This study proposes a digital twin–based simulation environment that incorporates real-time weather variations to support future research on autonomous driving and mobility simulation. Conventional traffic simulation environments typically rely on fixed scenarios, which limits their ability to capture dynamic external conditions during runtime. To address this limitation, an integrated simulation environment that couples microscopic traffic simulation with a three-dimensional virtual environment is required. The proposed environment integrates the microscopic traffic simulation platform SUMO with the 3D visualization platform Unity through an API-based data exchange interface. The target road network was modeled using field-surveyed geometry, traffic volumes, and signal operation parameters. Time-series rainfall data were fed into the system as an external input, and the saturation headway parameter was dynamically updated as a function of rainfall intensity to represent traffic flow variations under changing weather conditions. To evaluate the model's applicability, a comparative analysis was conducted between a baseline SUMO-based simulation and the proposed real-time responsive model under identical traffic and operational conditions. The results show that the proposed model continuously captured rainfall variations over time, yielding dynamic fluctuations in control delay, whereas the baseline simulation retained fixed parameter values throughout the run. Unlike conventional fixed-scenario simulations, the proposed framework enables the continuous integration of external environmental changes during simulation execution. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully implements a real-time data integration structure that supports timevarying traffic operation analysis. The proposed digital twin–based simulation environment is expected to be applicable not only to traffic operation analysis under diverse weather and road conditions but also as a foundational platform for future mobility and traffic operation research.

본 연구는 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르 게임 『모여봐요 동물의 숲』의 주요 음악을 대상으로, 라이 트 모티프 기법이 어떠한 양상으로 활용되는지를 분석하고, 이를 통해 본 작품의 음악이 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르의 일상적 시간 구조와 어떻게 결합되는지 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 작품의 주요 BGM과 SFX 트랙을 대상으로 메인 테마 <Welcome Horizons>로부터 파생되는 라이트 모티프의 분포와 변형 양상을 음향, 화성, 선율, 리듬의 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과 본 작품 의 라이트 모티프 활용 양상은 다음 세 영역에 걸쳐 나타남을 확인하였다. 첫째는 24시간 BGM 사 이클을 가로지르는 메인 테마 동기의 분산·변형 등장이며, 둘째는 시리즈 전반의 캐릭터 및 장소 테마에 나타나는 동기적 결속이고, 셋째는 짧은 효과음으로의 모티프 확장이다. 이러한 양상은 본 작품의 음악이 모티프의 웅장하고 점진적인 전개 대신 작은 모티프 단위의 지속적 변주를 반복 함으로써 친숙한 멜로디의 미감을 형성하고, 본 작품의 일상적 시간 구조와 결합하여 플레이어의 몰입 경험을 지지하는 음악적 전략으로 기능하고 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구의 발견은 일차적으로 본 작품에 한정되나, BGM·효과음·캐릭터/장소 테마 전반에 걸친 라이트 모티프의 통합적 운용 이라는 본 작품의 사례는, 라이프 시뮬레이션 장르 게임 음악 연구 및 작곡 실천이 참조할 수 있는 분석 틀과 작곡 전략의 가능성을 시사한다.

This study examines the historical background, types, and characteristics of apron-style clothing from the Joseon dynasty and reinterprets them through contemporary fashion design. Here, apron-style clothing refers to clothing worn over a first layer, secured with straps, and structured to cover the front of the body. During the Joseon dynasty, apron-style clothing was differentiated according to purpose as follows: daily use, performance use, and ceremonial use. Structurally, it can be classified into four types: square, square with multiple straps, three-pronged with waist gathers, and three-pronged with narrow pleats. Based on Joseon-period apron-style clothing’s historical significance, structural features, and layered visual effects a total of four contemporary fashion designs were developed using CLO 3D as a design tool: Design 1 is a mini dress in a tube-top style derived from a simple square apron, Design 2 is a mini dress that reinterprets the Yuso [流蘇] decoration of the Boro [甫老], Design 3 is a cape design divided into three sections that is inspired by the Suboro [繡甫老], and Design 4 is a layered skirt reflecting the pleated structure of the Jeonhaeng-utchima [前香上裳]. The design outcomes demonstrate that the structural characteristics of traditional apron-style clothing are effectively expressed through silhouette, while their layered qualities are rendered with depth using different materials and colors. This research are expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of Korean traditional costume and to expand its value and potential for contemporary application.

