Among the different types of seaweed that are cultivated in Korea for food, Capsosiphon fulvescensis the filamentous green alga with the highest production value. However, its harvest yield varies significantly from year to year due to its dependence on the natural seeding method. The present study aimed to identify the conditions affecting the formation of cyst-zygotes that can be utilized as artificial seeds during the life cycle of C. fulvescens. Gametangia and zygotes of C. fulvescens were found to be highly developed at temperatures above 15°C, with a maximum gametangial development rate of about 35% observed after 7 days of culture. The formation of zygotes into cystzygotes was induced within 7 days in all temperature conditions, but after 30 days of culturing, cyst-zygotes germinated into filamentous thalli at temperatures above 20°C, while the most stable formation and stabilization were observed at 15°C. Cystzygotes formed at 15°C showed high growth when they were transferred to 25°C conditions, and zoospores matured inside the cells. The production of cyst-zygotes was mostly influenced by temperature, and a gradual increase in temperature was found to be necessary for the formation and growth of cyst-zygotes. The culture conditions facilitating the formation of cyst-zygotes reported in this study can be useful for the production of artificial seeds and breeding technology for the effective cultivation of seaweed.

This research investigated the preparation of activated carbon derived from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed shells to improve the quality of crude glycerol obtained during biodiesel production. The activated carbon was prepared using a dry chemical activation method with NaOH, utilizing an innovative biomass incinerator. The results revealed that the resulting KC/AC-two-step exhibited favorable physicochemical adsorption properties, with a high surface area of 758.72 m2/g and an iodine number of 611.10 mg/g. These values meet the criteria of the industrial product standard for activated carbon No. TIS 900-2004, as specified by the Ministry of Industry in Thailand. Additionally, the adsorption efficiency for methylene blue reached an impressive 99.35 %. This developed activated carbon was then used to improve the quality of crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production. The experimental results showed that the KC/AC-two-step increased the purity of crude glycerol to 73.61 %. In comparison, commercially available activated carbon (C/AC) resulted in a higher crude glycerol purity of 81.19 %, as analyzed by the GC technique. Additionally, the metal content (Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, and Na) in purified glycerol using KC/AC-two-step was below the standards for heavy metals permitted in food and cosmeceuticals by the Food and Drug Administration of Thailand and the European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles. As a result, it can be inferred that Krabok seed shells have favorable properties for producing activated carbon suitable as an adsorbent to enhance crude glycerol purity. Furthermore, the improved crude glycerol from this research has potential for various industrial applications.

Potato is an important cash crop of Pakistan and widely cultivated in plains and mountains of Punjab. Khyber Pakhtun Khawa Gilgit Baltistan, on an area of 0.313 million hectares in summer, autumn and spring with an annual production of 07.9 million tons. In Pakistan potato yield is 25.2 tons per hectare, which is although above the world average but comparatively low as compare to the potential and other advance potato growing countries because of several reasons. Availability of healthy seeds and advance production technology are the major constraints to achieve the higher potato production goals. It is very alarming that in spite of good position in potato growing countries, we are unable to produce good quality seed. In Pakistan >01% quality seed is available against the seed demand around 0.5-0.7 million tons per annum and mostly depend upon the imported seed 15000-20000 tons per annum. Tissue culture industry has been a proven global technology in potato seed production, so it is dire need of the growing population and climatic change to adopt these modern technologies of potato production for sustainable and higher production and income to contribute potato growing farmers of Pakistan. It is possible with the commercial use of tissue culture and allied techniques as aeroponic potato seed production along with good management and plant protection measures to provide indigenous high vigor and high yield potential potato seed. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council has established Aeroponic Potato Seed Production facility at National Agricultural Research Center with the collaboration of Korean Govt RDA-KOPIA Pakistan. The Aeroponics is a modern technology for growing plants by providing a nutrient solution in the air without soil. Plants grow rapidly in the growth chamber under the aseptic environment, balanced nutrition and sufficient oxygen availability that improves potatoes production in the aeroponic system. This can produce 10 times more yield than conventional production systems. Aeroponics techniques are credited for making potato yield more efficient, and can reduce the number of steps in the potato seed multiplication. Through tissue culture and aeroponics facilities development in Pakistan, first ever more than 200,000 nucleus mini harvested at NARC from the autumn 2021 and spring 2022 planation at KOPIA screen houses. Further seed multiplication from the harvest is under progress at up hills and more than 500,000 tubers (G1) are expected to be harvested during October-November 2022. It is very encouraging, impressive and successful venture of KOPIA at Pakistan for the potato seed production and self-sufficiency to insure food security in the country.

