This paper aims at analyzing, throughout an Italian and American cross-cultural study, one of the phenomena which is booming in the fashion luxury sector: the resale market. It is evident that Covid-19 has boosted a deep transformation, that the world of luxury was already going through: a) the increased relevance acquired by the experiential consumption; b) platforms that offer new forms of digitalized buying experiences; c) request for sustainability.

This study examines the impact of culture and humanity on new product evaluation in a global context. That is, examining the impact of culture and humanity on the evaluation of radically new products is a key to success in this competitive and saturated market. But very little research has examined how culture and humanity affect the radically new product evaluation both from functional design and form design perspective.

본 연구는 한국, 미국, 일본의 마을교육공동체를 발생배경/지역과 학교의 의사 결정 권한/양적 추이, 세 측면에서 비교한 연구다. 연구결과 한국은 자연 발생적 인 반면 미국과 일본은 교육과 사회문제의 대응 방편으로 마을교육공동체가 도 입됐다고 할 수 있다. 마을교육공동체 운영의 핵심 축이라 할 수 있는 지역과 학 교의 의사결정 권한은 미국이 가장 높았고 다음은 일본, 한국 순으로 나타났다. 특히 한국 중학교에서 교육체제 내의 ‘지역’이 갖는 결정권은 거의 없었다. 세 나라의 마을교육공동체 양적 추이는 증가하는 공통성을 보였는데 이는 마을교육 공동체의 효과성와 필요성을 입증하는 각 나라의 요구를 보여준다. 이에 따른 결 론은 첫째, 한국의 자발적 태동은 마을교육공동체의 무한한 잠재력과 사회 동력 으로 작용할 수 있는 가능성을 말해준다. 둘째, 마을교육공동체의 도약을 위하여 지역과 학교의 의사결정 권한을 강화하는 교육체제의 재정비가 필요하다. 셋째, 지역자원의 연계와 마을교육공동체의 성장을 돕는 정부의 맞춤형 지원이 활성화 되어야 한다. 넷째, 마을교육공동체의 자생력을 갖추기 위하여 구성원들의 집단 성찰과 학습을 통한 역량 강화가 필요하다.

This study was undertaken to compare meal skipping, snacking, and weight perceptions between students on-campus living alone and off-campus living with parents, in an urban college in the United States. The self-report survey was completed by 219 college students (on-campus=100, off-campus=119) between April and May 2012. Two-thirds (67%) of the respondents skipped at least one meal in the past week, and most participants showed strong desires to lose weight despite their normal/under-weight status. Significant differences between the two groups were obtained for the reason to skip a meal and the type of snack consumed. Compared to on-campus students, significantly higher values were obtained for off-campus students for choosing ‘no time to prepare’ as a meal skipping reason for lunch and dinner, and ‘sweets’ as a preferred snack. In addition to the group comparison, multiple regression results indicate that the body mass index (BMI) positively correlates with meal skipping and snacking frequencies. Younger students and female students were determined to have a higher frequency of meal skipping and morning snacking. Future research is required to study the dietary factors associated with living arrangements, to help college students develop healthy eating habits.

WAIS in South Korea and WEU Inc. in Philadelphia hosting the 22nd World Peace Island Forum: Remembering Jeju King Cherry Trees Bio-diplomacy (1943) in Washington D.C. and the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) in Philadelphia which organized by the Korean Provisional Government from March 22 to 24, 2022. We want to propose cultural historic events which connect American and Korean society, such as the Trip to Faith and Liberty Hall that relate to the integration processes of Korean and American Democracy. Dean Max Friedman of American University calls the Jeju King cherry trees cultural event bio-diplomacy among world citizens. In addition, the Korean embassy evaluated the cherry tree event as a new kind of bio-diplomacy approach which paves the way for understanding different cultures in different countries. The aim of this paper is to share present contexts and meanings about both the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) and Bio-diplomacy (1943). We had also the 2022 GAN Korea Jeju to Philadelphia Webinar Conference: Diversity as a New Diversity for Global Ageing Network in New Normal: Jeju Village Healing, PASSi Asian Culture, Japanese Indigenous Peace Culture, and Busan Smart Health Care approach.

