The family Nitidulidae, the largest group in Cucujoidea, comprises approximately 350 genera and nearly 4,500 recorded species across ten subfamilies. In Korea, 86 species of Nitidulidae have been recorded. They are well-known for their diverse feeding habits. Anthophagy is a common habit, with certain species from the Epuraeinae, Carpophilinae, and Meligethinae recognized as pollinators. Despite their ecological significance, these groups rarely studied in Korea, due to their small size and morphological similarities. Our study reviews Korean species in three subfamilies, identifying 14 unrecorded species and 2 newly described species, and describes their ecological habits.

현재 기후변화 및 산업화 등으로 생물다양성 감소, 환경오염에 대한 위기가 확산되고 있어 지속가능한 미래설 계에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 대표 도시숲인 국립세종수목원에 조성된 총 16개 전시원을 대상으로 총 6차례에 걸쳐 방문곤충과 화분매개곤충 다양성을 조사하였다. 조사시기별 분석결과로 2차(‘23.7.31) 조사 시기에 가장 다양한 종을 확인할 수 있었으며(총 80종), 전시원별 분석결과 숲정원에서 가장 다양한 종을 확인할 수 있었다(총 59종). 또한 주요 식물 6종(배롱나무, 나무수국, 무궁화, 좀개미취, 범부채, 부처 꽃)에 7~10월 기간 중 양봉꿀벌, 애황나나니, 호박벌, 네발나비, 호랑나비, 흰점박이꽃무지, 호리꽃등에, 배짧은 꽃등에가 화분매개 행동을 하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 발표에서는 2023년 국립세종수목원 전시원 내 방문곤충 및 화분매개곤충 다양성 연구의 구체적인 결과를 제시하고, 곤충의 보전 필요성, 도시숲 내 체계적인 방문곤충 및 화분매개곤충 조사의 중요성에 대하여 논하고자 한다.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

To substitute for bluebottle fly, Chrysomyia megacephala which is being used for pollinator in mango fruit, and improve the pollinating effect of mango fruit which is also being increased as high value added crop recently in Jeju island of korea, 2 kinds of pollinator were used in analyzing and surveying of foraging activities on mango fruit in Seogwipo province. This study was conducted using 3 species of pollinator, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Chrysomyia megacephala with 3 treatment in vinyl-house condition respectively. Species of mango fruit, Irwin, was used in this experiment. A number of foraging activity of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris in hive showed highest 11 AM, and showed normal foraging activity in high temperature condition(28℃). Pollinating ratio of Bombus terrestris was shown 100% and over 95% in case of Apis mellifera. This ratio suggest that the 2 species of insects is effective as pollinator on mango fruit compared with bluebottle fly. Daily pollinating activity of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris was shown peak in 11 AM, but showed even activity from 9 AM to 3 PM in case of Chrysomyia megacephala. The pollinating characteristics of 3 species depends on illuminance but temperature, especially in case of Bombus terrestris was more affected by change of illuminance. Visiting time of Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera on this flower was shown 2.8 and 3.4 seconds respectively. But Chrysomyia megacephala showed longer 10 times with 32.5 seconds than other insects. This results suppose that Chrysomyia megacephala showed as resting behavior for almost time on the flower not foraging activity to pollinate.

The time-zone of pollinating activity according to numbers of Apis mellifera hive released in the strawberry(Maehyang var.) houses was together from 9A.M. to 4P.M., and the peak times of pollinating activity were between 11A.M and 1P.M.. The effects on pollinating activity according to numbers of A .mellifera hive released in the strawberry houses were ordered 5bee combs(11,000heads), 4bee combs(8,800heads) and 3bee combs(6,600heads). The rate of workers lost in A. mellifera hives with 5bee combs and 4bee combs during the strawberry cultivating period were lower than that of 3bee combs. The rates of fruit set by pollinating activity according to numbers of A.mellifera hive released in the strawberry houses were same level with 99%. The fruit qualities; No. of seeds, sugar content and rate of normal fruit set were same level, but fruit weight was ordered 5bee combs in 16.9g, 4bee combs in 16.4g and 3bee combs in 15.6g. The rate of marketable fruit of 4bee combs and 5bee combs were 5% to 9% higher than that of 3bee combs, respectively.