KOPIA 필리핀 센터는 2015년부터 2019년까지 벼 우량종자 증식과 보급 시범사업을 위해 Iloilo 지역 시범마을에 양수기 지원 및 관개수로 확충을 통하여 Sinibaan 50 ha와 Tabucan 65 ha 등 총 115 ha 면적의 관개시설과 ‘Milyang 23’ 등 다수성 품종과 재배기술을 지원하였다. Bohol 지역 시범마을은 japonica 벼 품종 ‘MS 11’의 고순도 종자를 시범마을 농가에 분양하고 재배기술을 지원하였으며 대량 재배를 통해 주변 시장과 연계하는 고급브랜드화 사업을 추진하였다. Iloilo와 Bohol 2개 지역에서의 필리핀 벼 종자증식 및 보급 시범마을사업의 성과분석 결과, 본 사업은 마을에서 요구하는 벼 재배 맞춤형 기술지원과 적절한 기반시설 투입을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 2개 지역 시범마을사업 추진 결과 벼의 평균 생산량은 25.6~29.7%가 증가하였다. 2. 시범마을사업 추진을 통해 2개 지역 평균 순소득은 2~3 배가 향상되었다. 3. 이중차분법(DID)을 이용하여 분석한 농가 소득은 Iloilo 주 건기 22.2%, 우기 0.2%, Bohol 주 건기 47.3%, 우기 48.5%로 향상되었다. 4. 시범마을사업 참여 농가의 만족도와 계속 참여 의향은 7 점 만점에 5.4~6.7 범위로 향후 동일한 사업이 진행된다면 다시 참여하겠다는 농가 비율이 상대적으로 높은 경향을 보였다.

‘Choyoung’, a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar ‘Choyoung’ has the leaves of medium width, long length and green color and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of the cultivar ‘Choyoung’ was April 30 which was 2 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. Its tolerance or resistance to cold, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust was similar to those of the check cultivar. But the resistance to the lodging of cultivar ‘Choyoung’ was stronger than that of the check. The average forage fresh and dry matter yield of cultivar ‘Choyoung’ at milk-ripe stages were 40.5 and 15.7 MT ha-1, respectively, which were similar to those (40.3 and 16.1 MT ha-1) of the check cultivar. The silage quality of ‘Choyoung’ was higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in crude protein content (5.9%), while was similar to the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in acid detergent fiber (33.9%), neutral detergent fiber (57.3%), and total digestible nutrients (62.2%). It showed a grain yield of 5.59 MT ha-1, which was 38% higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (4.05 MT ha-1). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -10 ℃.

This experiment was conducted at Suwon, Korea from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the optimum seeding rate, and to clarify the nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in central and north area of Korea. We used Korean rye cultivar ‘Gogu’ for this test. We employed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were designed by three seeding levels (3, 5 and 7 kg 10a-1), but other sub-plots were randomly seeded. The plots were treated with three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (3, 6 and 9 kg 10a-1). The percentage of productive tiller, number of grain per spike, fertility rate, 1 liter weight, and 1000-grain weight decreased as seeding rate increased from 3 kg 10a-1 to 7 kg 10a-1, whereas the number of spike per ㎡ increased. Therefore the grain yields of rye had less of an effect by increasing seeding rate. There was an increase in number of spike per ㎡, number of grain per spike, and fertility rate as nitrogen fertilizer level increased from 3 kg 10a-1 to 9 kg 10a-1, but grain yields significantly not affected by the interaction of seeding rate × nitrogen fertilizer levels. However, the best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and 5∼6 kg 10a-1, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.

