Due to the complexity of urban area, the city vehicle routing problem has been a difficult problem. The problem has involved factors such as parking availability, road conditions, and traffic congestion, all of which increase transportation costs and delivery times. To resolve this problem, one effective solution can be the use of parcel lockers located near customer sites, where products are stored for customers to pick up. When a vehicle delivers products to a designated parcel locker, customers in the vicinity must pick up their products from that locker. Recently, identifying optimal locations for these parcel lockers has become an important research issue. This paper addresses the parcel locker location problem within the context of urban traffic congestion. By considering dynamic environmental factors, we propose a Markov decision process model to tackle the city vehicle routing problem. To ensure more real situations, we have used optimal paths for distances between two nodes. Numerical results demonstrate the viability of our model and solution strategy.

The objective of this study is to analyze the difference between the theoretically calculated torque values of lead screws used in vehicle seat rails and the required torque values due to various disturbances that occur in actual systems. Lead screws were classified into square and trapezoidal threads and modeled by two lead type. Dynamic analysis models were constructed by applying contact conditions and rotational joints between the lead screw and nut. The validity of the dynamic model was verified by comparing the torque values obtained from rigid body dynamic analysis with the theoretically calculated torque values. Then, the lead screw was modeled as a flexible body to investigate the torque variation required for the lead screw when dynamic loads are considered. This study will help predict the actual torque values of lead screws for seat rails.

본 연구에서는 무인항공기인 드론을 활용한 VDMS(Vision-based Displacement Measurement System)를 통해 동적변위계측 정 확도와 동특성 추정 신뢰성 검증을 위한 동적실험을 실시하였다. 비행하는 드론의 이동 및 회전진동을 보정하기 위해 영상 내부의 변 위가 발생하지 않는 고정점을 활용한 보정밥법을 사용하였으며, 검증을 위해 설치한 범용 센서인 LVDT와 LDS의 변위계측 결과와 비 교하여 그 오차를 시간영역과 진동수영역에서 분석하였다. 3가지 타입의 장비 모두 최대 변위 도달 및 주기 운동 계측에 있어서 대체 적으로 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. LDS 기준의 오차 분석 결과, 드론과 LVDT는 가진 진동수 변화에 의한 오차 값은 미비하나, 최대 발생 변위가 작을수록 오차 값은 증가하였다.

The need for research on a sensor system that can monitor the dynamic load of a commercial vehicle in real-time is emerging because the development of autonomous vehicles is actively progressing worldwide. In this study, dynamic load measuing system of commercial vehicles was developed using the MEMs inclinometer attached to the leaf spring suspension. Test vehicle’s driving test was accomplished by changing speed and payload weight in several stages. Using the dynamic load measurement system, it was possible to check the weight shift and the change of stopping distance. When a driving speed increases from 30km/h to 80 km/h, the stopping distance increases from about 25m to 80m.

In this paper, the goal is to obtain a dynamic model of a particular system. The system is a combination of a wheeled vehicle(chassis) with a turret rotating in azimuth direction and a gun rotating in a elevation direction. At this time, the motion of the gun according to the shaking of the continuous shot is obtained using the coordinate transformation equation in the azimuth and elevation angle. Also, the dynamic model for the swaying of wheeled vehicle is obtained through the Lagrange’s equation. Through this, we analyze the tumbles of the gun, whiat is the major term, and what dynamics are needed for stabilization control.

The Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem (DVRP) involves a combinatorial optimization problem where new customer demands become known over time, and old routes must be reconfigured to generate new routes while executing the current solution. We consider the high level of dynamism problem. An application of highly dynamic DVRP is the ambulance service where a patient contacts the service center, followed by an evaluation of case severity, and a visit by a practitioner/ ambulance is scheduled accordingly. This paper considers a variant of the DVRP and proposes a decentralized algorithm in which collaborators (Depot and Vehicle), both have only partial information about the entire system. The DVRP is modeled as a periodic re optimization of VRP using the proposed decentralized algorithm where collaborators exchange local information to achieve the best global objective for the current state of the system. We assume the existence of a dispatcher e.g., headquarter of the company who can communicate to vehicles in order to gather information and assigns the new visits to them. The effectiveness of the proposed decentralized coordination algorithm is further evaluated using benchmark data given in literature. The results show that the proposed method performed better than the compared algorithms which utilize the centralized coordination in 12 out of 21 benchmark problems.

