proved. It is estimated that the size and format of the wooden pagoda stylobate were similar to those of the reconstruction stylobate. It seems that the Sumijwa style stylobate was first introduced to the foundation of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple. This is of great significance in that it provided a fundamental motif for the stylobate of architecture and stone architecture of the Unified Silla period.

The Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes caused damages to many cultural properties; particularly, stone pagoda structures were significantly damaged among masonry cultural properties. To preserve these structures, it is necessary to understand their dynamic behavior characteristics under earthquakes. Analyses on such areas as deformation, frequency, maximum acceleration, permanent displacement, sliding, and rocking have to be performed. Although many analytical studies have already been conducted, dynamic behavior studies based on experiments are insufficient. Therefore, this study analyzed dynamic behavior characteristics by performing a shaking table experiment on a three-story stone pagoda structure at the Cheollongsa temple site damaged by the Gyeongju earthquake. As a result of the experiment, the displacements of stylobates did not occur significantly, but the tower body parts rotated. In particular, the rotation of the 1F main body stone was relatively larger than that of the other chief body stones because the 1F main body stone is relatively more slender than the other parts. In addition, the decorative top was identified as the component most vulnerable to sliding. This study found that the 1F main body stone is vulnerable to rocking, and the parts located on the upper part are more vulnerable to sliding.

According to 「Hwangnyongsa Temple Central Column Record」among the remaining documents, under reconstruction the pagoda of Hwangnyongsa&s 9th floor was completed in July 872 on the lunar calendar. At that time, King Kyeongmun worried about sarira under its central column, saying the central column does not move, and then He ordered to lift the central column. So his servants lifted it on November 6th 872 and checked the sarira and put it back on November 25th on the lunar calendar. 「Hwangnyongsa Temple Central Column Record」did not document how to lift the central column which is tens of meters. therefore, this study inferred the way the central column of the pagoda of Hwangnyongsa was lifted in 872, left as a mystery. For that, this study set various hypotheses and it researched and analyzed hoisting technique that is a way to lift the pagoda of Hwangnyongsa and a column. In conclusion, this study inferred the most suitable hoisting technique for the pagoda of Hwangnyongsa at that time, based on the research and analysis of each chapter.

In case of stone pagoda structures, the various construction types appear, and various damages occur due to exposure to the outdoors for a long time. Such damages can be classified into non-structural damages and structural damages. However, studies for the effects of structural damages on stone pagoda structures are insufficient. Accordingly, this study intends to perform structural modeling and structural analysis according to structural damages of stone pagoda structure, and to perform risk analysis through the fragility curve. So, we expects that this study gives a great contribution to the preservation and maintenance of stone pagoda structures under the various structural damages.

The stone pagoda continued to be damaged by weathering and corrosion over time, and natural disasters such as earthquake are accelerating the destruction of cultural properties. Stone pagoda has discontinuous structure behavior and is very vulnerable to the seismic load acting in lateral direction. It is necessary to analyze various design variables as the contact surface characteristics play an important role in the dynamic behavior of stone pagodas. For this purpose, contact surface characteristics of stone pagoda can be classified according to surface roughness and filler type, and representative model is selected and structural modeling and analysis are performed using the discrete element method. Also, the seismic load according to the repetition period is calculated and the dynamic analysis is performed considering the discontinuous characteristics of the stone pagoda. Finally, the seismic behavior characteristics can be analyzed by the evaluation of stresses, displacements and structural safety.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the double stylobate of the three-story stone pagoda in Yeongnam region and to divide the types of arrangements of the body-stone and roof-stone and find their correlation. Research objects are 47 three-story stone pagodas in Yeongnam region which have accurate documents and plans. After dividing a double stylobate of three-story stone pagodas into a lower and upper stylobate, we classified each stylobate into a type of body-stone and roof-stone from an architectural point of view. Types of arrangement of body-stones are divided into methods of using the ‘ㅡ’ shaped stone and methods of using ‘ㄱ’ shaped stone in the corner. And types of arrangement of roof-stones are divided into methods of arranging stones in a row or in a grid pattern. As the size of the pagoda increases, ‘ㄱ’ shaped stones used for the body-stone and stones for the roof-stone are arranged in a grid pattern. As the size of the pagoda becomes smaller, the body-stone is consist of ‘ㅡ’ shaped stone, and the roof-stone is arranged in a row. As the construction year of the pagoda becomes later, the size of the pagoda becomes smaller and types of body-stone and roof-stone had been stereotyped. As a result, the size of the stone pagoda became smaller as constructed later, and the type of body-stone and roof-stone of the double stylobate appear differently according to the size of the pagoda.