목적 : 중국, 홍콩, 말레이시아, 호주, 독일 및 미국의 optometry 관련 제도를 조사하고 분석하여 대한민국 안경사 제도 개선 방안에 참고가 되고자 하였다. 방법 : 구글스칼라(Google Scholar), 학술연구정보서비스(RISS), 코리아스칼라(Korea Scholar) 및 디비피아 (DBpia)를 통해 중국, 홍콩, 말레이시아, 호주, 독일 및 미국의 optometry 관련 정보를 검색하고 수집하였다. 결과 : 홍콩, 호주 및 미국은 optometrist 및 ophthalmic dispenser 업무를 명확하게 구분하여 운영하고 있 으며, 독일은 수공업 규정을 따르며 세계화에 맞춰 optometrist로 직종을 추가하였다. 말레이시아는 비교적 최근에 optometrist 제도를 도입하였으며, 홍콩, 호주 및 미국과 유사한 업무 범위를 가진다. 중국은 험광원 및 정배 공을 등급별로 구분하였으나, 한국과 유사하게 비정시의 진단 및 처치는 수행할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 중국, 홍콩, 말레이시아, 호주, 독일 및 미국의 optometry 제도에서 조사 및 분석된 시사점을 통해 대 한민국 안경사의 전문성 강화와 시대적 상황에 부합되는 제도 개선 방향이 제시되었다고 생각된다.

배타적 경제수역(EEZ)은 1982년 유엔해양법협약 제정 이후 국가의 해양관할 권 수역이 영해, 공해와 함께 3원적 체제로 재편된 뒤 처음으로 등장한 특수한 성격을 갖는 수역이다. 이 수역이 도입되는 과정에서 연안국과 해양강국의 의견 차이로 해결하지 못한 몇 가지 문제가 있는데 그중 하나가 바로 군사활동과 관련된 문제이다. EEZ 내 타국의 군사활동에 대하여 연안국은 안보위협을 느끼고, 해양강국은 기존에 누리던 공해에서의 항해의 자유를 향유하려 한다. 이 문제는 해양법협약상 EEZ가 채택된 이후에 지속적으로 논란이 되어 왔고, 특히 현재 남중국해에서 미국과 중국 간 첨예한 분쟁이 진행 중이다. 미국은 해양강국의 입장에서 항해의 자유를 주장하고 있고, 중국은 연안국의 입장에서 미국의 행위를 비난하고 군함이나 군용항공기를 위협하는 행동을 하고 있다. 그러나 미국과 중국 모두 최근의 국제법 체제하에서 합리적인 주장을 하고 있지는 않은 것으로 생각된다. EEZ 내 군사활동과 관련된 문제는 미국과 중국의 문제만이 아니라, 우리나라에도 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 당장 황해에서 EEZ의 경계가 획정되지 않은 상황에서 중국이 황해의 가상 중간선을 넘어 우리나라 측 해역에 군함을 보내고 있으며, 군용항공기가 우리나라 방공식별구역(KADIZ) 안쪽으로 사전 허가 나 통보 없이 비행하는 행위를 하고 있다. 이는 우리나라 안보에 대한 명백한 위협으로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 우리나라는 이에 대응하여 유엔해양법협약과 양립하는 범위에서 연 안국의 영토 보전과 정치적 독립에 위협이 되거나, EEZ 내의 연안국의 권리행사와 의무이행을 방해할 수 있는 군사활동의 범위를 설정하여 이를 규제하거나 감시할 수 있는 국내법적 근거를 마련해야 한다.

The Jeju Teachers' Association and Jeju Island Office of Education also proposes a visit to Japan to learn about their lives in connection with Korean schools in Japan. In 2020, Jeju National University and Ritsumeikan University plan to have the opportunity to jointly study and research the lives of Koreans in Japan from the standpoint of peace and human rights education. Based on the opinions of these international researchers, we should cover the human rights abuses committed under the US military administration and the responsibility for the deaths under US military influence, even after the establishment of the Korean government, and to restore the honor of 4.3 victims and survivors to prevent this from happening again. This is to protect peace and human rights in Jeju and the Korean peninsula.

