Gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium spp., is a major disease of tomatoes, and it threatens its cultivation worldwide, especially in warm and humid areas. This study was conducted on 223 tomato germplasm conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center to select the resources resistant to the gray leaf spot pathogen strain previously isolated in Korea, using a bioassay and genotypic analysis of the resistance gene (Sm). Two weeks after inoculation with Stemphylium lycopersici, the disease index (rated on a scale of 0-4) of gray leaf spot was assessed in detached tomato leaves. The results showed that 22 resources were resistant, with a disease index of 0-1. Additionally, 65 genetic resources were found to be moderately resistant, with a disease index between 1.0 and 2.0. Subsequently, Hybridization Probe Melting (HPM) analysis of the 22 resistant genetic resources confirmed the genotype of the gray leaf spot resistance gene (Sm). Among them, 20 genetic resources showed a homozygous resistant genotype. The resources selected in this research may contribute to the breeding of new tomato varieties resistant to gray leaf spot and may serve as a basis for further genotypic analysis studies.

In 2006, Cambodian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI) bred a high-quality tomato ‘Neang Pich’ variety. Since ‘Neang Pich’ is susceptible to Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), it is severely affected the production major tomato growing regions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seven S. rolfsii tolerant rootstocks on growth and yield in graft cultivation of ‘Neang Pich’ tomato. ‘Neang Pich’ seedlings were used as scion and non-grafted control. Six eggplant genotypes (‘2017053’, ‘2017062’, ‘17CJVC2’, ‘No. 80’, ‘VI041979A’, ‘VI041996’) and a commercial tomato variety (‘Hulk’) were used as rootstock. The grafted and non-grafted tomatoes were grown in a plastic greenhouse and open field. The survival rate of plants did not differ between plastic greenhouse (80.2%) and open field (79.5%). The top and root fresh weight of plants grown in a plastic greenhouse increased by 77% and 11% compared to the open field and the dry weight increased by 48% and 10%, respectively. The top (309 g) and root (18.9 g) fresh weight, and the top (90.5 g) and root (6.39 g) dry weight depending on rootstock were the highest in plants grafted onto ‘2017062’. The yield of tomatoes in a plastic greenhouse (19.5 MT/ha) was 65% higher than that of open field (11.8 MT/ha). The yield of tomatoes depending on rootstock were the highest in ‘2017062’ (17.8 MT/ha). The effect of cultivation practice and grafting on pH and sugar content (oBrix) of the fruit was non-significant difference (p0.05). The scion diameter, top fresh weight, fruit weight and yield (MT/ha) were significant difference (p0.05) in the interaction effect between tomato cultivation practices (plastic greenhouse and open field) and rootstock.

담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci)는 광식성 해충으로 토마토황화잎말림바이러스(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus; TYLCV), 카사바갈색줄무늬병 (Cassava Brown Streak Disease; CBSD)를 매개하는 해충이다. 담배가루이 방제를 위해 화학적 방제가 주로 시행되지만 저항성으로 인한 한계로 인 해 종합적해충방제를 위한 고정정확도를 이용한 표본조사법(Fixed precision sampling plan)을 개발하였다. 표본추출은 토마토 식물이 50 cm 높이의 레일 위에 위치한 배지를 이용해 재배되고 있어 배지로부터 130 cm 이상(지상에서 180 cm 이상)을 상단, 70 cm~100 cm (지상에서 120 cm~150 cm)를 중단, 50 cm 이하(지상에서 100 cm 이하)를 하단으로 나누어 각 위치별 토마토 7엽의 잎 뒷면에서 관찰된 담배가루이 노숙 유충 마리 수를 조사 하였다. 담배가루이 노숙유충은 이동성이 거의 없어 알에서 우화한 뒤 고착화하여 용과 성충 단계를 거치기 때문에 중단, 하단에 밀도가 높았다. 공간분 포분석은 Taylor’s power law (TPL)를 이용하여 도출된 TPL의 회귀계수를 통해 분석하였고, TPL 계수의 차이는 공분산분석(ANCOVA)하여 차이 가 없어 자료를 통합(pooling)하여 계산된 새로운 TPL 계수를 이용하여 표본추출정지선과 방제의사결정법을 개발하였다. 개발된 표본추출법의 적합 성을 판단하기 위해 분석에 사용하지 않은 독립된 자료를 이용하여 Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan (RVSP) 프로그램으로 평가하였다.

