The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Fundamentals No. SF-1 Safety Principle 7 states that people and the environment, present and future, must be protected against radiation risk. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the safety of radioactive waste repositories on a longterm time scale to ensure future safety. However, IAEA-TECDOC-767 states that the long-term time scale of interest means that the risk or dose to future individuals cannot be reliably predicted because it relies on assumptions. Therefore, evaluating the safety of long-term time scales should use safety indicators that are less dependent on assumptions. Radiotoxicity is one of the safety indicators that represent an inherent risk from radioactive waste. It has been mainly used to show the time required until the hazard presented by waste decreases to that of natural uranium ore and is easy to use in communication with the public. There are several methods for calculating Radiotoxicity. Radioactivity is multiplied by a Dose Conversion Factor (DCF) to be expressed in Sv units, or radioactivity be divided into Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) to be expressed in m3 units as the amount of water needed to dilute the radionuclide to the permitted level. It is also often made dimensionless through comparison with reference materials like uranium ore. Radiotoxicity varies in size several times, even if it is a waste of similar origins and components, depending on the Radiological variable (e.g., Annual Limitation Intake (ALI), Dose Conversion Factor (DCF), Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC), Activity). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference when different radiological variables were substituted. This study compares and analyzes their differences using various MPCs or DCFs used in each country. In addition, this study analyzes radionuclides that influence radiotoxicity with several radiological variables. This study introduces the effects of substituting different radiological variables.

In nuclear facilities, a graded approach is applied to achieve safety effectively and efficiently. It means that the structures, systems, and components (SSCs) that are important to safety should be assured to be high quality. Accordingly, SSCs that consist of nuclear facilities should be classified with respect to their safety importance as several classes, so that the requirements of quality assurance relevant to the designing, manufacturing, testing, maintenance, etc. can be applied. Guidance for the safety classification of SSCs consisting of nuclear power plants and radioactive waste management facilities was developed by U.S.NRC and IAEA. Especially, in guidance for nuclear power plants, safety significance can be evaluated as following details. The single SSC that mitigates or/and prevents the radiological consequence or hazard was assumed to be failure or malfunction as the initiating event/accident occurred and the following radiological consequence was evaluated. Considering both the consequence and frequency of the occurrence of the initiating event/accident, the safety significance of each SSC can be evaluated. Based on the evaluated safety significance, a safety class can be assigned. The guidance for the safety classification of the spent nuclear fuel dry storage systems (DSS) was also developed in the United States (NUREG/CR-6407) and the U.S.NRC acknowledges the application of it to the safety classification of DSS in the United States. Also, worldwide including the KOREA, that guidance has been applied to several DSSs. However, the guidance does not include the methodology for classifying the safety or the evaluated safety significance of each SSC, and the classification criteria are not based on quantitative safety significance but are expressed somewhat qualitatively. Vendors of DSS may have difficulties to apply this guidance appropriately due to the different design characteristics of DSSs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety significance of representative SSCs in DSS. A framework was established to evaluate the safety significance of SSCs performing safety functions related to radiation shielding and confinement of radioactive materials. Furthermore, the framework was applied to the test case.

Nuclear safety, security, and safeguards (nuclear 3S) are essential components for establishing robust nuclear environments. Nuclear safety is to protect public and environments from radioactive contamination, which can be caused in accidents. Nuclear security is to protect nuclear facilities from terrorism or sabotage, which related to physical a ttacks or insider threats. And nuclear safeguards is to protect nuclear materials from extortion by a state with a purpose of weaponizing activities. When a new nuclear facility is introduced, it is possible to save abundant amount of resources by considering nuclear 3S in an early stage (design phases). Initially, the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) recommended safeguards-by-design (SBD) approach. The concept of SBD gradually expands to nuclear 3S-by-design (3SBD). Though there are differences in purpose and target subject, each nuclear ‘S’ is closely related with others. When introducing a certain technology or equipment in order to enhance one ‘S’, another ‘S’ also get affected. The effect can be synergies or conflicts. For instance, confidential information in nuclear security is required for a safeguards activity. On the contrary, inspection equipment for safeguards can be used for security. Pyroprocessing is a technology for managing used nuclear fuels. As pyroprocessing is a backend fuel cycle technology, a sensitive nuclear technology, safeguards has taken a large portion of nuclear 3S research in an effort to achieve international credibility and nuclear transparency. As mentioned, there are both synergies and conflicts in integrating nuclear 3S. In this study, we investigate potential challenges in applying nuclear 3S integration to pyroprocessing by addressing synergies and conflicts. This approach will suggest required supplementary methods to build the reliable pyroprocessing environment.