This study examines the structural characteristics of interface design in experiential content environments, where users must process complex information in real time. Despite the growing importance of such environments, interface design has been primarily studied in terms of usability and efficiency, with limited attention to structural and cognitive aspects. To address this gap, this study analyzes aviation simulation content as a representative case of experiential media. Three cases—Microsoft Flight Simulator, X-Plane, and VR-based aviation simulation content—were comparatively examined based on visual interface structure, information visualization methods, and user interaction characteristics. The results reveal that experiential content interfaces share common structural patterns, including hierarchical information organization, multi-layered visualization, cognitive–immersion balance, and real-time interaction loops. Based on these findings, this study proposes a cognitive-based interface design model that explains how users prioritize, interpret, and respond to information within experiential environments. This study contributes to the field by reframing interface design as a structural and cognitive system, rather than merely a usability-driven process.

This study proposes an automated torch angle and position adjustment mechanism for three-dimensional curved-surface welding in shipbuilding. Designed to replace manual operations, the mechanism actively responds to the relative angle between the base plate and stiffener, enabling simultaneous control of torch orientation and positioning using a single power source. The system is integrated into a tracker consisting of a pinion-sector gear assembly for angle adjustment and a cam mechanism for position control. Dynamic simulations confirmed that the torch stably follows the stiffener angle across varying welding speeds, with smooth compensatory motion between the carriage and tracker. Furthermore, a motor-torque-based PID control was implemented, maintaining the torch angle error within 0.23° and the wire tip position error within 0.02 mm. These results verify that the proposed mechanism is highly effective for the automated welding of complex curved structures.

우리나라의 선박부문 대기오염물질 배출량 산정에 활용되는 배출계수는 유럽환경청의 가이드라인에서 제시하는 수치를 적용 하고 있다. 유럽환경청 가이드라인에서 제시하고 있는 수치는 2000년대 초에 발간된 문헌자료 기반의 배출계수로 선박부문의 다양한 규 제가 시행중인 현재의 배출상황과는 차이가 존재한다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 항만 입출항 선박현황을 조사하여, 여객선, 벌크선, 컨테이너 선, 탱커선 등 주요 선종을 대상으로 배기가스 실측 분석연구를 수행하였다. 배기가스 내 5종의 물질(CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, BC)을 대상으로 선박 운항형태별(운항모드,접안모드), 유종별(경유, 벙커유) 배출계수를 제시하였다. 실측기반의 배출계수를 활용하여 대기오염물질을 산 정하는 경우, 배출량 통계 정합성 확보에 기여할 수 있으며, 정확한 배출량 산출을 토대로 국가 대기환경개선 목표 달성에 이바지할 것으 로 기대된다.

The molecular dynamic simulation method is usually used to analyse microscopic fluid fields. To use this method in engineering problems with real scales of molecules needs more time and greater computer power than we have now. To overcome these limitations, the expansion method using dimensionless and similarity of physical quantities of molecules is studied and introduced for the engineering scale fluid dynamics.

The global maritime industry is undergoing rapid transformation driven by the dual demands of greenhouse gas reduction and digitalization. This study developed a Digital Twin (DT) model of a 9.77-ton small fishing vessel and conducted simulations under realistic operating conditions to analyze its propulsion performance and fuel efficiency. The vessel’s main components—governor, engine, reduction gear, propeller, and marine environment—were mathematically modeled and integrated using MATLAB Simulink. To achieve higher fidelity in representing energy consumption, a fuel consumption model reflecting specific engine characteristics was incorporated. Simulation results confirmed that propeller thrust and marine environmental loads increased proportionally with engine speed, while the application of the proposed fuel consumption model led to reduced fuel injection rates near the engine’s optimal efficiency range. The proposed DT model serves as a robust simulation platform for the pre-verification of eco-friendly equipment, alternative fuel adoption, and operational efficiency improvements. It is expected to provide a valuable foundation for future demonstration studies of green technologies in small- and medium-sized fishing vessels.