Tomato is one of the major widely cultivated crops around the world. The leaf area is directly related to the total amount of photosynthesis, which affects the yield and quality of the fruit. Traditional methods of measuring the leaf area are time-consuming and can cause damage to the leaves. To address these problems, various studies are being conducted for measuring the leaf area. In this study, we introduced a model to estimate the leaf area using images of tomatoes. Using images captured by a camera, we measured the leaf length and width and used linear regression analysis to derive the leaf area estimation formula. Furthermore, we used a Neural Network (NN) for additional analysis to compare the accuracy of the models. Initially, to verify the reliability of the image data, we conducted a correlation analysis between the actual measurement data and the image data, which showed a high positive correlation. The leaf area estimation model presented 23 estimation formulas. We used regression analysis to estimate the coefficients of each model and also used employed an artificial neural network analysis to derive high R-squared (R2) values and low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values. Among the estimation formulas, the ninth model showed the highest reliability with an R-squared value of 0.863. We conducted a verification experiment to confirm the accuracy of the selected model, and the R-squared value was 0.925. This study confirmed the reliability of data measured from images and the reliability of the leaf area estimation model using image data. These methods are expected to be an important tool in agriculture, using imaging equipment for measuring and monitoring the crop growth.

증산은 적정 관수 관리에 중요한 역할을 하므로 수분 스트레스에 취약한 토마토와 같은 작물의 관개 수요에 대한 지식이 필요하다. 관수량을 결정하는 한 가지 방법은 증산량을 측정하는 것인데, 이는 환경이나 생육 수준의 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 분단위 데이터를 통해 수학적 모델과 딥러닝 모델을 활용하여 토마토의 증발량을 추정하 고 적합한 모델을 찾는 것을 목표로 한다. 라이시미터 데이터는 1분 간격으로 배지무게 변화를 측정함으로써 증산 량을 직접 측정했다. 피어슨 상관관계는 관찰된 환경 변수가 작물 증산과 유의미한 상관관계가 있음을 보여주었다. 온실온도와 태양복사는 증산량과 양의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 상대습도는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 다중 선형 회귀 (MLR), 다항 회귀 모델, 인공 신경망(ANN), Long short-term memory(LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) 모델을 구 축하고 정확도를 비교했다. 모든 모델은 테스트 데이터 세트에서 0.770－0.948 범위의 R2 값과 0.495mm/min－ 1.038mm/min의 RMSE로 증산을 잠재적으로 추정하였다. 딥러닝 모델은 수학적 모델보다 성능이 뛰어났다. GRU 는 0.948의 R2 및 0.495mm/min의 RMSE로 테스트 데이터에서 최고의 성능을 보여주었다. LSTM과 ANN은 R2 값이 각각 0.946과 0.944, RMSE가 각각 0.504m/min과 0.511로 그 뒤를 이었다. GRU 모델은 단기 예측에서 우수한 성능 을 보였고 LSTM은 장기 예측에서 우수한 성능을 보였지만 대규모 데이터 셋을 사용한 추가 검증이 필요하다. FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM) 방정식과 비교하여 PM은 MLR 및 다항식 모델 2차 및 3차보다 RMSE가 0.598mm/min으로 낮지만 분단위 증산의 변동성을 포착하는 데 있어 모든 모델 중에서 가장 성능이 낮다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 온실 내 토마토 증산을 단기적으로 추정하기 위해 GRU 및 LSTM 모델을 권장한다.

Tomatoes in greenhouse are a widely cultivated horticultural crop worldwide, accounting for high production and production value. When greenhouse ventilation is minimized during low temperature periods, CO2 enrichment is often used to increase tomato photosynthetic rate and yield. Plant-induced electrical signal (PIES) can be used as a technology to monitor changes in the biological response of crops due to environmental changes by using the principle of measuring the resistance value, or impedance, within the crop. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between tomato growth data, vital response, and PIES resulting from CO2 enrichment in greenhouse tomatoes. The growth of tomato treated with CO2 enrichment in the morning was significantly better in all items except stem diameter compared to the control, and PIES values were also higher. The growth of tomato continuously applied with CO2 was better in the treatment groups than control, and there was no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. However, PIES and SPAD values were higher in the CO2 treatment group than control. CO2 enrichment have a direct relationship with PIES, growth increased, and transpiration increased due to the increased leaf area, resulting in increased water absorption, which appears to be reflected in PIES, which measures vascular impedance. Through this, this study suggests that PIES can be used to monitor crops due to environmental changes, and that PIES is a useful method for non-destructively and continuously monitoring changes of crops.