Due to the aging of a building, 38.8% (about 2.82 million buildings) of the total buildings are old for more than 30 years after completion and are located in a blind spot for an inspection, except for buildings subject to regular legal inspection (about 3%). Such existing buildings require users to self-inspect themselves and make efforts to take preemptive risks. The scope of this study was defined as the general public's visual self-inspection of buildings and was limited to structural members that affect the structural stability of old buildings. This study categorized possible damage to reinforced concrete to check the structural safety of buildings and proposed a checklist to prevent the damage. A damage assessment methodology was presented during the inspection, and a self-inspection scenario was tested through a chatbot connection. It is believed that it can increase the accessibility and convenience of non-experts and induce equalized results when performing inspections, according to the chatbot guide.

2021년 7월 자치경찰제가 실시되면서, 지역 안전에 대한 관심이 고조 되었다. 지금까지 지역 안전은 전통적 의미의 치안 관점에서 접근하였으 나, 안전에 대한 여성의 두려움이 증가하면서, 지역에서의 안전이 더이상 치안의 차원에 머무를 수 없게 되었다. 그러나, 지역 안전을 확인할 수 있는 안전지표는 안전에 대한 취약성을 주로 측정하고 있어, 여성의 범 죄에 대한 두려움이나 예방적 차원의 지표는 포함되어 있지 않았다. 따 라서, 본 연구는 지역의 안전을 측정할 수 있는 새로운 안전지표의 구성 이 필요하며, 새로운 안전지표는 성인지적 관점의 적용으로부터 출발하 였다. 새로운 안전지표는 기존 안전이론과 함께 성인지 감수성 이론에 기반하여, 4개 영역 22개 지표를 구성하였다. 이 연구는 새로운 안전지 표를 개발하기 위한 것으로 지표가 적합한지를 탐색적으로 조사하였다. 이를 위해 성인지 전문가와 자치경찰 전문가를 대상으로 델파이 조사를 실시한 후 적합한 지표를 제시하였다. 조사 결과, 영역별 적합도는 높은 편이었고, 22개 세부 지표 가운데 14개 지표는 적합, 1개 지표는 부적 합, 7개 지표는 고려할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향 후 자치경찰제 실시에 따른 지역 안전 지표를 구성하는 데 기여할 것으 로 기대할 수 있다.

Root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, inflicts significant greenhouse crop damage, causing over 40% economic losses. While chemical agents effectively control RKN, they leave harmful residue in soil and crops. To address this issue, we investigated soil-derived entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in this study. We assessed the nematicidal impact of ten EPF species through in vivo and in vitro tests. Beauveria bassiana JEF-503 exhibited nematicidal effectiveness exceeding 65% in both experimental settings. In a semi-field test using greenhouse pots, we experimented with the application of B. bassiana JEF-503 suspension during tomato growth, which is an uncommon practice in comparison to chemical treatments due to residue concerns. B. bassiana JEF-503 was applied during transplantation, and the same application was repeated four weeks later. JEF-503 One-time and abamectin treatments were used as control groups. The JEF-503 two-time application notably reduced root damage compared to single JEF-503 or abamectin treatment. In conclusion, JEF-503 offers a promising, residue-free, and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical agents for RKN management.

This study uses FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) and HAZOP (Hazard and Operability), which are widely applied in industrial areas, among risk assessment methods, and applies them to the same system. While FMECA evaluates system failure conditions and analyzes risks, HAZOP evaluates the system comprehensively by evaluating operational risks that may occur based on system parameters. According to data released by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, as of December 2021, the length of roads in Korea is 113,405 km, and the repair of guardrails that have expired must be fixed urgently in terms of traffic safety. Replacing all of these guardrails with new ones requires a very large cost, but if the guardrails are repaired with a vehicle equipped with the G-Save method, carbon emissions are reduced, the repair period is shortened, and great economic benefits can be obtained. However, risk assessment for guardrail coating vehicles has not been done so far. Focusing on this point, this study aims to evaluate the risk of these coating vehicles and describe the results. Finally, we found that the Risk Priority Numbers(RPN) in the FMECA risk assessment were greatly reduced, and 6 risk factors from HAZOP risk assessment and actions were taken.

