As various accidents have occurred in underground spaces, we aim to improve the quality validation standards and methods as specified in the Regulations on Producing Integrated Map of Underground Spaces devised by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Republic of Korea for a high-quality integrated map of underground spaces. Specifically, we propose measures to improve the quality assurance of pipeline-type underground facilities, the so-called life lines given their importance for citizens’ daily activities and their highest risk of accident among the 16 types of underground facilities. After implementing quality validation software based on the developed quality validation standards, the adequacy of the validation standards was demonstrated by testing using data from two-dimensional water supply facilities in some areas of Busan, Korea. This paper has great significance in that it has laid the foundation for reducing the time and manpower required for data quality inspection and improving data quality reliability by improving current quality validation standards and developing technologies that can automatically extract errors through software.

이 연구는 GFRP관을 상수도관으로 사용하기 위해 테스트베드를 설치하여 지중매설된 관의 구조적 거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, GFRP관의 역학적 성질을 조사하고 관 강성을 추정하였다. KS규격에서 제시하고 있는 허용드로우와 고압력(사용압력의 1.5∼2.0배), 트럭하중을 적용시켜 관 내부와 외부의 복합하중이 작용할 경우 관 내압의 변화와 관의 거동을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 상수관으로 GFRP관을 장기 사용하여도 충분한 내압을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

In the sewer pipes, reinforced concrete pipes and concrete pipes are mostly used. However, it is difficult to ensure the long-term durability of the pipe due to the corrosion of the rebar which is used for the reinforcement of the concrete. Also, reinforced concrete pipes are difficult to secure watertightness due to deterioration and corrosion by hydrogen sulfide. In order to solve such problems, research on using sewer pipes made of plastic materials is being actively conducted. When soil pressure and live load act on the buried flexible pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, the flexible pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil together. It is difficult to predict these behaviors theoretically and clearly. Therefore, the design equation for the buried flexible pipe is analyzed by adopting theoretically idealized assumptions and it is estimated through experimental studies that it is similar to the actual structural behavior. In this paper, the mechanical properties of the soil and the polyethylene pipe were considered in application of the method proposed in ASTM D 2412 to design the buried polyethylene pipe. Also, structural behavior of the pipe resisting external loads such as soil pressure was investigated to use a polyethylene pipe as the buried pipe and the long-term behavior of the polyethylene pipe was predicted by the compaction rate of surrounding backfill soil through the field test.

Most of existing buried pipes are composed of reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete pipes have many problems such as aging, corrosion, leaking, etc. The polyethylene (PE) pipes have advantages to solve these problems. The plastic pipes buried underground are classified into a flexible pipe. National standard that has limited the long-term vertical deformation of the pipe to 5% for flexible pipes including PE pipe. This study presents a prediction for the long-term behavior of the polyethylene pipe based on ASTM D 5365. This prediction method is presented to estimate by using the statistical method from the initial deflection measurement data. We predict the behavior of long-term performance on the double-wall pipe and multi-wall pipe. As a result, it was found that the PE pipe will be sound enough more than 50 years if the compaction of soil around the pipe is more than 95% of the standard soil compaction density.

In general, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ductile cast iron pipes are widely used in the water supply pipeline system. However, they have some disadvantages such as reduced durability due to material degradation, defects in connections, breakage of pipelines, and difficulties in continuous maintenance. To mitigate such problems, recently, research on durable and outstanding corrosion resistant glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipe is being actively conducted. GFRP is classified into the flexible pipe and when soil pressure and live load act on buried GFRP pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, it should review the structural behavior and interaction between buried pipe and its surrounding soil because pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil together at the same time. To apply GFRP pipe for the water supply pipeline system, the structural reliability of GFRP water supply pipe buried underground should be investigated by examining the mechanical properties of GFRP pipe as well as the soundness of the pipe under buried state. The field test of buried pipe is conducted and the results are analyzed and discussed.

In the water supply pipeline system polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ductile cast iron pipe are mostly used. However, they have some problems such as reduced durability due to material degradation, defects in connections, the pipelines breakage, and lack of continuous maintenance. Recently, research on durable and outstanding corrosion resistance glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipe is being actively conducted. GFRP is classified into the flexible pipe and when soil pressure and live load act on buried GFRP pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil. In this paper, to apply GFRP pipe for the water supply pipeline system, the structural reliability of GFRP water supply pipe buried underground should be investigated by examining the mechanical properties of GFRP pipe as well as the soundness of the pipe under buried state. The field test of buried pipe is conducted and the results are analyzed and discussed.

