During the late Chosun Dynasty, famine was the main cause of climate ecological background, such as frequent floods and droughts, the Little Ice Age (小氷期), and epidemic. In addition, it influenced the social and cultural background, such as failure toprovide Yiangbeop (移秧法), breakout of war and revolt, loss of farming cattle, grain consumption due to brewing, the concentration of wealth, and tenacity of shamanism. "Limwongyungjeji" "Injeji" of the last part had been written about the famine; wild plants to raw, dried, or dried powder, or processed pharmaceutical goods. Grain couldbe replaced in more than 330 types of famine relief food and recipes; 170 species of vegetables, 34 species of vegetation, and 33 kinds of fruit - the botanic foods were mainstream. Edible parts of these plant foods are those of 14 kinds: 175 species of leaves, 113 species of sprouts, 99 kinds of buds, and other fruits, roots, stems, flowers, etc. The recipe (poaching, salting, and oil-marinated) was written 186 times or forsoup, raw, and boiled.

In this study, the Korean cookbook, Jusiksiui, which was published in the late 1800s, was investigated. The results revealed that Jusiksiui contained more than 100 foods. Specifically, 12 staple foods were foods recorded including five types of porridge, three types of noodles, and four kinds of dumplings. Moreover, 49 side dishes were present, among which Jjim (steamed food) was most common, being recorded ten times. Additionally, seven types of Jeon (pancake) & Gui (roasted food) and Kimchi & Jangajji (pickled vegetables), four kinds of soup and Jeongol (stew), stir-fry, Sukyuk (boiled beef), and three types of Sukchae and Sashimi were found. Moreover, 14 recipes for rice cakes, two recipes for Korean cookies and three recipes for drinks were found. Seven recipes for wine, including plain rice wine, medicated wine and flavored wine, were also found. Finally, four different soy sauces Jibjang (a kind of soy sauce paste), hot pepper paste, Cheonggukjang (fast-fermented been paste), and Jeupjihi and roasting hot pepper paste were observed.

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze paejang system of the castle constructions in the late period of Chosun dynasty. Moreover, this study aimed to examine effects and influences of its constructional productivity. The results are as follow ; 1. Paejang was originally a sort of military positions. Thereafter it had been adopted to the various fields like soonrapaes. Pae, which was a regular working unit organized with 30~50 laborers, took charge of the works allocated with its own chargeable section. 2.The first adoption of paejang system was found at the construction of Ganghwa-oyseong in 1690. Since the period of King Yeongjo and Jeongjo, it was generally used as a working system. 3. Yoo Hyeongwon had early suggested that this system should be adopted as a reformative system because it had a perfect command system like Soko-je, the provincial military system. 4.At the constructions of Dongnae-upseong, Jeonjoo-upseong and Daegoo-upseong in the period of King Yeongjo, paes were organized to 40~60units, and worked in the fields of masonry, carriage and picking of stones. 5.At the construction of Soowon-seong in the period of King Jeongjo, a large number of various paejangs participated in all of working fields. Especially masonry-paes were usually organized with over 100 units. 6.It was estimated that paejang system surely could guarantee saving labors and term of works. Moreover, it was a basis for the further development form of dogup-je, a contracted work system. 7. Paejang system was applied in the constructions of Buddhist temples since the middle period of 1700s and later, it was widely used in the constructions of palaces.

The object of this research is to examine the planning principles of Sangju which has an old history The results of the investigation are as follow 1. Sangju placed on the plains in the castle, it is established in Korea Dynasty 2. The formation of Sangju is infruenced Feng-shui. They plants Chestnuts against centipede mountain 3. Sangju is similar to the configuration of the another city in Feng-shui and elements of Component. But, many buildings(jin-Young(Military site), Choong-Ui-Dan, Choong-Yeol-Sa) are associated with the war in Sangju. 4. The City hall is located on the west side of the hotel(Kaek-Sa). It is located on Wang-San which is a place where citizens with symbolism. So, the City hall is higher than Kaek-Sa 5. The cruciform style road which connected with 4 gates was formed in the castle.