This study was aimed to determine the changes in CO2 concentration according to the temperatures of daytime and nighttime in the CO2 supplemental greenhouse, and to compare calculated supplementary CO2 concentration during winter and spring cultivation seasons. CO2 concentrations in experimental greenhouses were analyzed by selecting representative days with different average temperatures due to differences in integrated solar radiation at the growth stage of leaf area index (LAI) 2.0 during the winter season of 2022 and 2023 years. The CO2 concentration was 459, 299, 275, and 239 μmol·mol-1, respectively at 1, 2, 3, and 4 p.m. after the CO2 supplementary time (10:00-13:00) under the higher temperature (HT, > 18°C daytime temp. avg. 31.7, 26.8, 23.8, and 22.4°C, respectively), while it was 500, 368, 366, 364 μmol·mol-1, respectively under the lower temperature (LT, < 18°C daytime temp. avg. 22.0, 18.9, 15.0, and 13.7°C, respectively), indicating the CO2 reduction was significantly higher in the HT than that of LT. During the nighttime, the concentration of CO2 gradually increased from 6 p.m. (346 μmol·mol-1) to 3 a.m. (454 μmol·mol-1) in the HT with a rate of 11 μmol·mol-1 per hour (240 tomatoes, leaf area 330m2), while the increase was very lesser under the LT. During the spring season, the CO2 concentration measured just before the start of CO2 fertilization (7:30 a.m.) in the CO2 enrichment greenhouse was 3-4 times higher in the HT (>15°C nighttime temperature avg.) than that of LT (< 15°C nighttime temperature avg.), and the calculated amount of CO2 fertilization on the day was also lower in HT. All the integrated results indicate that CO2 concentrations during the nighttime varies depending on the temperature, and the increased CO2 is a major source of CO2 for photosynthesis after sunrise, and it is necessary to develop a model formula for CO2 supplement considering the nighttime CO2 concentration.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Joeunbaekdadagi’) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Dotaerang Dia’) seedlings by light intensities and CO2 concentrations in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS). Cucumber and tomato seeds were sown in 50-cell trays and germinated in CPPS at air temperature 25 ± 1°C and relative humidity 50 ± 10% for 4 days. After germination, the CO2 concentrations and light intensity treatment were treated at 500 (ambient), 1,000, and 1,500 μmol·mol-1 and 100, 200, and 300 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), respectively. The leaf area of cucumber showed the highest value in CO2 1,500 μmol·mol-1. However, the leaf area of the tomato had no significant difference in CO2 concentrations and light intensities treatments. In cucumber and tomato both seedlings, the growth and quality such as compactness and leaf area rate were increased with the increase of light intensity, and there were highest in 300 μmol·m-2·s-1. The root surface and number of root tips of cucumber and tomato seedlings were significantly increased with the increase in light intensity. In conclusion, the regulation of the CO2 concentrations and light intensity can control the growth and quality of cucumber and tomato seedlings in CPPS, especially, increasing the light intensity can improve more significantly the growth and quality of seedlings.

토마토반점위조바이러스(TSWV)는 총채벌레가 매개하는 대표적인 바이러스로 고추 등 여러작물에서 심각 한 피해를 준다. 노지고추에서 토마토반점위조바이러스 발생 경감을 위한 총채벌레 방제시기를 설정하고자 시기별 총채벌레 발생량과 토마토반점위조바이러스병 발생량을 조사하였다. 2023년 전북 익산 노지 고추포장 에서 청색끈끈이트랩을 이용하여 총채벌레 발생량을 조사한 결과 4월 상순부터 채집되기 시작하여 5월 하순과 6월 하순에 발생최성기를 보였다. 반면 고추 꽃에서는 정식 2주후부터 꽃당 10마리 이상 관찰되었다. 토마토반점 위조바이러스병은 정식 30일 이후 증상이 발생하기 시작하여 빠르게 확산되는 경향이었다. 따라서 노지고추에 서 토마토반점위조바이러스병 경감을 위하여 총채벌레 방제를 활착 이후부터 시작하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단 되었다.