본 실험은 횡성지역내 조사료 자급을 위한 귀리(Avena sativa L.)의 채종재배 적합성을 평가하고자 2016년 3월부터 7월까지 강원 횡성 시험포장(전작)에서 수행되었다. 공시품종은 춘파귀리인 ‘하이스피 드’를 이용하여 서로 다른 수준의 파종량과 질소시비량을 통해 출수특성, 생육특성, 수량성 등을 평가하 였다. 이를 바탕으로 횡성 지역 내 채종재배를 위한 귀리의 적정 파종량과 질소시비량을 얻고자 수행되 었다. 파종량 및 질소시비량에 따른 귀리의 출현일수 및 출수일수는 각각 8일, 74일로 모든 시험구에서 동일하게 나타났으며, 출수기 이후 성숙기까지의 소요일수는 12일로 모든 시험구에서 동일하게 나타났 다. 파종량에 따른 귀리의 초장 및 수장은 파종량 130kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 단위면적당 경 수와 수수는 파종량 160kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 1수립수, 1수립중, 천립중(千粒重)과 리 터중은 파종량 100kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 파종량에 따른 종실수량은 파종량 100kg/ha 시험 구에서 4.5t/ha로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 질소시비량에 따른 귀리의 초장, 간장 및 수장은 질소시 비량 50kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 경수와 수수는 질소시비량 70kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 질소시비량에 따른 1수립수, 1수립중, 천립중(千粒重), 리터중은 질소시비량 70kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 질소시비량에 따른 종실수량은 질소시비량 50kg N/ha 시험구에서 4.5t/ha로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 채종재배는 종실의 수확이 목적이므로 수확지수와 종실수량을 우선적으로 고려했을때, 횡성지역 내 조사료 자급을 위한 귀리 채종 재배에 있어 적정 파종량은 100kg/ha, 적정 질소시비량은 50kg N/ha가 적합 할 것으로 판단된다.

This experiment was carried out in experiment field at Hoengseong from March to July 2015 to evaluate the seed productivity and feed value of oats (Avena sativa L.) according to the difference of seeding date. The experiment was arranged randomized complete design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three seeding dates (12, 22 March and 2 April). The emergence and heading of oat showed a tendency to accelerate as the seeding date was delayed while the number of days taken for the flowering after the heading remained unchanged. The plant height, panicle length, number of culm, and number of panicle all tended to decrease with the delay of seeding date. The seed yield showed a significant difference with 3.55 ton/ha in 12 March and 2.38 ton/ha in 2 April (p<0.05). The dry matter yield also showed significantly different in 12 March and 2 April which were 6.57 ton/ha and 4.56 ton/ha, respectively (p<0.05). The feed value measured as CP (crude pretein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) showed no difference according to the seeding date. In the case of RFV (relative feed value), a decrease with the delay of seeding date was observed but only an insignificant difference (p>0.05). As the purpose of this study was not production of roughage but that of the seed, cultivation was in the full-ripe period, hence a relatively low feed value. In conclusion, it is considered that the appropriate seeding date for a spring cultivation of oats for the purpose of seed production in Hoengseong is in early March regarding growth characteristics, seed yield, and feed value.

