Background: Cerebral palsy presents significant challenges in motor function for affected children. While conventional bottom-up approaches are common in physical therapy, there is increasing interest in the efficacy of the top-down approach. Objectives: To investigated the impact of applying the top-down approach in physical therapy for a child diagnosed with cerebral palsy, focusing on functional improvement and quality of life. Design: A single-case study. Methods: The patient was a 15-year-old boy with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy who was entering middle school. Cerebral palsy treatment approach of the top-down method (jumping rope) was used to guide and direct physical therapy. Results: The child improved in muscle strength of lower extremity, gross motor function, participation and self-esteem, but the pattern of his gait seemed to be more severe on tiptoe. When the child participated in a jumping rope class, he was able to do more than 10 jumps. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the top-down approach in enhancing functional outcomes and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. It highlights the potential of this approach in pediatric physical therapy, warranting further research validation.

To prove the long-term safety of deep geological repository, the safety assessment is needed to ensure that the expected performance of repository satisfies the regulatory standards. Scenario development is process of analyzing events and evolutions that can directly or indirectly affect the performance of a disposal system and is a pre-step for quantitative safety assessment. Scenarios are used to identify and define cases to be assessed by numerical modeling, and cases are mainly divided into normal (also called the ‘reference’ and ‘expected evolution’) and abnormal scenarios. Mainly two approaches have been used to set up scenarios. One is a bottom-up approach that starts with features, events and processes (FEPs). This approach can analyze the evolution and events related to the performance of the disposal system in an inductive manner. The other is top-down approach that analyzes the events and evolution of disposal system, focusing on situations that may affect the safety function of the components. This approach starts with a set of intuitively predefined expected failures of safety function. Combining the two approaches is more effective in demonstrating comprehensiveness which is a main challenge of scenario analysis, and almost national radioactive waste management institutions combine top-down and bottom-up approaches for development of scenarios. An approach combining the two approaches is called a hybrid approach, and the detailed method differs from each institution and has not been determined. In this study, some work for constructing the scenario using hybrid approach was performed. Firstly, defining each component’s safety function and screening FEPs according to several rules were performed for a generic repository. Secondly, we extracted performance factors that are considered likely to affect safety functions. And lastly, we integrated FEPs correlated with performance factor to simplify the analysis. These results will be material to construct the scenario using hybrid approach.

손해배상액의 산정의 일환으로 합리적 실시료 를 산정하는 경우 합리적 실시료를 산정하는 여 러 방법들이 존재하며, 그 중에서도 하향식 접근 법을 통하여 합리적 실시료를 산정하는 케이스가 늘어나고 있다. 복합 기술이 주를 이루는 기술 분야에 한하여 서는 실시료 과적의 문제 해결의 이익이 경제적 타당성보다도 우선한다 할 것이며, 특히 표준 특 허의 분야에 있어서는 실시료 과적이 실재할 수 있다는 점을 고려해야 할 것이다. 따라서, 복합 기술이 주를 이루는 기술 분야와 표준 특허에 대 하여는 합리적 실시료 산정 시 하향식 접근법의 최대 누적 실시료의 결정으로 실시료의 상한을 결정하는 것이 타당할 것이다. 특허권의 가치가 변동성을 갖는 것으로 신뢰할 수 없다는 점을 고려할 때, 실시자가 실시한 기술에 집적된 전체 특허 각각에 대한 가치를 평가하 여 손해배상의 기초가 되는 특허의 기여도를 산 출하기에는무리가있을것으로판단되며, 특허권 자 사이에 형평성을 유지하면서도 공개된 데이터 에 의하여 기계적인 배분이 가능한 특허 카운팅 이 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 특허권 각각의 가치 평가를 진행하는 것은 가 치 변동 이슈와 현실적 어려움 등으로 배제되어 야 할 것으로 보이며, In re Innovatio의 판결이 나 로렌츠 커브와 같이 특허의 누적 분포에 따른 기술 내의 가치 비중에 관한 통계적 데이터의 객 관적 자료가 있다면, 이를 적극 활용하여 특허권 사이의 가치 비중을 고려하는 노력이 필요할 것 이다.