PURPOSES: This paper develops a new stochastic approach to analyze the pavement-vehicle interaction model with a certain roughness and elasticity for the pavement foundation, thereby accommodating the deflection of the pavement, and to identify the road subsidence zone represented with a sudden changes in the elasticity of the foundation. METHODS: In the proposed model, a quarter-car model was combined with a filtered white noise model of road roughness and a two-layer foundation (Euler-Bernoulli beam for the top surface and Winkler foundation to represent the sub-structure soil). An augmented state-space model for the subsystems was formulated. Then, because the input is White noise and the system is represented as a single system, the Lyapunov equation governing the covariance of the system’s response was solved to obtain a structurally weak zone index (WZI). RESULTS: The results showed that the WZI from the pavement-vehicle interaction model is sensitive enough to identify road subsidence. In particular, the WZI rapidly changed with a small change in foundation elasticity, indicating that the model has the potential to detect road subsidence in the early stage. CONCLUSIONS: Beacause of the simplicity of the calculation, the proposed approach has potential applications in managing road conditions while a vehicle travels along the road and detecting road subsidence using a device with an on-board computational capability, such as a smart phone.

Since the road management paradigm has changed into the user-oriented circumstance, the functionality of the crucial road maintenance factors became important than before. Among these factors, the roughness directly related to the ride quality for driver became to get more attention. IRI(International Roughness Index) is recently the most widely used roughness indices in the world. IRI is a reasonable index that reflects the vertical displacement(bounce) of vehicle as the road profile changes. Since IRI reflects the vertical behavior of vehicle, it reflects ride quality indirectly. However, there are various rotational behaviors such as roll, yaw, and pitch in addition to the vertical displacement. Profiles, which MRI range was 1.13-4.12m/km, were measured in five sections and the profiles were entered into CarSIM to simulate vehicle behavior. As a result, the pitch was the largest in all sections, followed by roll and yaw, relatively. Especially, the amount of yaw is about 5% of the pitch or about 7% of the roll. The behavior of moving vehicle was measured using INS(inertial navigation system) and accelerometer in the section where the road surface profile was measured. As a result, as in the simulation, the pitch was the largest in all the sections and the amount of yaw is only about 7% of the pitch or about 18% of the roll. Field experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of the rotational behavior of the actual driving vehicle on the ride quality. 33 panels evaluated the ride quality on a ten-point scale while driving on 35 sections with various roughnesses. 35 test sections were selected considering the roughness distribution of actual expressway. The panel was selected considering age, driving experience, gender, and expertise. Of the total 1,155 responses, 964 responses were used for the analysis, except 191 responses measured at low driving speeds. In addition, the amount of vehicle behavior and road surface profile were measured using INS and laser. As a result of correlation analysis between MPR(mean panel rating) and vehicle behavior, correlation coefficient of bounce was the highest with 0.814, and the order of pitch was 0.798, and roll was 0.734, relatively. As a result of regression analysis for predicting ride quality, regression model combining bounce and roll was statistically the most suitable. This model is expected to reflect the ride quality more effectively because it can consider the vehicle behavior due to the longitudinal profile change of the road surface as well as the vehicle behavior due to the difference between the left and right wheel path road profile.

PURPOSES: This study aims to evaluate the effects of vehicle dynamic behaviors on ride quality. METHODS: Simulation and field test were conducted to analyze the behavior of a driving vehicle. The simulation program CarSIM was applied and an INS (Inertial Navigation System) was used for field experiments. A small simulator was developed to simulate vehicle behavior such as roll, pitch, and bounce. The panels evaluated the ride quality in five stages from “very satisfied”to “very dissatisfied.”Experiments were conducted on a total of 144 cases of vehicle behavior combinations. RESULTS: In both simulation and field tests, pitch is the largest and yaw the smallest. Especially in the field test, the amount of yaw is very low, about 7% of pitch and 18% of roll. The sensitive and extensive analysis conducted related ride quality with changing the frequency and amplitude. It was found that the most sensitive frequency range is 8 Hz across all amplitudes. Moreover, the combination of the roll and bounce was most sensitive to the ride quality at the low-frequency range. CONCLUSIONS: This result show that the vertical vehicle behavior (bounce) as well as the rotational behavior (roll and pitch) are highly correlated with ride quality. Therefore, it is expected that a more reasonable roughness index can be developed through a combination of vertical and rotational vehicle behavior.