단수수[Sorghum bicolor (L)]는 당류가 풍부한 사탕수수, 사탕무와 같은 주요 바이오연료 작물 중의 하나이다. 단수수 착즙액은 단수수 줄기를 압착하여 추출하며 주요 성분는 glucose와 fructose 그리고 sucrose로 구성되어 있다. 에탄올은 효모발효공정을 통하여 단수수 착즙액으로부터 쉽게 생산할 수 있다. 단수수 착즙액은 당류 뿐만 아니라 질소나 인산과 같은 다양한 무기영양원도 함유하고 있어 종균 배지로 활용성이 높다. 상업적인 에탄올 생산 공정에서 종균배양은 중요한 발효공정 중의 하나이며 공정비용 절감 을 위해 최적화된 배지가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 섬유질계 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 종균의 배지로서 단수수 착즙액의 특성을 평가하였다. 단수수착즙액의 발효기질 적합성을 평가하기 위해 YPD 및 억새 당화 액을 비교하여 실험하였으며, YPD배지 중 yeast extract 와 peptone은 각각 5 g/L의 농도로 사용하였다. 각각의 기질들은 당 농도가 2%, 5%, 10%가 함유되도록 제조하여 발효를 통한 균체농도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 YPD와 단수수착즙액을 배지로 사용하였을 때 발효 24시간 후에 최대 2.5 x 108 CFU/mL 이상의 균 체농도를 나타내었다. 결과적으로 단수수착즙액은 12시간 발효 후에 1.0 x 108 CFU/mL 균체를 생산하여 섬유질계 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 종균 배지로서 YPD를 대체하여 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number (416.7 per m2) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number per m2. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated mushroom species. Mushroom growers inoculate compost beds with spawn, which is the vegetative mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat can be used in the spawn production of button mushroom. In this study rice seed bag spawn was compared with wheat grain bottle spawn in the spawn production. When the physical properties of two cereal grains were compared the 1000-kernel weight were 32.0g in wheat grain and 24.9g in rice seed. Number of kernels per milliliter were greater in rice seed compared with wheat grain with 24.5. Wheat grain showed 41.0% of total carbon level and 2.49% of total nitrogen level resulting 16.6 C/N ratio. Nitrogen content of rice seed was lower compared to that of wheat with 0.96 resulting 39.5 C/N. It was possible to produce 50kg of rice seed spawn in 22×49cm polypropylene filter bag with only 1~2 shakings compared to 0.45kg of wheat grain spawn in 1,000mL Ringer bottle with 4~5 shakings. Based on the results obtained, rice seed bag spawn would be appropriate substitute for wheat grain spawn in button mushroom.

The study was conducted to determine proper seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for the effective seed production of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) with randomized block design with three replicates by combining both seeding rates (3, 5, and 7 kg/10a) and different nitrogen fertilizer application levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg/10a) in northern area of Gyeongbuk province from Oct. 7, 2013 to Jun. 15, 2014. Emergence and overwintering rates were not influenced but lodging degree was influenced by seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level. High lodging were observed at the seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer levels of more than 5 kg/10a and 6 kg/10a, respectively (p < 0.01). Lodging less than 20% were observed at the seeding rate of 3 kg/10a regardless of the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level, furthermore, no lodging was shown though seeding rate was increased up to 7 kg/10a under the condition without nitrogen fertilizer. No. of leaves per plant, plant height and culm length were increased as affected by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than the increase of seeding rate. Spike length was shortened as affected by the increase of seeding rate while it was lengthened by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level with no interaction effect between the two factors. No. of stems and spikes per m2 were influenced by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than by seeding rate with no interaction effect between the two factors. Grain yield was significantly increased as influenced by the increases of seeding rate (A) and nitrogen fertilizer level (B) with interaction effect (A × B), which resulted in the highest grain yield (310 kg/10a) at the seeding rate of 5 kg/10a and the nitrogen fertilizer level of 3 kg/ 10a. In conclusion, the proper seeding rate and fertilizer application level would be 5 kg/10a and 3 kg/ 10a, respectively to effectively produce the winter rye seeds in northern Gyeongbuk province.

This research project provides the opportunity of foundation for Ministry of Agriculture y Ganaderia (MAG), University of El Savador (UES), and Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA) and potato farmers of El Salvador to implement to achieve the project goal of poverty alleviation, nutrition improvement, and income increase of farmers through the establishment of sustainable self dependent national infrastructure for seed potato production and supply system and organized network of production of farmers. Kangwon National University has been designated by KOICA to implement the APP Track-II Project from April, 2015 to March, 2016. The support activities and research result include 'virus-free seed potato production facilities and laboratory equipment' provided to UES and CENTA, 'technology transfer of virus free seed potato production' such as making substrate, tissue culture, pathology test, subculture, mini tuber production, and some joint research result achievement, and various technological training conducted for participating researchers and local potato farmers for the virus-free seed potato production, table potato and seed potato cultivation technology, and the standard farming technology as well.