위항인들은 독특한 풍류를 즐겼다. 물론 일부이기는 하지만 그들이 위험을 감내하며 이런 풍류를 탐닉한 데는 그들의 특수한 신분적 구조에 기인한다. 양반으로 상승하는 것이 현실적으로 매우 어려운 한계 속에서 그들의 일부는 매우 통속적인 풍류생활을 즐긴다. 그리하여 기생과의 수창시조가 빈번하였고, 서울 종로의 술값을 주도하고, 질펀하게 놀아보는 각양의 풍류를 만끽했다. 이들의 일부는 각종 이권에 개입하여 사회적 부패를 야기하는 부정적인 면을 갖고 있었다. 그러나 이들의 상당수는 가난과 신분적 제약이라는 불우한 삶을 살았다. 그리고 이들에게 문학은 양반과 대등할 수 있다는 가능성을 열어주는 장이었다. 그리하여 위항인은 신분적 한계를 풍류를 통해 풀어냈다. 그리고 그 풍류는 매우 통속적이며 기괴하였다. 그들 중 일부가 이런 기괴한 풍류를 탐닉한 것은 모순된 제도에 대한 기롱과 당대의 고관대작이 일생의 목표였던 양반과 달리 인생의 의미를 다른 곳에서 찾으려 했기 때문이다. 그리하여 보편성과 달랐기에 그들은 기괴한 내용을 문학으로 그려냈다. 이 ‘기괴성’은 ‘재미있다’, ‘다채롭다’ 등으로 압축되며 주로 ‘記事’의 양식으로 표출되었다. 그리하여 이 ‘記事’는 전대와 달리 인물의 취재범위가 다양해졌다. 즉, 중인에서 평민, 노비, 異人, 악공, 화가, 협객을 넘나든다. 또 구체적인 묘사나 객관적인 서사를 통해 형상화 방법이 좀 더 치밀해졌다. 그리고 허구적 요소가 개입되었다. 단순한 사건의 보고에서 벗어나 논자의 문학적 가능성과 역량을 덧씌움으로써 읽는 재미를 더하고 대중화를 꾀하였다. 이런 것을 통해 문학의 근대화로의 이행성을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 그들은 최기남처럼 삽입시를 통해 자신의 불우한 처지를 작품 중에 투사하기도 하였으며, 야담집에서 덕으로써 원한을 갚는 행적을 통해 평범한 시골 사람이라 해서 결코 사대부들의 처신에 뒤떨어지지 않는 것을 보여주기도 했다. 이런 작품에서 위항인의 탁월한 능력이 쓰이지 않는 현실에 대한 비분과 사람은 신분에 관계없이 지혜로우며 대등할 수 있다는 평등의식을 피력하였다. 이것은 곧 평민의식이 성장한 것을 입증한 것이며 동시에 평등사회에 대한 열망을 표출하고 있다.한편 그들이 즐겨 선택한 사설시조는 형식이 자유롭고 다양한 내용을 구김살 없이 담기에 적합하였기에 이를 많이 애용하였다. 파격이 형식이고 엮는 것이 내용이었으며 그 가운데 빚어진 풍류 중심에는 여인들이 있었다. 그리고 여성에 대한 새로운 이해를 시도했다. 즉 대등하거나 인간적인 사랑을 전제로 그들을 읽고 함께 하고자 했다. 이들의 풍류는 근대 대중문화의 전단계로서 不(얽매이지 않음)를 갈망하던 자유의지의 표출이었으며 더 넓은 세계를 갈망하던 모순된 제도에 대한 역설적 놀이이기도 했다.

This study presents the food culture as analysis food material, food and cooking tools in the novel literature and examines the food as a code of current cluture of common social through five Pansori texts among the twelve Pansori texts into written form. It is a many Pansori, but this study is analysed to select early copying papers. It can be found rice, Kimchi, salted fish as the common people food in Simchong-ga text. It can be known characteristics of Jeolla-do Area food used many food material and acceptance of foreign crops in the late period of the Chosun in Chunhyang-ga text. In Hungbo-ga text, it can be found the popularity food is rice cake and meat and looked the special feature of dog meat, rice cake, scorched rice-tea. In Toebyol-ga text, it can be looked many sea food and medicine beverages, and in Chokpyok-ga text, it can be found peculiarity of drink for making excitement during a war. Moreover, in five Pansori texts, that is seemed characteristics such as cover of tableware, spoon and chopsticks, tableware china, a cauldron, a charcoal burner, a brass chafing dish, a table, a flail and a mill.