A fire sprinkler system is very important to extinguish fire in the building. The sprinkler system initiates sprinkler discharge if the detection system identifies a developing fire and opens the pre-action valve. However, pre-action fire sprinkler systems mainly installed in the underground parking lot at the apartment complex do not properly operate at fire if the connection type of fire sprinkler systems does not properly installed and operated. This study identified the relationship between fire dispersion & damage and the connection type of water supply in the sprinkler system from many fire cases at the apartment complex in South Korea. In addition, this study also identified the water supply differences and characteristics between South Korea and foreign countries. The main purpose of this study is also to improve the water connection types in the sprinkler system that can reduce the potential failures of pre-action valve operation through electrical signal system. The study also suggests the improvement plan for water connection types in pre-action fire sprinkler system that can minimize potential failure of pre-action fire sprinkler system. The suggestions for revising the fire safe standard in South Korea includes letting the water supply pipe of sprinkler system water inlet connect to the second side of pre-action valve and the water flow device that can minimize potential failure of sprinkler system.

The industrialization and urbanization forced to increase the density of pipelines such as water supply, sewers, and gas pipelines. The materials used for the existing pipe lines are mostly composed of concretes and steels, but it is true that the development for more durable and efficient materials has been continued performed to produce long lasting pipe lines. Recently, underground pipes serve in diverse applications such as sewer lines, drain lines, water mains, gas lines, telephone and electrical conduits, culverts, oil lines, etc. In this paper, we present the result of investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) flexible pipes buried underground. In the investigation of structural behavior such as a ring deflection, pipe stiffness, 4-point bending test, experimental and analytical studies are conducted. In addition, pipe stiffness is determined by the parallel plate loading tests and the finite element analysis. The difference between test and analysis is about 8% although there are significant variations in the mechanical properties of the pipe material. In addition, it was found by the 4-point bending test there is no problem in the connection between the pipes by coupler.

GRP pipe (Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic Pipe) lines making use of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) are generally thinner, lighter, and stronger than the existing concrete or steel pipe lines, and it is excellent in stiffness/strength per unit weight. In this study, we present the result of field test for buried GRP pipes with large diameter(2,400mm). The vertical and horizontal ring deflections are measured for 387 days. The short-term deflection measured by the field test is compared with the result predicted by the Iowa formula. In addition, the long-term ring deflection is predicted by using the procedure suggested in ASTM D 5365(ANNEX) in the range of 40 to 60 years of service life of the pipe based on the experimental results. From the study, it was found that the long-term vertical and horizontal ring deflection up to 60 years is less than the 5% ring deflection limitation.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) pipes buried underground are attractive for use in harsh environments, such as for the collection and transmission of liquids which are abrasive and/or corrosive. In this paper, we present the result of investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of GRP flexible pipes buried underground. In the investigation of structural behavior such as a ring deflection, experimental and analytical studies are conducted. In addition, vertical ring deflection is measured by the field test and finite element analysis (FEA) is also conducted to simulate behavior of GRP pipe buried underground. Based on the results from the finite element analyses considering soil-pipe interaction the vertical ring deflection behavior of buried GRP pipe is predicted. In addition, analytical and experimental results are compared and discussed.

원형지하매설관의 경우 관의 하단부의 다짐이 매우 어렵고, 또한 다짐효율이 떨어져서 지하매설물의 안정을 저감시키고, 이로 인해 각종 파손이 발생하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 하나의 대안으로 저강도 콘크리트 개념을 지반공학에 적용하여 만들어진 유동성 채움재(CLSM)를 이용하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 같은 조건에서 일반모래 뒤채움재 방식사를 이용한 유동성뒤채움재 및 현장발생토사를 이용한 유동성 뒤채움재 종류를 변화시킨 3가지 사례에 대한 PENTACON -3D 유한요소 프로그램을 이용하여 수치해석을 실시하였다. 또한 현장발생토사의 파형강관용 유동성 뒤채움재로서 현장 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 현장실험을 수행하였다. 현장시험 및 해석을 실시한 결과 뒤채움재로 유동성 채움재를 사용하는 경우에 일반모래를 사용한 경우보다 관의 수직 수평변위 및 지표면변위를 감소시키는 것으로 해석되었다. 이는 유동성 채움재의 특징 중 자기수평능력과 자기강도발현특성에 의해 양생이 진행됨에 따라 파형강관 주변의 유동성 채움재가 굳어 강성화되고,이것이 파형강관과의 일체화를 통한, 파형강관의 단면강도를 증진시켜준 효과로 해석할 수 있다. 그리고 뒤채움재의 종류에 따른 파형강관의 토압특성은 뒤채움재로 일반모래를 대체하여 유동성 채움재를 사용한 경우에 관에 작용하는 수직 수평토압이 거의 0에 가까운 값으로 현저히 작아짐을 알 수 있었다. 이는 현장발생토사 재활용 유동성 뒤채움재를 사용하는 것이 지하매설관에 발생하는 각종 파손을 감소시키고, 안정성을 높이는 하나의 대안으로 판단된다.