The time-zone of pollinating activity relative to numbers released of Apis mellifera in the strawberry(Janghui var.) houses was together from 9A.M. to 4P. M., and the peak time of pollinating activity was 1P.M.. The effects on pollinating activity relative to the comb numbers in the honeybee hive released in the strawberry houses were ordered 5bee combs(11,000heads), 3bee combs(6,600heads) and 4bee combs(8,800heads). The rate of workers lost in A. mellifera hives with 5bee combs during the strawberry cultivating period were lower than those of 3bee combs and 4bee combs. The rates of fruit set by pollinating activity relative to the comb numbers in the honeybee hive released in the strawberry houses were same level with over 98%. The fruit qualities; number of seeds, sugar content and rate of normal fruit set were same level, but fruit weights was recorded 5bee combs with 40.8g, and 4bee combs and 3bee combs were showed with 37.8g. The marketing income of 5bee combs was 8% higher than that of 4bee combs and of 3bee combs, respectively.

The time-zone of pollinating activity relative to numbers released of Apis mellifera in the strawberry(Seolhyang var.) houses was together from 9A.M. to 4P. M., and the peak time of pollinating activity was 11A.M.. The effects on pollinating activity relative to the comb number in the honeybee hive released at the strawberry houses were ordered 5bee combs(11,000heads), 4bee combs (8,800heads) and 3bee combs (6,600heads). The rate of workers lost in A. mellifera hives with 5bee combs and 4bee combs during the strawberry cultivating period were lower than that of 3bee combs. The rates of fruit set by pollinating activity relative to the comb number in the honeybee hive released at the strawberry houses were same level with over 98%. The fruit qualities; No. of seeds, sugar content and rate of normal fruit set were same level, but fruit weights were ordered 5bee combs in 37.2g, 4bee combs in 35.6g and 3bee combs in 32.6g. The marketing incomes of 4bee combs and 5bee combs were 9% to 13% higher than that of 3bee combs, respectively.

Bombus terrestris was released for pollination of apple flowers at apple orchards in Uileumgol, Milyang-sity, mid spring, 2008. Numbers of out-going bees and in-coming bees were 38heads at 10 a.m. and 23heads at 4 p.m., respectively. 75% bees per total in-coming bees collected the pollens about 10 a.m. and 63% bees per total in-coming bees collected the pollens around 4 p.m.. The SEM photography(A) showed that 82.7% of a pollen load were collected on apple flowers and 17.3% of a pollen load were collected from another plants and trees flowers. The another SEM photography(B) showed that 89.1% of a pollen load were collected on apple flowers and 10.9% of a pollen load were collected from another plants and trees flowers. Therefore these results show that B. terrestris mainly pollinates on the apple flowers but the bee seems to visit flowers of other plant species from time to time.

To increase the fruit quality of the Japanese apricot, 3 species of insects, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia cornifrons were used for pollination in Japanese apricot field in Jinju and Sancheong province. And also economical effect for crops of Japanese apricot fruit pollinated with same insect was analyzed. This study was also conducted using 3 kinds of methods for pollination effect, natural condition, net-house and control method. Because blooming period of Japanese apricot was different from the other fruit tree(Blooming time of Japanese apricot shows always in the middle of the March), foraging behavior of insects used in this examination showed different tendency each other. Especially O. cornifrons was not adapted to wind and lower temperature compared with A. mellifera and B. terrestris in this field condition. Rate of fruit set pollinated with A. mellifera and B. terrestris was showed 14.9% and 13% respectively. But O. cornifrons was lower than another 2 kinds of insects with 6% of fruit setting rate. Total rate of fruit set of Japanese apricot showed lower tendency compared with other kinds of fruit tree with under 30%. Quality of fruit pollinated with A. mellifera and B. terrestris showed higher than O. cornifrons in natural field condition in fruit weight. Economical income of Japanese apricot fruit producted by A. mellifera showed highest with 185% of benefit effect, and B. terrestris with 143% compared with natural field condition.