This study aimed to develop a new eco-friendly control method of B. tabaci using a trap plant treated with systemic insecticide. Due to high preference, tobacco plant was selected as a trap plant among solanaceous plants. Out of all 6 systemic insecticides, dinotefuran WG showed the highest mortality (> 97.3 %) against B. tabaci. The concentrations of dinotefuran in tobacco leaves after systemic treatment showed the sharp increase in the pesticide from 2 hrs until 48 hrs (2 d) and steady increase over 35 d. The mortality of B. tabaci in tobacco leaves was about 80% at 9 hrs after treatment and over 90% at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 35 d after treatment. The number of B. tabaci was counted every week after dinotefuran-treated tobacco pots were placed in the tomato greenhouse cultivation. The density of the insects with 3 tobacco plants was app. 75% lower than the control (w/o tobacco plant).

Since the importance of integrated pest management to minimize environmental damage and maximize pest control effectiveness has emerged, efforts to put it into practice have continued. To implement IPM, it is necessary to estimate the economic injury level to determine the control method by identifying pests and weeds that damage the quantity and quality of crops in the field, investigating the occurrence level, and calculating the ratio of cost and effectiveness. Also, damage to host plants caused by increased density of insect pests appears to change plant’s health that key factor for managing crops. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the density of pests and the damage to the host plants is necessary. This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between the density of insect pests and damage to the host plants for estimating the economic injury level of insect pests on the host plants and investigating the possibility of pest control decision-making using plant health status.

This study was conducted to assess the genetic variability and correlation of phenotypic characteristics in 12 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes including 11 WorldVeg and one commercial variety (Pusa Ruby) in Terai (plain) region of Nepal in 2021–2022. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The phenotypic traits, including days to 50% flowering, plant vigor and height, fruit number/plant, fruit yield, fruit weight and diameter, fruit firmness and fruit pericarp thickness, and total soluble solids (TSS) content of the fruits, were studied. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except for plant vigor. The genotype of AVTO1705 resulted the highest fruit yield (2.9 kg/plant) than Pusa Ruby, a commercial check (0.5 kg/plant). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits and PCV values were maximum for the number of fruits, fruit yield, and fruit weight. High PCV, GCV, and genetic advance (GA) were observed for yield, fruit weight, and plant height, respectively, indicating the additive gene effect. High heritability for fruit yield/plant and plant height inferred the phenotypic selection for their genetic improvement. Fruit yield was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with the fruit number and fruit weight, and direct selection of these traits are reliable for yield improvement in tomato.

기계적 자극은 식물체의 형태적 변화를 유도하는 것으로 알 려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 기계적 자극을 적용한 토마토의 육 묘기 동안의 생육 변화를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 브러싱 처리가 기계적 자극으로 이용되었으며, 아크릴이 부착된 이 송장치를 이용하여 2시간 간격으로 파종 후 10일 이후부터 처 리를 진행하였다. 브러싱 처리 동안 생육 변화를 확인하기 위 해 3일 간격으로 생육을 조사하였다. 초장과 엽면적은 브러싱 처리에서 대조구에 비해 감소하는 결과를 보였으며 지상부의 생체중과 건물중은 대조구와 유사한 값을 보였다. 총 근장과 지하부 표면적은 브러싱 처리에서 대조구에 비해 증가하였으며, 지하부 부피는 대조구와 브러싱 처리가 유사한 값을 보였 다. 결론적으로 토마토 공정묘에 브러싱 처리는 지상부의 생 육 감소를 유도하였으며 지하부의 형태적 발달을 증가시키는 것으로 판단된다.

The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) maintains the world’s largest public vegetable germplasm collection. The Genebank contains over 65,000 accessions and consists of more than 130 genera and 330 species. It includes around 12,000 accessions of indigenous vegetables. The WorldVeg Korea Office (WKO) has been conducting regional adaptability evaluations in the fields of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), with a focus on major solanaceous vegetable crops such as tomato, chili, and bell pepper. As climate change significantly affects vegetable crop productivity, the development of high-performing cultivars, tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses with enriched nutrients inside, is essential to enhance agricultural sustainability and human health. In this regard, the evaluation of growth and horticultural characteristics of pepper and tomato accessions from the WorldVeg will help contribute to the generation of new and improved cultivars, to address global challenges that affect food security, sustainability, and adaptation to climate change. Here, we summarize our activities and the results of the regional adaptability evaluation using the WorldVeg accessions of pepper and tomato germplasms.