본 연구의 목적은 미국, 영국, 독일, 일본의 학교안전 법제를 살펴봄으로 써, 국내 학교안전에 시사하는 바를 논하고 제시하는 데에 있다. 외국사례를 통해 우리나라 학교안전사고 예방 및 학교안전관리시스템이 보다 실효성 있 게 작동하도록 몇 가지 적용 및 시사점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 학교 안전관리 책임을 명확히 하고 학교안전교육을 지원하는 법제의 명문화와 「학교폭력예 방법」, 「학교안전법」, 「학교보건법」을 「학교안전보건법」으로 통합할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 국가 책임을 강화하는 차원에서 충분한 예산 지원과 인력 확보 및 교직원의 안전 전문성 향상을 위한 제도 마련, 그리고 일원화된 전문기관 등이 필요하다. 셋째, 「학교안전법」을 「산업안전보건법」 수준으로 업그레이 드할 필요가 있고, 독일의 사회보험 수준으로 학교안전공제회의 역량을 제고 할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 체계적인 시스템과 실효성 있는 매뉴얼에 의해 작동되 도록 학교안전망을 촘촘하게 구축할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 예방활동과 안전 교육의 패러다임을 전환할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 평소 지역 유관기관·단체 등 과 안전시스템을 긴밀하게 공유, 연계할 필요가 있다. 일곱째, 실효성 있는 학교안전 위험성 평가를 실시하여 사고 발생률을 낮출 필요가 있다. 여덟째, 학교 보안을 더욱 강화할 필요가 있다. 아홉째, 학생안전 법제에 학생의 권리 와 의무를 함께 명시할 필요가 있다. 열 번째, 우리나라도 ‘갭 이어(Gap Ye ar)’ 제도 도입을 검토할 필요가 있다. 이상의 논의와 제시를 통해, 국내 학 교안전 및 학교안전 법제의 긍정적 변화를 기대한다.

Public institutions have a responsibility to ensure the safety of their employees and the public. One way to do this is to implement a systematic safety inspection system based on risk assessments and continuous improvements. This study developed a systematic safety inspection system for public institutions that are ordered construction projects. The proposed system in this study consists of a three-step process: (1) developing safety grade evaluation tables, (2) preparing and conducting safety inspections, and (3) evaluating and improving safety management grades. The first step is to develop safety grade evaluation tables by analysis and diagnosis of the construction site's work type, disaster statistics, and related laws. The second step is to conduct safety inspections using the developed evaluation tables. The third step is to determine the safety management grade based on the results of the safety inspection, and to improve risk factors found during the safety evaluation. The proposed system was implemented in highway construction projects carried out by public institutions. The results showed that the proposed system has two major effects: (1) reducing accident-related deaths and injuries, (2) improving safety management levels by continuous evaluation and improvement. The proposed system can be utilized in construction projects ordered by public institutions to improve the level of occupational safety and health.

In order to solve the rapidly increasing domestic delivery volume and various problems in the recent metropolitan area, domestic researchers are conducting research on the development of “Urban Logistics System Using Underground Space” using existing urban railway facilities in the city. Safety analysis and scenario analysis should be performed for the safe system design of the new concept logistics system, but the scenario analysis techniques performed in previous studies so far do not have standards and are defined differently depending on the domain, subject, or purpose. In addition, it is necessary to improve the difficulty of clearly defining the control structure and the omission of UCA in the existing STPA safety analysis. In this study, an improved scenario table is proposed for the AGV horizontal transport device, which is a key equipment of an urban logistics system using underground space, and a process model is proposed by linking systematic STPA safety analysis and scenario analysis, and UCA and Control Structure Guidelines are provided to create a safety analysis.