The remarkable electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene and its derivative grapheme oxide have recently gained great importance, along with the large surface area and single-atoms thickness. In this respect, several techniques of synthesis such as chemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, or chemical synthesis have been discovered. However, the development of graphene with fewer defects and on a large scale poses major challenges; therefore, it is increasingly necessary to produce it in large proportions with high quality. This paper reviews the top-down synthesis approach of graphene and its well-known derivative graphene oxide. Furthermore, characterization of graphene oxide nanomaterial is a critical component of the analysis. The characterization techniques employed to determine the quality, defects intensity, number of layers, and structures for graphene oxide nanomaterial at the atomic scale. This article focuses on the different involved characterization methodology for graphene oxide with their percentage utilization for the past 11 years. Additionally, reviewing all of the characterization literature for the last 11 years would be a difficult task. Therefore, the aim is to outline the existing state of graphene oxide by different characterization techniques and provide a comparative analysis based on their percentage utilization.

The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches on EFL learners’ vocabulary learning, the difference in the effects of the two approaches depending upon their level of vocabulary proficiency, and their perception of the approaches. For this study, 122 college students were divided into two approach groups and to two levels in each group depending upon their level of vocabulary knowledge. They were trained with either of the approaches for one semester. The results were that 1) there was no statistically significant differences between the BU and TD approaches, even though the two approaches were effective to improve the students’ vocabulary knowledge; 2) high-level students failed to show any significant differences between the two approaches in the two tests, whereas low-level students in the BU group performed significantly better than those in the TD group in the production test; and 3) they preferred the BU or TD approach to the traditional method in vocabulary learning, and they listed some advantages and disadvantages of the approaches.

This study investigated the relative contributions of linguistic knowledge and strategy use to L2 listening success, especially in bottom-up and top-down dominant listening tasks. Participants (n = 130) were Korean college students in a required listening course. The tested variables for linguistic knowledge were sentence processing speed, grammar, receptive vocabulary, and productive vocabulary. Listening strategy use was measured with a metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire. We hypothesized that linguistic knowledge will make greater contributions to Bottom-Up-Listening-Comprehension (BULC) than to Top-Down-Listening Comprehension (TDLC), and different aspects of strategies will be accessed in each comprehension type due to different psycholinguistic features of the tasks. A series of stepwise multiple regressions were conducted and confirmed our prediction. The unique variance explained by linguistic knowledge was 27.8% in BULC, but 22.4% in TDLC. Strategy items that address problem solving and mental translation were significantly related to BULC, while items dealing with directed attention and person knowledge had significant explanatory power for TDLC.

The twentieth-century history of the ROK (Republic of Korea) is arguably the story of a people’s long struggle for freedom from authoritarian rule. This essay will explore the struggle waged by the people between 1980 and 1987 in ROK to secure civil and political rights denied by military dictatorship. This essay will critique the organisational platform of the movement and use the Spiral Model of human rights norm socialisation (Risse et al, 1999) to understand the regime response to the advocacy movement. This will be contextualised alongside the role of the US (United States of America) as the hegemonic power in ROK in either supporting or denouncing ROK human rights violations. Central will be the role of discourse[1] in enabling the construction of counter-hegemonic resistance ‘from below,’ drawing from Gramscian concepts of a constructed public realm in which discursive forces battle with challenges to hegemony[2]. The essay will conclude by suggesting the successes of the movement, in moving ROK towards norm internalisation, were facilitated by the subversive discourses of the minjung ('people') resulting in an irresistible counter-hegemonic discourse against the Chun Doo Hwan regime.

지하공사는 상부층의 구조물과 연계된 시공순서에 따라 Bottom-Up공법, Up-Up공법 그리고 Top-Down 공법으로 대별할 수 있다. 탑다운 공법을 사용하면 건물의 본구조를 흙막이지보공으로 이용하면서 상층에서 하층으로 굴착과 구체구축을 반복하여 시공함으로써 인접구조물이나 주변 지반의 변위를 극소화 시킬 수 있다. 이는 토류벽의 안정성이 높으며, 각층의 바닥슬래브를 작업공간으로 사용하여 도심지 공사에서 작업장 확보가 용이하다. 그러나 굴토작업이 슬래브 하부에서 진행되므로 작업 능률 및 작업환경이 저하되고, 어스앵커 공법보다 경제성이 없다는 이유로 다소 회피하는 경우가 종종있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 터파기 공사는 세미오픈컷 공법을 적용하고 흙막이 공법에는 지하연속벽(슬러리월)을 그리고 지보공으로는 C.W.S공법을 적용한 역타공법으로 대상현장을 중심으로 기존 역타공법과 경제성, 공사기간 및 작업성 등을 분석 제시하였다. 토사운반 및 철골설치공사 작업의 용이성과 PRD 공사의 정밀도 향상 등의 품질관리가 우수하며, 공기단축이 가능하였다.