In Brazil overwieght people represent 58,2%, in the USA 40% of women’s population. Plus size is a standard of USA fashion industry that applies to woman who wears more than 12, and in Brazil it begins on 44. They are frustrated, because retails provide few options and don’t understand them.

농업생산량 증대 위해 여러 국가의 수분에 대한 접근을 연구했다. 이 연구에서는 자연수분과 인공수분의 상태와 그 상관관계를 고찰했다. 검토한 나라들에서 산림훼손, 기후변화, 그리고 살충제 과용 등으로 인해 자연수분과 인공수분의 비율이 변화하는 경로가 있음을 확인하였다. 이 논문의 분석과 여러 국가의 모범관행에 비추어 볼 때 우즈벡에 현대적 수분방법을 도입하여 농업발전을 도모하기 위한 필요한 조치들을 제안하였다.

Aimed at determining whether China’s active carbon emission reduction policy can respond to the threat of carbon tariff of the USA, this study proposed two kinds of carbon tax schemes for the USA and China, same carbon tax policy and a differential carbon tax policy. Four scenarios are set: the USA only charging carbon tax on domestic products; the USA charging carbon tax on domestic products and carbon tariff on imported products from China; the USA and China taking the same carbon tax policy on domestic products; the USA and China taking the differential carbon tax policy on their domestic products. Global Trade Analysis Project Energy model is applied to discuss whether China’s active measure to reduce carbon emissions can be an effective solution to the threat of carbon tariff of the USA. The research results show that China’s active measure of the same carbon tax policy as the USA is not effective to cope with carbon tariff of the USA. However, it is an effective measure to take a differential carbon tax policy. The specific policy implications of the study are discussed in conclusion.

Using two samples of LinkedIn portraits from American (n = 480) and Israeli (n = 300) users, we found that most LinkedIn portraits adhere to popular recommendations found on the Internet. However, there were cross-cultural differences in the level of formality and adherence to popular advice, with Americans more than Israelis presenting themselves in a formal manner and in an appropriate location and position. Occupation categories did not prove to moderate the cultural effects on the portraits features. Future research is needed to generalize these findings to other cultures, geographical areas, religions, and occupations. These findings have implications for SNS users and recruiters.