본 연구는 국제해사기구(IMO)의 탄소집약도지수(Carbon Intensity Indicator, CII) 규제 개편 논의와 연계하여, 벌크선을 대상으로 기존 CII, 전과정(Well-to-Wake, WtW) 기반 CII(WtW-CII) 및 운항 구간(Under-way, UW) 기반 CII(UW-CII)를 비교ž분석하였다. 개정된 데이터 수집시스템(DCS) 보고 체계를 반영하여 벌크선 10척의 2024년 연간 운항 및 연료 사용량 데이터를 수집하고, 연료별 전과정 온실가스 집 약도와 운항 모드(Under-way/Not under-way)를 구분하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, WtW-CII는 연료의 생산·정제·운송 단계 배출 량을 반영함으로써 모든 선박에서 기존 CII 대비 상승하였으며, UW-CII는 항만 체류 및 정박 중의 연료 소비량을 배제함으로써 실제 운송 업무 효율을 보다 정확히 반영하였다. 또한 바이오연료 사용 비율이 높은 선박은 WtW-CII 증가 폭이 상대적으로 제한되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 선박별·연료별 특성을 고려한 차별화된 대응 전략 수립의 필요성을 보여주며, 향후 IMO의 CII 규제 개편 및 정책적 의사결 정의 기초자료를 제공할 수 있다. 향후 CII 규제는 운항 효율성뿐 아니라 연료의 전과정 환경영향을 반영하는 방향으로 발전할 것으로 보 인다. 이러한 점을 고려하면, 기존의 CII 지표를 보완하여 전과정(WtW) 및 운항구간(UW) 기반 접근을 통합한 새로운 평가체계로의 전환 이 필요하다고 판단된다.

This study aims to analyze the driving trajectories and lateral behavior characteristics of autonomous vehicles via simulation and to derive the implications for roadway infrastructure design based on the analysis results. A three-lane, one-way autonomous driving simulation environment was established to replicate the actual driving characteristics of autonomous vehicles. Roadways were designed based on domestic road design standards (MLTM, 2020), where horizontal, vertical, and cross-sectional alignments were incorporated and design speeds ranging from 20 to 120 km/h were considered. Curves with minimum radii of 15, 30, 60, …, 710 m were implemented. Autonomous vehicles were driven along these designed roads to obtain driving data, including position, speed, and steering angle. The lateral deviation from the lane center was calculated for each lane by measuring the distance between the front and rear wheels of the vehicle and the lane centerline. This approach allows for the analysis of lane-specific deviation characteristics under different speeds and curve radii, thus enabling a quantitative assessment of the lateral clearance required for autonomous-vehicle operation. Lateral deviation increased when vehicles entered or exited curves, particularly in outer lanes and at curves with changing turning directions. Passenger cars and heavy vehicles showed decreasing deviations within curves, whereas the deviations varied in straight sections. The lateral clearance increased with the design speed for passenger cars, whereas heavy vehicles generally exhibited limited clearance owing to their larger size and mirror widths, with slight increases above 100 km/h. Autonomous vehicles maintained lane centers outside curve entries and exit sections, thus indicating that variable lane widths can be safely implemented. The existing design standards based on human driving may be adapted for autonomous vehicles, thus enabling more efficient roadway use while maintaining stability.

