Epididymal sperm cryopreservation provides a potential method for preserving genetic material from males of endangered species. This pilot study was conducted to develop a freezing method for tiger epididymal sperm. We evaluated post-thaw sperm condition using testes with intact epididymides obtained from a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica ) after castration. The epididymis was chopped in Tyrode's albumin-lactate-pyruvate 1x and incubated at 5% CO2, 95% air for 10 min. The Percoll separation density gradient method was used for selective recovery of motile spermatozoa after sperm collection using a cell strainer. The spermatozoa were diluted with modified Norwegian extender supplemented with 20 mM trehalose (extender 1) and subsequent extender 2 (extender 1 with 10% glycerol) and frozen using LN2 vapor. After thawing at 37℃ for 25 s, Isolate® solution was used for more effective recovery of live sperm. Sperm motility (computerized assisted sperm analysis, CASA), viability (SYBR-14 and Propidium Iodide) and acrosome integrity (Pisum sativum agglutinin with FITC) were evaluated. The motility of tiger epididymal spermatozoa was 40.1 ± 2.0%, and progressively motile sperm comprised 32.7 ± 2.3%. Viability was 56.3 ± 1.6% and acrosome integrity was 62.3 ± 4.4%. Cryopreservation of tiger epididymal sperm using a modified Norwegian extender and density gradient method could be effective to obtain functional spermatozoa for future assisted reproductive practices in endangered species.

A 19-year-old male Siberian tiger was presented with inappetence and paralysis of hind limbs. In a computed tomography (CT) scan, intervertebral disk disease at L3–L4 was detected. Cardiac arrest occurred during the surgery. At autopsy, myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) and eccentric hypertrophy of the left heart were noted. The diagnosis was congestive heart failure caused by MMVD. Microscopically, myocardial and pulmonary fibrosis were observed in addition to the disintegration of the fibrosa layer and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the spongiosa layer of the mitral valve. This is the first case of congestive heart failure with MMVD in a Siberian tiger.

In this study, consumers’ perception and consumption behavior of blended tea were investigated. Also, consumer perception of Siberian chrysanthemum, consumption behavior, and awareness of efficacy were investigated. As a result of the survey, it was confirmed that it was necessary to develop a blended tea with taste and flavor characteristics that consumers prefer, having the capability of relieving stress, and preventing cold or respiratory disease. In addition, the degree of recognition of Siberian chrysanthemum was very low, and the recognition of the efficacy appeared in the order of 'cold relief' and ‘respiratory disease relief’. Factor analysis results, safety attributes, health attributes, product attributes, marketing attributes, and sensory attributes were factorized into five factors, and after analysis, it was concluded that the sensory attributes of taste and aftertaste were considered the most important. Consumers surveyed appeared to consume blended tea for ‘relieving mood or stress relief’, to enjoy the taste, and to prevent cold or respiratory diseases. Siberian chrysanthemum displays efficacy in cold relief and relief of respiratory diseases. Therefore, developing Siberian chrysanthemum as a blended tea could be a practical application that can expand the range of its use, making it more popular and increase its commercial applications.

This study interprets Siberian shaman costumes from the perspective of Siberian shamanism’s spiritual culture by combining theoretical and empirical studies. According to the natural environment and language families, the Siberian people are classified into the Altai, Tungus, Ural, and Paleo-Siberian groups. Se Yin’s research classifies the spiritual culture of Siberian shamanism as cosmic, spiritual, and nature view. Eliade’s research has divided Siberian shaman costumes into form, headdress, and ornament. According to the present study, shaman costume form and decoration reflect the Siberian three-tiered cosmic view, such that the shaman’s head, body and feet correspond to the upperworld, middleworld and underworld. In addition, animism, totemism and ancestral worship appear in the shamanism’s spiritual view. For example, the costume’s form shows the totem of each tribe, while the costume accessories reflect animal worship, plant worship and ancestral worship. Finally, shamanism’s nature view mainly manifests through three processes: personification, deification, and ethics. As an intermediary between man and the spirits, shaman use their clothing to reproduce the image of half man and half spirit. The shaman’s costumes are deified and considered to have divine power. For example, the animals represented on the costume help the shaman travel through space. Generally, good animals help a shaman enter the upperworld, while animals that help a shaman enter the underworld are considered evil. Also, the number of hanging accessories represents the shaman’s ability.