An energy based crack growth model is developed in this study to simulate the propagation of top-down cracking in asphalt pavements. A viscoelastic fracture mechanics approach, generalized J integral, is employed to model the crack growth of asphalt concrete. Laboratory fatigue crack propagation tests for three different asphalt mixtures are performed at various load levels, frequencies and temperatures. Disk-shaped specimens with a proper loading fixture and crack growth monitoring system are selected for the tests. It is observed from the tests that the crack propagation model based on the generalized J integral is independent of load levels and frequencies, while the traditional Paris’ law model based on stress intensity factor is dependent of loading frequencies. However, both models are unable to take care of the temperature dependence of the mixtures. The fatigue crack propagation model proposed in this study has a good agreement between experimental and predicted crack growth lives, which implies that the energy based J integral could be a better parameter to describe fatigue crack propagation of viscoelastic materials such as asphalt mixtures.

This paper deals with an information processing dimension of listening activities. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how selected listening activities proposed by Peterson (1991) and Brown (2001) for ESL contexts are employed by students in Korean middle schools, high schools, and universities, with special attention to different types of listening processing: bottom-up, top-down, and interactive. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 600 students to identify their use of listening activities. The results indicated that the listening activities used by Korean students were generally limited in variety and were not in accordance with their education levels. The learners in general resorted to the top-down type most frequently. An investigation of how each education group (middle school, high school, and university) employs different types of listening activities revealed that each group employed the top-down type most frequently, lacking the bottom-up and interactive types. On the basis of the results, pedagogical implications are discussed and suggestions are made for activating listening activities, which is in turn expected to lead to learners’ increased listening competence.

This study analyzes the impacts of agricultural water shortages in Korea using a combined top-down and bottom-up model. A multi-region multi-output agricultural sector model with detailed descriptions of production technologies and water and land resource constraints has been combined with a standard CGE model. The impacts of four different water shortage scenarios were simulated. It is shown that an active adaptation of crop choices occurs in even the regions with relatively abundant water resources in order to respond to the change in relative output prices caused by water shortages. We found that although the losses in production values are not quite large despite water shortages due to the price feedbacks, the loss in GDP is substantial. We show that our combined approach has advantages in deriving region and product specific production effects as well as the overall GDP loss effect of water shortages.

최근 도심지에서 이루어지는 건축공사의 대부분은 재개발 및 재건축으로 인한 중.소규모 형태의 건축공사이다. 또한, 한정된 토지의 효율적인 이용을 위하여, 지하층 공사가 고심도화 되고 있다. 이러한 이유로 도심지 공사에서는 역타공법을 많이 적용하고 있으며, 이에 대한 많은 기술 개발이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CFT 강관기둥을 이용한 철골조 역타공법 개발을 위하여 Y형 플레이트를 이용한 지하층 CFT기둥과 H형강보의 접합상세를 제안하였으며, 이에 대한 구조성능 평가를 수행하였다. Y형 플레이트를 이용한 접합상세의 효율적인 구조설계를 위하여, 구조성능에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다양한 형태의 영향 변수를 설정하고, 각각의 변수들에 대한 영향력 평가를 위하여 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 도출된 결과를 바탕으로 효율적인 Y형 플레이트 접합 상세를 제시하였다. 또한, 각 변수들의 영향력을 검증하기 위하여, 실물 크기로 접합부 실험체를 제작하여 각 변수들에 대한 제안된 접합상세의 내력 및 변형 능력을 평가하였다. 성능평가 결과, Y형 플레이트를 이용한 CFT기둥과 H형강보의 접합상세의 구조성능은 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 역타공법을 적용하는 도심지 건축공사에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 지역적 문화적으로 특색을 달리하는 크루즈 모델 개발의 한 방안으로서 미래지향적 주거개념의 크루즈선 설계모델을 제시하였다. 크루즈선 설계를 위해서는 조선공학, 건축디자인, 경영경제학 등의 복합지식이 요청되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 선박의 하부구조 결정을 통해 초기 선형을 도출한 후 기본설계에 들어가는 기존의 조선설계 방법과는 반대로 상부구조의 건축디자인 작업이 먼저 착수되는 Top-Down 방식의 접근방법을 채택하였다.