본 연구는 COVID-19 팬데믹 상황에서 보건소 간호사로 근무한 경험을 심층적으로 이해하고, 본질을 규명하고자 시도되었다. C도의 3개 군 보건소에서 COVID-19 팬데믹 기간 동안 1년 이상 근무한 경험이 있는 대상자를 연구참여자로 선정하여 Colaizzi가 제안한 현상학적 방법에 따라 분석하였다. 연구결 과 ‘COVID-19에 대한 부정적 감정’, ‘직업적 소명의식 고취’, ‘신종 감염병 대응 체계 구축에 앞장’의 3가 지 주제모음이 도출되었다. 이를 바탕으로 간호사들을 위한 심리적 문제 지원 강화, 편중된 업무의 개선, 전문 인력 지원, 체계적 교육 지원, 적정 수준의 보상체계 마련 등의 필요성을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 토대로 보건의료 체계 내 주요 인력인 간호사의 지지체계를 마련하고, 효율적인 감염병 대응 전략 을 마련하기 위해 다각도의 관심을 가지고 활발한 논의가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 코로나19 팬데믹 상황에서 장애인의 우울 진입에 영향을 미 치는 요인에 대하여 시기별 차이를 살펴보고 향후 감염병 확산 시 장애 인의 우울진입(정상상태에서 우울진단으로 이동)을 예방하기 위한 방안을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국복지패널조사 15~17차 자료를 결 합하여 생존분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 1년 후까지(2020년 기준 2021 년까지)는 여자가 남자보다, 대구·경북, 대전·충남, 강원·충북에 살고 있 는 경우가 서울에 거주하고 있는 경우보다, 사회적지지를 적게 받을수록, 사회적친분관계만족도가 낮을수록 우울진입 가능성이 높았다. 한편 2년 후까지(2020년 기준 2022년까지)는 여자가 남자보다, 강원·충북에 살고 있는 경우가 서울에 거주하고 있는 경우보다, 자아존중감이 낮을수록, 사 회적친분관계만족도가 낮을수록, 미취업자가 취업자보다 우울진입 가능 성이 높았다. 이를 바탕으로 감염병 확산 시 장애인의 우울진입을 예방 하기 위해서는 기간에 따라 차별적인 대안을 마련하고 적용할 필요성 등 이 있음을 제언하였다.

This study aimed to investigate the dietary changes among adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea. An online survey was conducted to examine dietary changes before (in 2019) and during (in 2021) the pandemic. The data from 337 adults living alone who responded to the survey were used for analysis. The proportion of the respondents reporting frequent food consumption at convenience stores (≥3 times/week) increased during the pandemic (p=0.024), and the proportion of those frequently eating ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook food (≥3 times/week) was more than doubled (p<0.001). Additionally, the proportion of those frequently consuming delivered food (≥3 times/week) increased by 2.5 times (p<0.001). In conclusion, the dietary habits of adults living alone changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have a negative impact on their health. Therefore, the development of customized nutrition management programs to improve the dietary habits of adults living alone during emergencies like a pandemic is deemed necessary. This study can serve as a foundation for understanding the dietary changes of adults living alone in prolonged crisis.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the practical experience of nursing graduates through a clinical practicum alternative program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants in this study comprised sixteen students who had gone through clinical field practice and clinical alternative programs during 4 semesters at nursing college. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and analyzed via the phenomenological research method developed by Colaizzi. Results: From the meaningful statements offered by the participants, six theme clusters emerged: (a) interest in new experiences, (b) practice that doesn’t feel like practice, (c) limits on yourself, (d) ambivalence about alternative programs, (e) longing for vivid clinical settings, and (f) choice in an unavoidable situation. Conclusion: This study provides a profound understanding of the practical experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic situation about the clinical practicum alternative program. Based on this study, it is necessary to determine how students who have participated in the implementation of the clinical practice alternative program are adapting to the actual field as nurses. It is also necessary to develop various programs that reflect the needs of students and utilize technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and metaverse along with current teaching methods.