This study examined food culture appearing in Giroyeon paintings in the late Chosun Dynasty (early 17th~l9th century), a period under political and economical difficulties in overcoming frustrations and looking for self-restoration methods after Imjinweran(1592~1598) and Byungjahoran(1636~1637). Paintings related to Giroyeon include Lee Gi-ryong's (1600~?) 〈Namjiginohoedo〉 painted in 1629 under the reign of King Injo (1623~1649), 〈Gisasayeondo〉 painted jointly by Kim Jin-yeo et al. in 1720, the first year of King Gyeongjong (1720~1724) and Kim Hong-do's 〈Giroseryeongyedo〉 painted in 1804 under the reign of King Sunjo (1800~1834) in the early 19th century. These paintings over three centuries of the late Chosun show changes in the character of Giroyeon, food culture and tableware culture, etc. According to these paintings, the character of Giroyeon was expanded from a feast held for high civil officials to a banquet comprehending general civil servants. These paintings show Hyangeumjueui, which means the decorum of respecting and sowing the aged men of virtue with alcohol beverage, table manner, seated culture represented by cushions and mats and individual-table culture. In addition, the expansion of demand for sunbaikja and chungwhabaikja and the diversification of vessels and dishes are demonstrated in Giroyeon paintings after Imjinweran in 1592. in this way, Giroyeon paintings show the historical characteristics of the late Chosun Dynasty, such as the collapse of Yangban-centered political system, the disintegration of the medieval system due to the emergence of the Silhak and the diversification of food culture.

This study is to analyze the building layout of traditional government office building in Chungchong province with Chungchong-do regional maps and Eupjis(邑誌) being compiled in the late Chosun dynasty. The building layout of government office in Chungchong-do is followed in the wake of the spatial structure, Sam-Jo(三朝, three reign) and Oejeon-Naejeon(外殿-內殿), of Chosun dynasty palace. The planning principle of Sam-Jo at government office, Dongheon(東軒) territory for rule administration corresponds to Chijo(治朝) with a local governor who is the ruler, as for the Naea(內衙) territory which a family of him and he lives in, it is corresponded to Yeonjo(燕朝), and in the job space of Ajeon(衙前), it is corresponded to Oejo(外朝). As for the application of the inside and outside principle of provincial government office, Dongheon is corresponded to Oejeon and Naea to Naejeon. A compositive and an approach axis of government office in Chungchong-do is correspond with Dongheon in the center, and these axes form an central axis and an entry space of government office included Oesammun(外三門) Naesammun(內三門) Dongheon or Naea. Because an essential performance of provincial government office is provincial administration, the layout configuration of government office is a function, which is an expression of an official institution.

As the educational function of Confucian school in the late Chosun dynasty had been declined, the other educational institution called YANGSAJAE was established. The founders of the institution was either local authorities or local Confucianists. Otherwise the institution was established by the cooperation of both local authorities and local Confucianists. YANGSAJAE began to be established from the 16th century. Most of them was founded in 1700s. In 1800s, it was not so difficult to see YANGSAJAE in many towns in Young nam and Honam provinces. The institution was located in separate places at the early stage of foundation. But since the middle of 1700s, the institution was located in or near the Confucian school. As a consequence, this influenced the location of Confucian schools in the late Chosun dynasty. In Youngnam province, the institution was mainly located near the Confucian school or in a separate place. On the contrary, most of the institution were constructed within Confucian school in Honam province. There were two types of the flat composition: one is based on hall and the other is based on room. The hall type, which had a hall in the middle and rooms in both sides, was general. The hall type usually had a size of 4-kan in width and 1.5-kan in length. The half-hipped roof was the general type and intimately related to the roof of Myung-Ryun Dang of local Confucian School.

The urban form of Korean cities significantly changed in the late Chosun dynasty. The influence of commercial development was the main cause of these changes. Commerce became a important function of existing cities, and the new type of commercial towns emerged at the important spots of traffic routes. In both cases streets became dominant element of urban form. Mainly commercial buildings aggregated along the streets, and to obtain higher land use intensity shape of lots became narrow and deep. Koyang(高陽) shows the most significant example of this new type of lot and lot pattern. Approximately 30 narrow and deep type of lots lined on each side of street forming about 390 meters long linear commercial town. Similar examples were found at the outside of south gate of Suwon(水原), Nuwon(樓院), and Pangyo(板橋).

Architectural Drawing has been settled down the very effective means of exchanging their architectural ideas and data on the construction process. However, it was not easy to conserve the original drawings, which aims had been accomplished, at the same time, building was built. The same phenomena were occurred in our traditional architectural construction project, especially before pre-modern age. And do not understand soundly building documentation accepted by craftsmen in the period of earliest Chosun dynasty and how to present their idea and information of architectural as means of sketches and drawings. So, this paper aimed to clarify the drawing occurrence and the development steps of their rendering, representation methodology in the construction process in Sannungdogam-Uuigue, which were the construction documents of government based on the royal family's tomb and building projects in the late Chosun Dynasty. There are three development stages of architectural space representation, pre-drawing stage, drawing occurring stage and drawing settlement stage, They had been adapted unique drawing presentation method which were drawn by artisan, so called Doseol(圖說)and Painter Hwawon(畵員) The results are 1. In the Pre-drawing stage, they had been used the systematic explanation method of character 2. Do not have the evidence of adapting drawing before 17th centry, it was originated in early 17's century started with Onga(甕家). Onga's Drawing was drawn very elementary skill, and became development, settlement and standardization of their drawing representation around 19th century 3. The drawing presented by client's recognition view of space and building, integrated data within a sheet of drawing with practical and hierarchy and using graphic and description.