Traffic congestion and abrupt speed variations in tunnels increase crash risks and reduce traffic operational efficiency. Thus, a pacemaker system (PMS) was developed to stabilize traffic flow by guiding drivers to maintain uniform speeds through the use of sequentially illuminated LED lights installed along tunnel walls. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of a PMS on traffic operational efficiency and safety in the Geumnam Tunnel of the Seoul–Yangyang Expressway via a driving simulation. In speed-recovery scenarios, sequential LED lights effectively encouraged drivers to gradually restore their speed. Consequently, the average speed increased significantly, whereas both the difference in speed and the space-varying volatility of speed decreased, thus indicating enhanced driving consistency and improved flow stability. In speed-reduction scenarios, drivers’ deceleration responses were compared under three PMS operational types: flashing yellow, message display, and combined flashing with a message. Combined flashing with a message yielded the most controlled and pronounced deceleration, thus facilitating drivers in reducing their speed smoothly without abrupt braking or instability. The results collectively demonstrate that a PMS can serve a dual function by supporting both speed recovery under normal conditions and safe deceleration in accident cases. These findings provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of a PMS as an intelligent tunnel-traffic management system and highlight its potential as a proactive safety technology. Furthermore, this study offers practical insights for future PMS designs as well as operational guidelines for enhancing traffic efficiency and driver safety in tunnel environments.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the educational needs that should be considered in developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competency among nursing students. Methods: The participants included 38 nursing students and 38 practicing nursing professionals. Data were collected from March 5 to 19, 2025, using a structured self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0, employing descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), and Borich’s needs assessment. Results: A significant difference was observed between the current and required levels of educational needs across all items related to developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competencies among nursing students and professionals. According to the results of the IPA and Borich needs assessment, “Clinical reasoning” and “Medication safety” emerged as the highest priority for nursing students and professionals, respectively. Conclusion: These findings are expected to provide foundational evidence for developing a simulation-based program aimed at enhancing patient safety competencies in nursing students.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a simulation-based Room of Errors patient safety education program on patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency of new nurses. Method: A randomized controlled pretest–posttest design was used. A total of 63 new nurses participated, with 32 assigned to the experimental group and 31 to the control group. The experimental group received a team-based simulation intervention, with participants collaboratively identifying and addressing patient safety hazards within Room of Errors scenarios. Results: In the experimental group, patient safety-related nursing activity scores increased significantly after the intervention (t = 2.70, p = .011), while the control group showed no significant change (t = 0.23, p = .816). Additionally, critical reflection competency scores improved significantly in the experimental group (t = 3.66, p < .001), with no significant change observed in the control group (t = -0.53, p = .603). The between-group difference in change scores for critical reflection competency was statistically significant (t = 2.77, p = .007). Conclusion: The simulation-based Room of Errors education program effectively enhanced patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency among new nurses, suggesting its value as a training method for developing essential competencies in clinical practice.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the characteristics and educational outcomes of immersive virtual reality (VR)-based nursing simulation using the integrative review method developed by Whittemore and Knafl. Methods: Data were collected between December 30, 2023, and January 15, 2024. Studies published in English or Korean were included without restrictions of publication year. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, RISS, KISS, DBpia, and KoreaMed using combinations of the keywords “‘nursing”, “student*”, “simulation”, “SIM”, “education”, “VR”, and “Virtual reality” to identify relevant articles. Results: Of the 237 studies identified, 11 were included in the analysis, with most conducted in Korea (n=7). In most studies, scenario-based VR was used; the Oculus platform (n=4), the HTC Vive (n=2), and a mobile HMD (n=1). Six studies incorporated handheld controllers, and three haptic sensors. VR groups showed greater improvements in knowledge, engagement, self-confidence, and skill performance than the control groups. Usability ratings were high for accessibility and realism; however, challenges were observed in device operation, especially without technical support. Reported adverse effects included visual fatigue, headache, dizziness, motion sickness, and discomfort when wearing glasses. Conclusions: Immersive VR simulation offers realistic, customizable learning environments, enhancing nursing education, supporting advanced instructional methods, and improving clinical safety and patient-centered competencies. Ongoing efforts in technological standardization, program development, and curricular integration are recommended.