목적: 본 연구는 COVID-19의 대유행 동안 20~30대 성인을 대상으로 컴퓨터시각증후군 (CVS, computer vision syndrome) 관련 눈의 자각증상과 시력 관련 불편감을 파악하고, 눈 건강을 위해 사용하는 예방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 2021년 12월부터 2022년 2월까지 안경 또는 콘택트렌즈 처방과 상담을 위해 일개 안경원에 내원 했던 20~30대 성인 중에서 전신질환 및 안질환, 안과적 수술 경험이 없는 150명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 대상자의 일반적인 특성(3문항), CVS 자각증상(16문항), 시력 관리(2문항), 눈의 조절기능 이상(2문항), 청색광 차단 안경사용(2문항), 근거리교정(1문항)으로 총 26문항으로 구성된 설문지를 이용하였다. 결과 : 전체 대상자들의 CVS 자각증상은 “눈물이 많이 발생한다”가 109명(72.7%)으로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였 고, 그다음은 “눈이 아프다”가 104명(69.3%)으로 나타났다. CVS 자각증상 중 시력 관련 자각증상은 “사물이 흐 려보인다”가 106명(70.7%)으로 가장 많았다. 시력 관리방법으로는 “시력의 저하를 느껴서”가 105명(70.0%)으로 가장 많았고, 청색광 차단 안경 사용하는 대상자는 150명(84.7%)으로 80% 이상의 대상자들이 기능을 넣어서 사 용하고 있다. 결론 : CVS 자각증상 16문항 중 14문항에서 50% 이상으로 나타났다. 청색광 차단 안경을 사용하지 않는 대상 자는 CVS 자각증상 중 시력과 관련된 “시력이 나빠지는 것 같다”가 69.6%로 가장 높게 나타났다. COVID-19 대 유행 동안 자각적인 불편증상과 시력저하를 호소하는 대상자가 높게 나타나고 있다. 따라서 안경처방 시 생활환 경, 사용시간 및 자각적 증상에 대하여 문진이 필요하다고 생각된다.

This study compared research trends in universities general English program before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. After analyzing 248 articles from KCI using frequency analysis, centrality analysis, and topic modeling, this study found consistent keywords indicating a focus on learning objectives, effectiveness analysis, satisfaction surveys, and level-based learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Centrality analysis revealed keywords like “teaching, research, analysis” before COVID-19 and “satisfaction, study, level, activity, effect” after COVID-19, indicating a shift towards learner satisfaction, level-based learning, and effectiveness analysis due to the transition to online learning. Topic modeling revealed shifts in research trends: Pre-COVID-19 focused on effective teaching methods, evaluation techniques, and cultural content, while Post-COVID-19 prioritized online teaching methods, web-based platforms, and selfdirected learning. Future research should address self-directed learning, attitudes and goal setting, closing learning gaps in online/blended learning, and developing effective online assessment tools and evaluation strategies. This study provides valuable insights and directions for further research in general English programs.

목적 : 본 연구는 코로나19 팬데믹 상황에서 근무환경이 작업치료사의 직무 스트레스에 미치는 영향에 대 하여 설문 조사하였다. 감염병 유행이나 재난 상황에서 작업치료사들의 직무 스트레스를 완화하여 효과 적으로 직무를 수행할 수 있도록 대응 방안을 마련하는데 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 코로나19 팬데믹 상황 중 대면으로 작업치료를 시행하고 있는 작업치료사를 대상으로 설문조 사 하였다. 독립변수는 작업치료사의 일반적 특성 11문항, 근무환경 11문항이고 종속변수는 직무 스트 레스 24문항으로 총 46문항으로 구성된 설문지를 온라인 설문지 링크 공유를 통해 조사하였다. 2022년 9월부터 3개월동안 온라인 설문지가 수집되었으며, 최종 216부를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계 를 실시하고 상관관계 분석을 통해 상관성이 확인된 변수를 대상으로 다중회귀 분석을 실시하여 직무 스트레스에 대한 영향 요인을 확인하였다. 결과 : 상관분석 결과에서 근무기관, 치료대상자, 근골격계 통증의 증가, 부서 내 의사소통의 어려움, 다른 부서와 협업의 어려움, 보호구 장비사용의 어려움, 보호장비 지급 불충분, 감염위험에 대한 부담의 증가 가 유의한 상관 요인으로 나타났다. 다중회귀 분석에서 보호장비 지급 불충분과 감염위험에 대한 부담의 증가가 팬데믹 상황에서 직무 스트레스에 대한 영향 요인으로 확인되었다. 결론 : 연구수행 결과 코로나19 팬데믹 상황에서 개인 보호장비 지급이 부족하고, 감염위험에 대한 부담이 증가되는 것이 작업치료사의 직무 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 감염병 대유행 상황에서는 환자를 대면하는 작업치료사에게 개인 보호장비를 충분히 지급하여 감염위험에 대한 부담을 줄일 수 있도록 지원해야 한다.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the overall economic growth of countries. Governments have taken various measures to prevent the spread of the virus, resulting in a significant increase in unemployment, such as young people who are disadvantaged groups such as first-time job seekers and inexperienced fresh graduates. The concept of sustainable development has been gradually recognized by most countries as an important principle in international regulations. It has been reflected in international treaties, judicial cases, and initiatives. To alleviate the pressure of youth unemployment, China has adopted a series of policies and measures, which are consistent with the concept of sustainable development. This paper intends to focus on the current situation of China’s youth employment market and relevant laws and policies to improve it. It draws on the measures taken by other countries to deal with youth unemployment and puts forward suggestions from the perspective of sustainable development.