This study analyzed the factors affecting the educational effect of safety innovation education for management of public institutions. A survey was conducted on 294 CEOs and executive directors of public institutions (divided into construction sites, workplaces, and research facilities) subject to the safety management rating system to understand the impact of educational participants' characteristics and behavioral intentions after safety innovation education. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that the executive director had a higher behavioral intention than the CEO, and the education quality, education instructor, and educational environment all had a significant positive (+) effect on the behavioral intention. This study can be used as basic data for further research related to safety innovation education for management of public institutions

As the importance of artificial intelligence grows rapidly and emerges as a leader in technology, it is becoming an important variable in the next-generation industrial system along with the robot industry. In this study, a safety system was developed using deep learning technology to provide worker safety in a robot workplace environment. The implemented safety system has multiple cameras installed with various viewing directions to avoid blind spots caused by interference. Workers in various scenario situations were detected, and appropriate robot response scenarios were implemented according to the worker's risk level through IO communication. For human detection, the YOLO algorithm, which is widely used in object detection, was used, and a separate robot class was added and learned to compensate for the problem of misrecognizing the robot as a human. The performance of the implemented system was evaluated by operator detection performance by applying various operator scenarios, and it was confirmed that the safety system operated stably.

As the first step of risk management, risk identification is inevitable to understand the degree of work safety. However, the safety requirements can be divided in necessary factors and additional factors. Thus, we propose a safety requirements assessment model using Kano model derived from Herzberg’s two-factor theory, classifying safety requirements into ideal elements and must-be elements. The Kano model is usually applied to evaluate customer satisfaction divided into three major requirements in the fields of product development and marketing: attractive, must-be, and one-dimensional requirements. Among them, attractive requirement and must-be requirement are matched with ideal element and must-be element for safety requirement classification, respectively. The ideal element is defined as preventive safety elements to make systems more safe and the must-be element is referred to as fatal elements to be essentially eliminated in systems. Also, coefficients of safety measurement and safety prevention are developed to classify different class of safety requirements. The positioning map is finally visualized in terms of both coefficients to compare the different features. Consequently, the proposed model enables safety managers to make a decision between safety measurement and prevention.

본 연구의 목적은 범죄피해에 대한 두려움, 지역사회 내 사회적 무질서, 물리적 무질서, CCTV 에 대한 체감안전도 변수 간의 상관성을 확인하고, CCTV에 대한 체감안전도의 영향요인을 살펴보는 데 있다. 연구대상자는 H시에 소재한 1개 대학교의 학생 140명으로, 2022년 06월 17일∼2022년 08월 25일 까지 설문조사를 하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 23.0 program을 이용하여 기술통계량, Pearson’s correlation, Stepwise multiple regression으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 범죄피해에 대한 두려움은 지역사회 특성 중 사회 적 무질서, 물리적 무질서, CCTV에 대한 체감안전도와, 사회적 무질서는 물리적 무질서, CCTV에 대한 체감안전도와, 물리적 무질서는 CCTV에 대한 체감안전도와 상관성이 있었다. CCTV에 대한 체감안전도 의 영향요인은 범죄피해에 대한 두려움과 사회적 무질서로 나타났으며, 수정된 결정계수(Adjusted R²)는 .572로 설명력은 57.2%이었다. 결론적으로 범죄피해에 대한 두려움과 사회적 무질서 인식개선을 통해 CCTV에 대한 체감안전도를 높이는 방안이 필요하다.

본 연구는 노인 요양병원 간호사의 환자안전관리 활동 영향요인을 파악하여 노인 요양병원의 환자안전사고를 예방하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 실시한 서술적 조사연구이다. 대상자는 노인 요 양병원 간호사 220명이며, 자료수집은 2023년 2.1~2.28일까지 실시 하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 29.0 프로그램 이용하여 t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe’s test, Person’s correlation coefficients, Multiple linear regression으로 분석하였다. 환자 안전동기는 환자안전도(r=.41, p<.001), 환자안전도는 환자안전관리 활동 (r=.18, p<.01)과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 환자안전관리 활동에 가장 유의한 영향요인은 환자안전도(β =.21, p<.001)와 환자안전지침서(β=.16, p<.001)로 나타났고, 설명력은 7.5%였다(Adj R2=.075, p<.001). 따라서 환자안전관리 활동 역량을 증진시키기 위해 안전사고 발생 이전에 사고를 미연에 방지하도록 위험 예지 훈련과 함께 안전사고 후 효과적인 대처를 위한 실습교육을 강화하는 환자안전 교육 프로그램 개발과 적용을 제안한다.