This study aimed to develop a simulation-based scenario for pediatric nursing based on Kawasaki disease and to evaluate its impact on nursing students' knowledge, critical thinking disposition, self-efficacy, stress levels, and clinical performance. Methods: The scenario template was developed using the ADDIE model based on the National League for Nursing/Jeffries Simulation Framework. A quasi-experimental, single-group pretest-posttest was used. The study was conducted between March 3 and April 18, 2025, with 64 fourth-year nursing students. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess knowledge, critical thinking disposition, and selfefficacy. Stress was measured using physiological indicators, and clinical performance after the simulation was independently evaluated by both the instructor and researcher. Results: The scenario template required approximately six hours, and the simulation scenario operated for 20 minutes. Evaluation of the simulation`s effectiveness showed significant improvements in knowledge of Kawasaki disease (t=-6.96, p<.001), critical thinking disposition (t=-4.08, p<.001). The average clinical performance score was 64.81±6.61 out of a total of 86 points. Conclusion: The simulation-based learning method using the developed Kawasaki pediatric nursing scenario template was shown to be effective in enhancing clinical performance among nursing students. It may serve as a valuable educational tool for pediatric nursing education and future simulation-based training programs.

Purpose: This study investigated the mediating effect of simulation confidence on the relationship between simulation immersion and clinical reasoning among nursing students. Methods: A total of 166 participants who had completed adult nursing courses and participated in simulation training were included. Results: Participants reported high satisfaction with their majors, practicums, and college life. The average immersion score was 3.71 out of 5, indicating a moderately high level of engagement. No significant differences in clinical reasoning were found based on demographic factors; however, satisfaction with one’s major, practicum, and college life showed significant associations with clinical reasoning. Simulation immersion, confidence, and clinical reasoning were all positively correlated. PROCESS Macro Model 4 revealed that both the direct and indirect effects of simulation immersion on clinical reasoning through confidence were statistically significant, even after controlling for satisfaction-related covariates. Conclusion: These findings suggest that simulation immersion is a key factor in enhancing clinical reasoning and is partly mediated by increased confidence. Therefore, simulation-based education should therefore incorporate strategies that promote learner immersion and self-efficacy in order to optimize cognitive learning outcomes.

Purpose: This mixed-methods study developed an infant nursing simulation practice program for nursing students and analyzed its effects on nursing knowledge, critical thinking disposition, clinical competence, and learning satisfaction through quantitative research. The study also qualitatively explored student’s experiences through focus group interviews. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed incorporating a nonequivalent one-group pretest-posttest design(N=62) and focus group interviews(n=11). Participants were nursing students who applied for simulation training at a university between March and June, 2024. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: Quantitative findings revealed that participation in the infant care simulation program, result in significant inprovements in nursing knowledge (t=-3.60, p<.001) and clinical competence(t=-2.95, p=.004). However no significant improvement critical thinking disposition was observed. Qualitative analysis revealed three themes: ‘performing nursing care for infants’, ‘experiencing real situations and repeated practice’, and ‘reflection on nursing performance and disappointment with the set contents’. Conclusion: The infant nursing simulation training effectively enhanced nursing knowledge and clinical competence, providing a positive learning experience for nursing students. Further development and evaluation of simulation training across various subjects are recommended to confirm its broader educational effectiveness.

Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of an integrated nursing simulation practicum in enhancing readiness for practice and self-confidence in clinical decision-making among nursing students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group and preand post-test measurements was employed. The participants were 51 fourth-year nursing students enrolled in a simulation practicum. The integrated simulation program comprised six scenarios covering adults, women’s health, and pediatric nursing, totaling 30 instructional hours. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with paired and independent t-tests, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in readiness for practice (t=-3.55, p=.002) and self-confidence in clinical decision-making (t=-7.40, p<.001) compared to pre-intervention scores. A statistically significant difference in readiness for practice was observed between the experimental and control groups (p=.048). However, the difference in self-confidence in clinical decision-making between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Nursing education should equip nursing students to effectively transition into clinical practice as new graduate nurses. The integrated simulation practicum can be considered an effective strategy for enhancing nursing students’ readiness for practice.