Trust is well recognized as a critical component of effective health system processes, as patient trust is known to influence satisfaction and other health-related behaviors. The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly affected healthcare organizations, leading to the need for reorganizing services, practices, interactions. Particularly, because of COVID-19 pandemic, patient/doctor exchanges have increasingly been mediated by digital technologies, thus leading to potential devaluation of patients trust toward the healthcare system.

Customer loyalty is tested every day in the retail sector and the past years have been challenging for retailers to keep their existing, loyal customers. Covid-19 outbreak caused significant changes in consumers’ purchasing behavior because during the pandemic, consumers were forced to adapt new patterns of shopping which is likely to reflect also in customer loyalty. To better understand the temporal development of customer loyalty, we investigate how cognitive, affective, and social drivers of loyalty differ between 10,044 Trustpilot reviews before, during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. We investigate customer loyalty in the retail sector using an objective and a novel approach; thus we based this study on user-generated content in the form of online reviews in contrast to the traditional survey-based measures of customer loyalty.

This study aims to integrate the protection motivation theory (PMT) model and attitude to explore the factors influencing consumers’ usage behavior toward online food delivery platform services (OFDPSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The utilitarian value and hedonic value of OFDPSs, which may influence consumers’ attitude, were also included in the integrated research model. This study collected a total of 384 participants who are with experience in using OFDPSs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan for analysis

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented crises to societies and economies around the world and has brought drastic changes in the way consumers behave. Fashion business is one of the industries that has been significantly affected by Covid-19 as many consumers reduced their discretionary spending during the pandemic. While the world is entering the post-pandemic era and recovering from the pandemic, it is important to uncover and reflect on the reasons behind varying patterns of consumers’ coping behaviors associated with fashion shopping. However, current research on consumer fashion behavior during the pandemic primarily focuses on a particular type of shopping behavior, without addressing varying patterns of fashion consumption behaviors. In addition, most of these studies attributed such changes in behaviors to motivations toward protection against health-adverse threats based on the Protection Motivation Theory, which mostly focuses on protective behaviors and has limited power in understanding varying internal reasons toward various coping behaviors. Considering the varying adaptive and maladaptive patterns of fashion consumption behaviors observed in the market, it is important to address the psychological mechanism behind varying adaptive and maladaptive patterns of fashion consumption behaviors. Thus, drawing from the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework, this study aims to investigate how cognitive appraisal of threats affects the affective/emotional state of consumers and consequently their intention to engage in various coping behaviors in the context of fashion shopping. Specifically, this study aims to investigate how individuals’ cognitive appraisals on risks and uncertainty induce varying emotional feelings (i.e., fear, anxiety, and hope), which further leads to their decisions to engage in problem vs. emotion-focused coping through fashion shopping during the pandemic.

With the pandemic of the early 2020s coming to a close, city politicians and planners around the world seek to bring in more tourists and entrepreneurs to assist their local businesses and domestic economies in the return to pre-pandemic levels. There exists a myriad of ways city officials attempt to attract visitors from festivals and fireworks displays to citywide initiatives and awareness programs. This study takes a look at a destination’s perceived coolness, how it is manifested through destination service quality and tourist app use, and how it affects an individual’s revisit intention based on structural and interpersonal constraints.

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, it drastically changed the way that many consumers conducted their shopping for almost all their needs. This created a dramatic increase in online purchases, causing global e-commerce sales to skyrocket to 26.7 billion dollars, up four percent from the previous year (UNCTAD, 2021). This surge in sales caused an increase in certain customer segments, resulting in many retailers rethinking their marketing and branding strategies. To many retailers’ surprise, elderly adults aged sixty-five and older began to adopt e-commerce shopping during the pandemic at an overwhelming rate.

E-commerce has seen significant growth since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to changes in consumer preferences and increased pressure on companies to develop effective e-commerce and social media capabilities to retain customers. This study examines the impact of these capabilities on customer retention and firm performance by collecting quantitative data from 160 small U.S. e-commerce companies in the fashion industry. The study finds that customer retention positively relates to firm performance and that factors, including cross-device shopping, payment methods, page speed, standard delivery time, Pinterest activity, and Instagram activity, significantly impact customer retention. The study suggests strategies for companies to remain competitive in the dynamic e-commerce landscape.