기존의 강관이나 주철관 그리고 시멘트 관은 시간의 경과에 따르는 노화현상을 피할 수 없으며, 특히 금속관은 부식으로 인한 수질 악화문제가 크고 누수에 따른 부족한 수자원 보존과 활용에 있어 예기치 않은 문제를 발생시켜 왔다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 하나의 방안으로 지하매설용 유리섬유복합관을 사용하는 것이다. 유리섬유복합관은 충격에 대한 저항성이 우수하고 수명이 50년~100년 정도로 반영구적이다. 특히 뛰어난 내구성과 시공성이 탁월하여 신소재로 각광받고 있다. 그리고 중량이 가벼워서(강관의 1/4, 시멘트 관의 1/10) 운반 및 설치가 용이하고 공기단축 및 인력절감을 기대할 수 있다. 또한 잦은 관로 보수 및 교체공사에 따른 사회적 경제적 손실을 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 유리섬유복합관을 이용하여 실내모형실험을 수행하여 관의 응력-변형특성을 평가하였다. 실내모형실험의 경우 관경 200mm와 관경 300mm를 사용하여 하중재하 전과 후의 수직 수평변위 수직 수평토압을 6가지 사례에 대해서 측정하였다. 측정결과 실험값과 이론값 모두 비슷하게 측정되었다. 하지만 현장발생토사를 이용한 유동성 뒤채움재를 사용한 경우, 수직 수평변위는 매우 작게 측정되었고, 토압은 거의 0에 가까운 값으로 계측되었다.

원형지하매설관의 경우 관의 하단부의 다짐이 매우 어렵고, 또한 다짐효율이 떨어져서 지하매설물의 안정성을 저감시키고, 이로 인해 각종 파손이 발생하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 하나의 대안으로 저강도 콘크리트 개념을 지반공학에 적용하여 만들어진 CLSM을 이용하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 지금까지의 CLSM 실내실험결과를 이용하여 현장적용성 시험을 하기 위한 중간단계로서 베딩재, 뒤채움재, 관의 종류를 변화시킨 20가지 사례에 대한 PENTAGON 유한요소 프로그램을 이용하여 수치해석을 실시하였다. 수치해석을 실시한 결과 뒤채움재로 CLSM을 사용하는 경우에 토사나 일반모래를 사용한 경우보다 지표면 및 관의 침하를 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 해석되었다. 관의 연직변위를 놓고 볼 때 토사 뒤채움을 사용한 경우에 연성관의 변위량이 강성관의 2배 정도에 달했으나 CLSM으로 대체한 경우에는 오히려 토사 뒤채움에 강성관을 사용한 경우보다 변위가 줄어들었다. CLSM 뒤채움에 강성관을 사용한 경우도 유사하게 나타났고, CLSM이 구조적인 지지 역할을 확실히 함을 보여준다.

원형지하매설관의 경우 관의 하단부의 다짐이 매우 어렵고, 또한 다짐효율이 떨어져서 지하매설물의 안정성을 저감시키고, 이로 인해 각종 파손이 발생하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 하나의 대안으로 저강도 콘크리트 개념을 지반공학에 적용하여 만들어진 CLSM을 이용하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 지금까지의 CLSM 실내실험결과를 이용하여 현장적용성 시험을 하기 위한 중간단계로서 베딩재, 뒤채움재, 관의 종류를 변화시킨 20가지 사례에 대한 PENTAGON 유한요소 프로그램을 이용하여 수치해석을 실시하였다. 수치해석을 실시한 결과 뒤채움재로 CLSM을 사용하는 경우에 토사나 일반모래를 사용한 경우보다 지표면 및 관의 침하를 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 해석되었다. 관의 연직변위를 놓고 볼 때 토사 뒤채움을 사용한 경우에 연성관의 변위량이 강성관의 2배 정도에 달했으나 CLSM으로 대체한 경우에는 오히려 토사 뒤채움에 강성관을 사용한 경우보다 변위가 줄어들었다. CLSM 뒤채움에 강성관을 사용한 경우도 유사하게 나타났고, CLSM이 구조적인 지지 역할을 확실히 함을 보여준다.

The protective cover system is needed for the safety and bearing capacity of underground cable pipe. This study evaluates the flexural capacity through the experimental study according to the several design variables for the protective covers.

The pipe system for underground cable can be damaged by shock and corrosion under the various types of upper load. The existing protective systems have many problems because of constructivity and maintenance. Therefore, this study presents the protective system for underground cable pipe and evaluates the field application according to upper load.