This study was surveyed the effects by pollinating activity of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris released in the paprika vinyl-houses. The foraging activity and behaviour of A. mellifera and B. terrestris visited on the paprika flowers were nearly alike. The pick times of pollinating activity by A. mellifera and B. terrestris were showed the hightest at 11:00 and 15:00, and 09:00 to 11:00, respectively. The rate of fruit set by A. mellifera and B. terrestris released for pollinating paprika were same level with 94%, and these rate were higher than the fruit setting rate which was 92% by fan operated. The qualities of paprika produced by pollinators released were higher than those by fan operated. And weight per fruit, number of seeds per fruit and economical profit per 2,310 ㎡ were over 10% higher than those by fan operated. Therefore the economical effects by the pollinating activities of A. mellifera and B. terrestris released in the paprika vinyl-houses were obviously demonstrated.

The pollinating activity of bumblebee, Bombus ignitus was investigated at the blossom of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] planted in vinyl house. The major time of foraging activity by B. ignitus was between 08:00 and 7:00, and the peak time of pollinating activity by B. ignitus was 11:00 in the peach vinyl house from February 28 to March 5 in 2002. The rate of fruit set and the rate of marketable fruit by foraging activity of B. ignitus were much better than artificial pollination, and the effect of labor reduction by the pollinating activities of B. ignitus released against the artificial pollination was took remarkable profits over 93%. Therefore, the foraging activity of B. ignitus in peach vinyl house brought satisfactory results among the rate of fruit set, the rate of marketable fruit and the effect of labor reduction against the artificial pollination.

방울토마토에서 호박벌의 방화활동과 과도한 방화가 토마토 생산물에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 호박벌의 최대 방화활동시각은 08:00였으며, 한 개의 꽃을 방문하기 위하여 걸리는 시간은 평균 11.7초였다. 일벌의 1회 외역활동시 총 방화시간은 평균 41분 37초였으며 평균 195.2개의 꽃을 방문하였다. 평당 2마리의 일벌이 활동한 24시간 소문개방구에서 꽃에 체류하는 시간은 8.85.4초로, 평당 1마리 호박벌이 활동한 1시간 소문개방구에서 체류한 4.03.1초에 비해 두 배 이상 길었다. 1시간 소문개방구의 토마토 수술의 색깔은 대부분 갈색인 반면, 24시간 소문개방구는 잦은 방화에 의해 흑갈색으로 변하였다. 1시간 소문개방구의 토마토 4-6화방의 평균 착과율은 48.9%로서 24시간 소문개방구의 착과율 43.3%와 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 과실내 종자 수는 24시간 소문개방구가 64.0개로 1시간 개방구 55.3개에 비해 많았다. 1시간 소문개방구와 24시간 소문개방구간의 과중은 각각 25.4g과 24.4g,과실의 당도는 모두 5.1%로 차이가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 방울토마토의 경우 호박벌 일벌의 과도한 방화활동으로 인하여 생산물에 미치는 영향은 없는 것으로 조사되었다.

Hordeum bulbosum에 의한 보리 반수체 이용육종은 단기간에 목적 형질을 고정하는 일반적인 이점 외에 세포학적으로 안정된 많은 반수체를 용이하게 얻을 수 있는 기능성이 있기 때문에 이 방법의 실용화을 제고하기 위한 방법을 체계화하기 위해 일년의 실험을 실시하였으며 우선, H. bulbosum의 여러 형질의 특성 및 재배종과의 교배시 유배형성율등을 조사하였다. H. bulbosum은 H. vulgare에 비하여 간이 가늘고 간장이 길며 세엽이나, 수장이 길고 수당영화수가 2배이상 많으며 수장개화일수가 3배이상 길었으며, H bulbosumrks에는 차이가 적었다. H. bulbosum중 4배체는 2배체에 비하여 유배형성율은 8%, 식물체 발생율은 2배이상 높으나 염색체의 일부가 완전히 소실되지 않으므로 보리의 반수체를 이용한 육종에는 활용할 수 없는 것으로 인정되었다.