This study aimed to examine the operations of school food services to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in schools nationwide. The survey data on school food service operations targeting nutrition teachers and nutritionists at 1,023 schools in 2020 and 1,177 schools in 2021 were used. The year 2021 saw an increase compared to 2020 in the following: ‘average days to be served with meals for a year (144.5 vs. 184.7)', 'provided meals to all students (92.3% vs. 96.6%)', 'utilization of additional staff for foodservice assistance (33.4% vs. 38.8%)', 'installation of partitions (61.2% vs. 83.8%)', 'provision of general diet (96.1% vs. 99.1%)', and 'use of kitchen utensils (91.3% vs. 95.1%)', 'use of cafeteria water cup (9.9% vs. 31.0%)' and 'use of drinking water in school (46.8% vs. 52.1%)'. Compared to 2020, in 2021, it was confirmed that the school food service operations stabilized due to the increase in the normal school attendance rate and that systems were in place for operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the future, it will be necessary to develop manuals and special recipes necessary for responding to infectious diseases, and to operate a manpower pool that can quickly find replacement personnel if required.

Purpose: As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global crisis in 2020, nursing students experienced an abrupt transition from offline to online classes. An in-depth understanding of the online learning experiences of nursing students can be used to reorganize nursing education during the pandemic. Therefore, this study explored the online learning experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was employed. This study used purposive sampling to recruit 20 nursing students from a nursing college. Data were collected between November 2021 and March 2022 using semi-structured focus groups or one-to-one in-depth interviews. The collected data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results: Five main categories emerged from the analysis: (a) ambivalence toward rapidly changing learning methods, (b) becoming familiar with online learning, (c) facing the limitations of online learning environment, (d) discovering the charm of online learning, and (e) making suggestions for future online learning. Conclusion: Nursing students experienced disappointments and concerns about online learning classes in rapidly changing situations but also experienced an efficient aspect. Psychological support and the latest information should be provided to nursing students who may experience psychological distress during this pandemic. Additionally, learning strategies and methods should be reorganized to reflect the characteristics of nursing courses and the preferences of nursing students.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore advanced response policies and psychological and emotional support measures for early infected people in the event of an infectious disease by analyzing the experiences of self-employed women who experienced confirmation in the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with six experiences of self-employed women confirmed with COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic selected through the intentional sampling process, and then analyzed and interpreted through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: Through analyzing the meaningful statement of the study participants, several themes were identified, including “The pressure of dying from an incurable illness”, “The fear of quarantine and the fear of death”, “The difficulty of being a self-employed woman”, “The pain of social stigma”, “The driving force of one’s overcoming”, and “Expansion of perspective due to new experiences”. Conclusion: The study found that participants experienced anxiety and fear during the transfer process and admission to the facility after confirmation, due to the lack of guidance and face-to-face interactions. The non-face-to-face treatment increased their anxiety, as they could not receive accurate information about their health conditions and care. This highlights the impact of inaccurate information regarding COVID-19 and media reports focusing on severely ill patients and deaths. In addition, the study participants experienced social stigma caused by COVID-19, resulting in changes in their interpersonal relationships and life attitudes. Implications are suggested based on the results of this study.

Purpose: This study explored life experiences and meaning attributed to them by older men living alone during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Data were collected from June to July 2022 through face-to-face in-depth interviews with 14 older men living alone and analyzed using the thematic analysis method suggested by Braun and Clarke. Results: The analysis revealed four themes and eight subthemes. 1) Unfamiliar daily life faced in old age due to COVID-19; 2) living a difficult life in a stopped society; 3) a life of constant effort amid change; and 4) daily life adjusting to the new normal amid regret. The participants volunteered to be secluded to adapt to their changed daily life in an isolated society, which led to depression. As time passed, they tried to adapt to their new daily lives by communicating untactfully to shorten their physical distance. Conclusion: This study suggests that it is necessary to understand socially vulnerable classes in national disaster situations and the need for various policies to respond to social isolation. In the future, developing an intervention that allows older men living alone to actively adapt to a changing society and verify its effectiveness is necessary.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in serving frequency of elementary school meal before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Number of menus provided in June and July of 2019 and 2020 were compared for 300 elementary schools in Korea. As a result, the serving frequency of la carte and dessert was increased after COVID-19. In addition, frequencies of main dishes such as pork cutlet, chicken, sweet and sour pork, hamburger steak, and so on using processed food were increased after COVID-19. Because of the longer serving time due to staggered serving, cook's working time for serving meals became longer. Therefore, it was judged that the number of servings of processed food was increased rather than the menu with a large amount of preprocessing work. Moreover, among desserts, fruits showed increased serving frequency. Serving frequencies for juice and dairy products were also increased. However, increased servings of juice and dairy products could increase sugar intake. Thus, a careful plan for menu composition is needed to provide balanced nutrients to students under emergency situations such as an infectious disease.