This study attempts to analyze the social and cultural meanings of the ethnic groups to which different types of shamans belong in Siberia from the appearance characteristics in terms of clothing through Roland Barthes’s semiotic theory. The research method here is to analyze three types of shaman costume classified by Holmberg, which are bird-type, deer-type, and bear-type, through theoretical research and to investigate the analysis process of Roland Barthes’s semiotics theory. Roland Barthes’s approach to semiotics presents an analysis model that can explore the sociocultural meaning of the Siberian shaman costume. The research results are as follows. In the first type, to be closer to the god of the upperworld, shamans transform themselves into birds by decorating their costumes with the characteristic elements of birds such as feathers and wings. In the second type, the shamans’ costumes are made of deerskin, and the headdress is shown in the shape of antlers to make it easier to receive messages from the upperworld and run fast in the underworld. In the third type, the shaman’s costume is made of bearskin, the head is covered with bearskin, and the body is decorated with bear pendants. Through the power of the bear, the shaman is sent to the underworld to defeat evil gods and remove diseases. Shamans can show their particularity of being a demigod and non-binary gender through clothing. They use this to reflect their authority as a medium of communication between man and god.

Changes of gonadal morphology and mRNA expression patterns of vitellogenin were investigated in Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii (Chondrostei) during its early gonadal maturation period. Early differentiations and morphological transitions of both ovaries and testes appeared to occur actively until the age of 3 years, however from then on, the maturation patterns to full maturity were largely gender-dependent, in which males showed a faster progression of maturation than did females while females experienced a steady-state progress with a lagged interval before entering the final maturation. Expression of vitellogenin mRNAs are closely correlated with transitional patterns of gonadal appearances. In both females and males, hepatic mRNA levels of vitellogenin exponentially increased in the earliest interval (up to 1-year-old). However, in subsequent periods, vitellogenin expression in females continued to increase with age, whereas in males, the expression stabilized at a younger age. Nevertheless, at the age older than or equal to 7-year-old, fully matured individuals showed a quite low level of vitellogenin expression in both females and males. Collectively, results from this study could be useful as a fundamental guideline to address the gonad maturation of this sturgeon species, which is helpful for making practical decisions about farming practices and management for caviar production on local sturgeon farms.

A 7-year-old, intact, female Siberian husky was presented to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chungbuk National University because of vomiting and diarrhea after a fight with a cohabiting dog. Physical examination, radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and laboratory examination were performed. The dog was diagnosed with pyometra and 10% dehydration. On electrolyte, Na and Cl ion concentration were lower than normal values and Ca ion concentration was slightly lower than normal values. On blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase value were extremely higher than normal values. Neutrophil was observed as hypersegmentation. On ultrasonography, enlarged uterine body was observed. Uterus was enlarged and filled with echogenic fluid that is seemed to be pus. Uterine horn was rubbing the bladder. In bacterial culture, the colony morphology was smooth, mucoid, and hemolytic. Also, on molecular diagnosis test, both samples from uterine and abdominal fluid were confirmed to be E. coli. This case describes that uterine pus was leakage to abdominal cavity through oviduct, and pus leakage from uterus may be cause septic peritonitis and death. Also, this case must be considered that physical event such as fight against cohabiting dog, strenuous exercise and kiss-off can cause uterine rupture or pus leakage through oviduct from uterus in dog with pyometra.