본 연구는 서유럽의 근대 국가와 민족들의 형성 과정에서 종교개혁이 미친 영향들에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 한말에 한국인들, 특히 기독교인들 속에서 민족 개념과 민족됨의 의식 형성에 끼친 기독교의 초기 성경 번역 과 그 역할에 주목하였다. 근대 초 서유럽에서 일어난 종교개혁의 한 가지 의미는 성경의 재발견이었고, 이것은 각 국가들이 근대 민족국가로 이행하 기 위한 전단계로서 하나의 민족됨의 형성에 기여했다. 즉 영혼 구원을 의 도했던 종교개혁이 프로테스탄트 민족들과 국가들이 만들어지는데 일조했다. 이때 종교개혁을 겪었던 각 국가들은 성경으로부터 그들의 종교적 신념과 정치적 신념을 끌어냈다. 특히 성경에서 나오는 해방, 언약, 율법, 선민, 출애굽, 약속의 땅에 대한 꿈과 같은 서사들을 성경에서 끌어와 그들의 정치적 행동을 정당화시켰다. 근대 초 독일지역, 네덜란드, 체코, 덴마크, 스위스, 스코틀랜드, 잉글랜드와 같은 나라들이 외부적으로는 외세의 침략 과 간섭에서, 내부적으로 신분제적 속박에서 벗어나기 위한 투쟁을 전개했고 이를 성취했다. 이를 언약적 민족주의라 할 수 있다. 기독교는 한말 한국인들에게 근대적인 서구식 사고방식을 깨우쳐주었고, 나아가 기독교민족주의를 고취시켰는데, 그 과정에서 중심 매개체는 특히 성경으로 간주할 수 있다. 성경은 단순히 개인의 영혼구원이라는 종교적 정 체성에 머무르지 않고, 하나의 공동체로서 민족됨의 통일적인 서사와 담론을 제공한 것으로 여겨진다. 따라서 본고는 서양사와 비교사적 관점에서, 성경이 한말의 한국인들에게 민족됨의 의식 형성에 어떤 영향을 끼치고, 이 후에 실용적인 성경 민족주의로 어떻게 표출되며, 그 결과인 성경 민족주의 에 대한 개념정의를 시도했다. 초기 번역 성경의 보급은 외형상으로 사회적 이고 제도적인 하나의 민족됨의 모델을 제시해주었다. 또한 근대적인 시민 적 민족주의를 연상시키는 평등주의적인 측면들도 가지고 있다. 즉 모든 민족은 ‘정치적 주권’을 획득할 권리를 갖는다는 사상으로 정의되는 정치적 교의를 전개한다. 한말의 기독교는 사회개혁과 반외세의 저항의 서사를 성 경의 민족됨의 서사에서 상당부분 끌어와 그것을 민족주의 운동과 연결시 킨 것으로 간주된다. 그러므로 한말 개신교의 성경 번역이 결과적으로 빚어 낸 것은 내부적으로는 사회개혁과 외부적으로는 반외세적 저항사상의 행동 프로그램인 성경 민족주의로 명명할 수 있을 것이다.

The pine trees have been existing in Korean Peninsula since about 7,000 years ago. It is the tree which has been always present in Korean's life and it is the tree which has a potential to become a true identity of Korea's Nature. In This study, the characteristics of pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forest in the "True-View landscape paintings" during the late chosun dynasty were investigated according to the 9-categorization. The result of the study are as follows: 1452 pine tree forests samples are collected from 179 "True-View landscape paintings". The 9 classifications are following; Mountain top, saddle os mountain, foot of hill, Ridge, Valley, Slope, Rock, Soil, Waterside. In the case of the topography, 64.3% of the pine forests are drawn in the ridges. The forests are mainly located on the tops and the saddles of mountains. The current ecological findings also show that the ridges are the most suitable sites for pine trees. the pine forests drawn in the valley are frequently in the foot of mountains and the rock. The slopes(135) and the valleys(267) are mainly located foot of hill.