Introduction Despite the rise of digital media, TV remains the number one place children spend their media time (Moses, 2014). Past research has shown that less healthy food and beverages such as those containing high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) are prominent in TV commercials (e.g., Carter, Patterson, Donovan, Ewing, & Roberts, 2011). In these commercials, various persuasive techniques (e.g., taste/smell, convenience), which promote the purchase of the products, have been used (Hebden, King, & Kelly, 2011). Extensive studies have found that exposure to advertising for HFSS products, including confectionery, soft drinks, crisps or savory snacks, fast food, pre-sugared breakfast cereals, is associated with children‟s cognition, food consumption, and obesity (e.g., Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Macklin, 1994; see also Moore, Wilkie, & Desrochers, 2017). Since younger children, especially those in the “perceptual stage” of development, may not understand the persuasive or selling intent of commercials (e.g., John, 1999), they may be vulnerable to this advertising. As a result, several countries such as UK and Ireland (Hawkes, Lobstein, & For the Polmark Consortium, 2011) have introduced restrictions or regulations for broadcasting food and beverage commercials for children. The commercials of HFSS food and beverage have sometimes introduced these products with healthier images and words / phrases like health and nutrition claims. Health claims refer to any representation that states, suggests, or implies that a relationship exists between a food (/beverage) or a constituent of that food (/beverage) and health. Nutrition claims mean any representation which states, suggests or implies that a food (/beverage) has particular nutritional properties including but not limited to the energy value and to the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States & World Health Organization, 2013). Using health messages for HFSS food presents the risk of a biased image of the products (i.e., they are „healthy‟), which may result in unhealthy life styles and conditions. In recent years, there has been regulatory pressure on food advertisers to market their products responsibly (e.g., WHO regulations; Kraak et al., 2016). At the same time, the Children‟s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) emerged, in which several leading companies pledged to market their products to children responsibly (see editorial by Boyland & Harris, 2017). Therefore, we were interested in seeing if food and beverage advertising had changed in 2017. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative frequency of food and beverage commercials targeting children with a focus on healthy aspects of the products, their health and nutrition claims, as well as other persuasive techniques. Method A total of twenty hours of programming targeting children was recorded on Nickelodeon and Cartoon Networks in the United States during the hours of 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on two weekdays in September 2017. The advertisements were coded for product type (“food”, “beverage”, fast-food restaurant (“Restaurant: Quick-service/fast food restaurant”), and sit-down restaurant (“Restaurant: Sit-down restaurant”), food type (e.g., “confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”, “bread”, “fruits”, and “vegetables”) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2016; Suzuki, 2018), and persuasive techniques (e.g., “health claims”, “nutrition claims”, “taste/smell/flavor”, “convenience”, “scientific information”, “celebrities/a well-known person”, and “eating /drinking behavior”) (e.g., Hebden et. al., 2011; Jenkin, Madhvani, Signal & Bowers, 2014; Kraak & Story, 2015; Warren, Wicks, Wicks, Fosu, & Chung, 2008). Food type can be classified into two categories; Less healthy (“confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “sweet bakery wares”, “other sweets/desserts”, “Sugared breakfast cereals”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”) or healthier categories related to other food categories (Ofcom, 2004; Nutrition Australia, 2013; Suzuki, 2018). Seven coders independently evaluated the advertisements, with two coders assigned to every programming block. They were trained for about three weeks to read the coding manual, practice coding and discuss the coding scheme, and revise their coding after receiving feedback of the trial coding. To check coding reliability, two independent coders evaluated the same programs. 94.3% agreement was achieved for product type. Results and discussion A total of 856 commercials appeared. Food and beverage advertisements represented 29.0% (N=248). On average, children were exposed to 12.4 food and beverage advertisements per hour. Of all the food, beverage and restaurant advertisements, “food” and fast-food commercials were frequently broadcasted; 40.7% (N=101) were for “food” commercials, and fast-food restaurant commercials accounted for 43.5% (N=108). 12.1% (N=30) “beverage” commercials and 3.6% (N=9) sit-down restaurant commercials were included. Food, beverage and restaurant commercials were more likely to appear on Nickelodeon (36.2%, N=129) than on the Cartoon network (28.4%, N=419) (χ2=5.43, df=1, p<.05). As for the appearances of product type, “food” advertisements frequently appeared on Nickelodeon (54.6%, N=65), whereas the programs of Cartoon network included a lot of fast food commercials (61.2%, N=79). In examining the appearances of “beverage”, “food”, “fast food”, and “others (except food, beverage, and restaurant)” between the channels, the results showed that the programs of Cartoon network were more likely to broadcast “fast food” commercials than those of Nickelodeon, whereas the programs of Nickelodeon were more likely to broadcast “food” commercials (χ2=38.23, df=3, p<.01)1. The majority of food types were “confectionary” (25.7%, N=26), “savory snacks” (16.8%, N=17), “breakfast cereals” (14.9%, N=15), and “pre-prepared convenience foods” (13.9%, N=14). In classifying various kinds of foods into two big categories related to health (healthier or less healthy) as above-mentioned, less healthy food accounted for 88.1% (N=89). No commercials were categorized into three of the healthier categories (bread, fruits, and vegetables). As persuasive techniques for consumers, “health claims”, and “nutrition claims” were low (8.9%). For example, grape juice produced by Welch‟s used the appeal “sugar free”. In the commercials with nutrition claims, there was no significant difference in the appearance between the “beverage” and “food” commercials (χ2=1.70, df=1, n.s.). The other persuasive techniques like “convenience” (75.8%, N=188), “taste/smell/flavor” (51.2%, N=127), and “eating/drinking behavior” (49.2%, N=122) were frequently used. In contrast, the rates of some techniques (e.g., “celebrities/a well-known person”, “scientific information”) were very low. As for the persuasive technique of “celebrities/a well-known person”, the category of product type was classified in only the “beverage” category. Thus, this study indicated that there were not many less-healthy food commercials that appealed to health and nutrition aspects of the products by using health and nutrition claims, or scientific information. In previous studies, the rate of health and nutrition claims varied between less than 10% to more than 30% (Jenkin et al., 2014). This may be due to the differences in the definitions of health and nutrition claims. Our study referred to the international standard definitions. Therefore, the findings regarding the rate of health and nutrition claims in this study can contribute to overall knowledge about the current spread of health and nutrition claims in “less healthy” food commercials of children‟s television programs. It may also be the case that food companies are acting more responsibly by limiting their persuasion techniques to those that relate to taste or convenience and not by misrepresenting the products as healthy. However, overall, the proportion of less healthy food commercials was high, and various persuasive techniques were used. At the same time, there were no commercials for fruits or vegetables presented during this time frame despite governmental regulations for eating these healthier foods. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the ways that certain foods are promoted (or are not promoted) among parents and policy-makers. As the sample used in this study was recorded only on weekdays and through the two kids' channels. It would be expected that the future study develop the analysis for the recorded commercials on weekends and on the other local channels. The sample used in this study was analyzed only on weekdays and through two children‟s channels. Future research might examine food and beverage advertising across different time frames and channels.