생물다양성을 보전하기 위해 생물종의 서식지평가지표 개발 및 각 생물종의 적합도가 조사되고 있다. 그러나 선행연 구의 서식지평가는 대상지 내 출현종 목록작성에 지니지 않는 문제점이 있으며, 실질적으로 멸종위기종의 출현여부 와 개발에 의한 영향을 예측하기 위해서는 보다 정확하고 획일화된 서식지 조사와 평가체계를 확립하여야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 보존 가치가 매우 높은 동물이나 밀렵과 급격 한 서식지 변화로 멸종 위기에 처해 있는 사향노루를 대상으 로 기존 분석방법인 물리적 구조와 식생환경 분석에 추가적으 로 기상환경 측정을 통해 생명기후지수(Bio Climate Index) 를 개발을 위한 기초연구를 진행하였다. 선행연구 고찰을 통해 현행 서식지 분석방법을 고찰한 결과 조사방법에 있어서 흔적조사, 미끼추적, 무인센서카메 라, DNA분석, 포획, 원격무선추적 등의 방법이 조사되었 다. 생명기후지수 개발을 통한 사향노루의 서식지 분석을 위해 사향노루가 발견된 강원도 화천 민간인출입통제선 일 대를 대상지로 선정하였다. 사향노루 서식지 조사방법으로 는 배설물과 흔적조사를 기준으로 조사를 실시하였으며, 조 사지역에서 물리적 구조인 지형, 경사, 향, 토양 온․습도 등 대상지 현황을 측정하였다. 식생환경 조사의 경우 흔적이 나타난 지점에서 교목, 아교목, 관목의 종류와 수고, 흉고직 경, 밀도, 울폐도 등을 조사하였다. 기상환경의 경우 식생환 경과 동일하게 흔적발견 시 동일 저점에서 기온, 상대습도, 풍속, 광량 등을 3반복 측정하였다. 멸종 위기종인 사향노루 조사를 통한 야생동물 조사방법 을 선정하기 위해 선행연구의 고라니, 노루, 산양, 삵, 수달 을 조사방법을 대상으로 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 흔적조사 의 경우 25번 조사방법으로 활용되었으며, 미끼추적 4번, 무인센서 카메라 분석 11번, DNA분석 5번, 포획 7번, 원격 무선추적 8번의 사례가 있었다. 사향노루의 채이 및 흔적분석결과 18개소에서 흔적이 발 견되었다. 물리적 구조의 분석결과 일반적으로 북사면 급경 사지가 있는 정산부와 능선부의 바위 지형에서 주로 발견되 었다. 해발고의 경우 746m~772m까지 6개소에서 흔적이 발견되었고 815m~833m 까지 약 3개소에서 흔적이 발견되 었으나, 해발고 913m~367m까지 9개소에서 흔적이 발견되 었다. 또한 주요 서식지나, 분장, 최근 흔적은 모두 해발고 900m 이상에서 발견되었다. 지형의 경우 계곡부가 2개소이 었으며, 정상부 3개소, 능선부 9개소, 사면부 4개소로 조사 되었다. 향의 경우 북향을 포함한 북서향이 9개소로 분석 되었고, 남동과 남서, 남사면이 각각 1개소 조사되었으며, 서향이 6개소로 분석되었다. 측정지의 현존식생유형 구분은 참나무림 이 6개소, 소나 무림 1개소, 혼효림 11개소로 대부분 혼효림이 주를 이루었 으며, 식생환경은 교목에서 소나무, 졸참나무, 굴참나무 등 소나무와 참나무류가 조사되었다. 아교목층의 경우 신갈나 무와 단풍나무, 함박꽃나무 등이 조사되었다. 관목의 경우 진달래와 철쭉이 주로 발견되었으나. 간헐적으로 싸리류, 참나무류, 생강나무 등이 발견되었다. 측정기간 중 대상지 의 근처 기상대 기온은 28.2℃로 측정되었으며, 습도는 46%로 측정되었다. 흔적이 발견된 곳의 기상환경은 기온의 경우 20.0℃∼25.7℃로 조사되었으며, 평균적으로 약 23. 2℃로 대상지 근처 기상대와 평균적으로 5℃ 적게 측정되 었다. 상대습도의 경우 65%∼95%로 측정되었으며, 평균적 으로 약 75%로 측정되었다. 대상지 근처 기상대 대비 30% 높게 측정되었다.