It is inevitable to use the distinct element method in the analysis of structural dynamics for stacked stone pagoda system. However, the experimental verification of analytical results produced by the discrete element method is not sufficient yet, and the theory of distinct element method is not universal in Korea. This study introduces how to model the stacked stone pagoda system using the distinct element method, and draws some considerations in the seismic analysis procedures. First, the rocking mode and sliding mode are locally mixed in the seismic responses. Second, the vertical stiffness and the horizontal stiffness on the friction surface have the greatest influence on the seismic behavior. Third, the complete seismic analysis of stacked stone pagoda system requires a set of the horizontal, vertical, and rotational velocity time histories of the ground. However, earthquake data monitored in Korea are limited to acceleration and velocity signals in some areas.

『금강경』은 성왕 9년(531)에 양나라에서 겸익에 의해 전래된 것으로 판단된다.『금강경』은 양(梁) 소명태자(昭明太子)에 의하여 분장(分章)된 것으로, 처음에는 29장으로 분장되었다가, 그 후 32장으로 세분화된 것이다. 초기 <은제도금금강경>의 번역 오류가 <돈황본 1.2>에서는 교정되거나 추기되었다. 이는 <은제도금금강경>이 <돈황본>보다 선본으로 <돈황본>은 다른 번역본에 의하여 교정되거나 추기된 것이다. <은제도금금강경>의 서체는 북조식남조체이다. 이는 북조필법이 혼용된 남조체로 남조에 서 유행한 북조(北朝)필법(筆法)이다. 즉 80%의 남조체와 특징적인 20%의 북조체가 혼용 된 서체이다. 특히 이체자(異體字)의 사용에 있어서 대부분 6세기에서 7세기 초에 유행한 이체자들을 통하여 <은제도금금강경>의 기록법이 <무령왕능묘지(525)>, <왕흥사청동사리 감명문(577)> 등과 거의 같은 시기에 기록된 것으로 볼 수 있다.

Stone pagoda structures have continued to be aged due to the combination of various damage factors. However, some studies on nonstructural damage have been carried out, but assessment studies on structural damage have not been done in various ways. Therefore, in this study, structural and nonstructural influencing factors according to the damage types are classified and the damage assessment according to the structural influencing factors affecting the behavior of the stone pagoda structure is performed. In addition, the damage rating classification criteria for each type of structural damages or damage locations are presented, and the damage index is calculated by providing the criteria for the classification of damage according to the degree of damage to which the damage is caused. Therefore, this study can evaluate quantitatively the damage status of stone pagoda structures.

The detailed names and meanings of Korean stone pagodas have not yet been properly studied or clearly defined. Therefore, an aim of this report is to compare the detailed names of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese stone pagodas by focusing on content used previously by Ko and his students and content that is currently in use (i.e., since the Japanese colonial era). Additional objectives are to assess the significance of these names and propose an appropriate detailed draft regarding names of stone pagodas. The discussion will proceed by dividing the stone pagoda into three parts: the podium, main structure, and finial. First, the content in Luo Zhewen(羅哲文)’s “Ancient pagodas in China(中國古塔)” (1985) is considered; then, “朝鮮の石塔” (1943)—published by during the Japanese colonial era—is explored. The thesis written by Yu-Seop Ko regarding Korea’s first stone pagoda and the content in “A Study of Korean Pagodas(朝鮮塔婆의 硏究)” (1948), which contains Yu-Seop Ko’s posthumous works published in book form by his student Su-Yeong Hwang, Heu-Kyoung Kim are examined. to pagodas that are used today, are compared and reviewed. Since Korea, China, and Japan influence each other, pagoda-related terms are shared to some extent. In this study, these were applied to stone pagodas, and names used thus far that have not drawn criticism were studied and proposed as suitable alternatives.