Over the past few years, companies have started moving into specific niches in plus-size fashion. The purpose of this study was to verify the marketability of young plus-size clothes in the USA. Data were collected from female consumers aged from 20 to 39 who have experience of purchasing plus-size items. A total of 282 responses were used for statistical analysis. The research result is as follows. First, the obesity stress is affected more by the subjective obesity level than by the objective obesity level and by how people recognize their body types. Second, from an analysis of the factors affecting the shopping orientation of plus-size consumers, style consciousness, pursuing reasonable, emphasizing comfort, and body consciousness are found to be important factors. Third, even if responders are aware of their exact body size, they actively look for the correct size. Fourth, fit evaluation of plus-size products is based on the factors of size fit and movement fit. The respondents were unsatisfied with chest and arm measurements, which deviate widely by body type for tops. Fifth, the overall dissatisfaction with the plus-size market is attributed to the fact that the product assortment range from which to select styles is narrow, and trend reflection is low. Sixth, the respondents tended to avoid fabrics that make their body type more obvious, textures that give the impression of a larger body size, or stiff textures. These results show that the psychological and physical characteristics of obese consumers should be considered to develop products for the young plus-size market.

전통적인 아케이드게임 강국이라 불리던 미국이 중국과 일본을 중심으로 발전하고 있는 VR 테 마파크산업 발전에 대항하여 VR 기술의 도입을 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 한 때 PC방 문화를 이끌면서 온라인 게임강국이란 이름으로 불리던 우리나라 게임업계와 테마파크업계도 에버랜드나 롯데월드와 같은 기존의 대형 놀이공원에 VR 기술을 도입하는 수준이었으나, 최근 송도, 이태원, 홍대, 동대문 등의 시내에 도심형 테마파크들을 속속 개장하면서 VR 테마파크 산업을 새로운 VR 산업의 핵심 분야로 발전시키고 있다. VR 테마파크산업이 발전하기 위해서는 VR 관련 하드웨어나 소프트웨어를 개발하는 민간기업 뿐만 아니라 정부의 지원 대책도 필요하며, 사용자들이 VR 콘텐츠를 체험하는 과정에서 발생 가능한 다양한 문제점들을 극복할 수 있는 대책이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는, 정부의 강력한 지원과 대규모 잠재고객의 확보로 전 세계 VR 테마파크 시장을 선점하고 있는 중국의 VR 테마파크산업과 롤러코스터와 아케이드로 활황을 누렸던 과거의 테마 파크산업을 다시 부흥시키기 위해 VR 기술을 도입하여 VR 테마파크산업을 발전시키려는 미국의 테마파크산업과 비교와 분석을 통해 한국 VR 테마파크산업이 가져야 할 경쟁력 강화 방안을 도출해 보고자 한다.