A 4-month-old intact male, Siberian husky dog, weighing 14.6 kg, was initially presented to the Gyeongsang National University Animal Medical Center (GAMC) with a history of bilateral forelimb lameness and angular deformity. Physical examination revealed forelimb lameness and valgus deformities. Radiography showed a conical shaped, radiolucent, thickened and irregular marginated distal growth plate in both distal ulnar physis. Thickening of distal growth plate also was evident at both the distal radial physis, and the presence of osteophytes was observed. A diagnosis of angular deformity was made on the basis of a shortened ulna associated with osteochondrosis. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis was implemented by surgical insertion of tension band plate. The plates were implanted for 6 weeks. Pre- and post-operative radiographs of both forelimbs were evaluated to determine the angle of frontal plane alignment (FPA) and sagittal plane alignment (SPA) over a 8-week period. FPA was corrected into the normal range in the right forelimb, and SPA was close to the reference range in the both forelimbs. Furthemore, a reduction in osteochondrosis was revealed by radiography. This case report establishes that temporary hemiepiphysiodesis with a tension band plate should be option in dogs with angular deformities during a growing period and is minimally invasive with a lower morbidity than traditional osteotomy. Moreover, this treatment facilitates the resolution of osteochondrosis lesions.

한반도에 서식하는 노루의 계통분류학적 위치는 아직까지 명확하게 정리되어 있지 않으며, 최근까지 내륙과 제주도 지역에 서식하는 노루 간 외부형태와 유전학적 차이가 있다고 여러 차례 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 외부형태와 유전적으로 차이가 나타나 두 아종으로 여겨지는 내륙과 제주도 노루의 머리뼈 특성에 있어서도 차이가 있을 것으로 생각하고, 그 차이를 비교․분석하여 한국노루의 분류학적 위치를 좀 더 명확하게 규명하고자 실시하였다. 총 50개체의 성체 노루 머리뼈를 비교․분석한 결과 머리뼈최대길이, 뒤통수뼈관절융기-치조점사이길이, 머리뼈바닥길이, 머리뼈최 대폭, 광대뼈사이폭, 눈확사이폭, 얼굴길이, 위어금니열길이 등에서 유의한 차이가 나타나 제주노루가 내륙노루 보다 머리뼈의 크기 및 형태가 작은 것으로 나타났다. 두개골의 형태는 노루 아종 간 차이를 결정하는 중요한 요소이며, 위도, 경도, 고도에 직접적인 영향을 받지는 않지만 이 요소들이 1차 생산자에 영향을 미쳐 먹이식물에 변화를 가져오고 노루의 먹이 선택과 연관되어 순차적으로 두개골 형태에도 영향을 미친다. 따라서 한반도에 서식하는 노루 두개골의 계량형태학적 특성을 비교․분석한 결과 내륙 노루는 아종인 C. p. tianschanicus와 비슷한 반면, 제주 노루는 시베리아노 루 3아종 및 유럽노루와 확연한 차이를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 제주도 지역에 서식하는 노루의 경우 제주도에만 서식하는 고유종으로 아종 수준의 분류가 가능할 것으로 생각한다.

Gene manipulation of Siberian wildrye grass through transgenic technology can modify grass feature for further improvement in the forage production. In order to optimize transformation conditions of Siberian wildrye grass, the effects of transformation efficiency was investigated with GUS gene. Seed-derived calli were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the binary vector pCAMBIA3301 encoding the GUS gene in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors on transformation and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained when embryogenic calli were inoculated with Agrobacterium strain EHA101 in the presence of 200 μM acetosyringone and coculture for 5 days. The present study was framed and materialized to standardize an efficient, high frequency and reproducible genetic transformation protocol for aromatic Siberian wildrye grass using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Siberian wildrye grass는 몽골지역 방목 초지에 넓게 분포하는 대표적인 초종으로 사료가치가 높고 장기간 이용 할 수 있는 장점 등으로 그 중요성이 증대되고 있다. 그러나 최근 기후 변화로 인한 사막화로 초지의 면적이 점점 줄어들고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 환경에 대한 적응성이 우수한 신품종을 개발할 목적으로 우선 효율적인 기내배양 조건을 확립하고자 하였다. Siberian wildrye grass의 최적의 기내배양 조건을 확립하기 위하여