This paper will argue that tire damping can be critical to modelling of vehicle dynamic. Tire damping is usually skipped in the process of vehicle modelling. There are two reasons for this. The first one is the simplification of the computer simulation. The second is that the effect of tire damping is thought insignificant to vehicle dynamics. But there is support for skipping tire damping. In this paper, the vehicle performances are investigated with and without tire damping force applied in the dynamic modelling of the system. The transient responses in the time domain and the frequence responses in the frequence domain are analysed to see the effects of tire damping qualitatively and quantitatively. It is shown that significant errors can occur when the tire damping force is skipped during the simulation process.

PURPOSES : In This study two different concrete barrier systems have been proposed to be established at the small vehicle driveway. One is for median barrier, and the other is for roadside barrier. METHODS : In order to determine the suitable shape of barrier, the impact parameters including vehicle weight, impact angle, impact velocity and impact level have been analyzed. The real crash test has been carried out with 0.9 ton and 2.5 ton vehicles, respectively by using the 2m segment type concrete barriers connected by steel plates that are totally 40m barrier systems. RESULTS : The numerical results obtained by LS/DYNA-3D software are compared with real crash tests from the viewpoints of vehicle stability, vehicle trajectory, occupant risk, etc. CONCLUSIONS : From the above results, the dynamic performance of proposed barrier systems satisfies the specification of Korean Code for roadside safety structures.

다양한 종류의 차량하중을 대상으로 도로의 평탄성과 차량의 속도가 도로에 작용하는 동적하중에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 경인고속도로의 교통량자료 분석을 통하여 통과빈도가 높은 대표 중차량 개념의 2축, 3축, 4축 그리고 5축 차량을 선정하였다. 선정된 대표 중차량을 대상으로 도로의 평탄성과 주행차량의 속도에 따른 동적 축하중을 TruckSim 프로그램을 통하여 산정한 후, 각 대표 중차량을 대상으로 도로 평탄성 변화에 따른 동적하중에 대한 정적하중의 비인 동적하중 증가계수를 산정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 산정된 동적하중 증가계수로부터 예측한 동적하중은 3축 대표 중차량에서 IRI가 3.5이고 주행차량 속도가 100km/h일 때 정적하중에 비해 최대 36%에 해당하는 추가적인 동적하중이 가해지는 것으로 나타났고, 다양한 차종에 대한 동적하중 증가계수의 특성을 분석한 결과 축간거리가 짧고 각 축에 가해지는 하중분담률이 높을수록 동적하중 증가계수가 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a powered aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or no

Kart-Racing which is called a microcosm of F1`s racing is the most basic step in the car racing. A Kart consisting of the very fundamental structure which does not include differential gear and suspension is sampler than a typical car. It is necessary to reduce the Lab time at the Kart-racing`s corner so the research investigate the Kart through check of racing condition and of driving factors about cornering. The study measured to make the kart closely factual condition which was showed the main parameters for more actual decision of kart`s dynamic characteristics and estimated the real-time data from the developed kart whose sensor was installed at all tires and which was pursued through the GPS.

주행하는 차량이 도로포장에 가하는 동적 하중은 포장표면의 거칠기에 따라 그 크기가 변화하게 되며 설계하중보다 큰 하중이 재하 될 경우에는 포장의 공용성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 포장표면의 평탄성에 대한 지불규정을 시방에 적용하여 포장의 성능 및 품질향상을 도모하기 위한 기본연구로써 도로포장의 표면에 거칠기가 있을 때 주행차량에 의한 동적 하중 크기의 변화를 분석하였다. 먼저 평탄성이 좋지 않은 오래된 포장과 평탄성이 좋은 새로운 포장에서 구한 평탄성 데이터를 이용하여 구조해석을 수행함으로써 이러한 포장에서 차량이 주행할 때 동적 하중의 크기 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 그리고 차량속도와 표면 거칠기의 진폭 및 파장이 차량 동적 하중 크기에 미치는 영향을 가상의 평탄성 데이터를 구성하여 분석하였다. 이러한 표면 거칠기에 의한 동적 차량하중 크기의 증가는 포장의 응력 및 변형률에 영향을 미치며 궁극적으로 포장의 공용성과 연관되기 때문에 표면 거칠기와 포장의 공용성과의 관계를 유출하는 방법을 제시하였다

본 저자의 이전연구(김문영 등, 2004)에서는 2차원 차량 모형과 전단변형 및 회전관성 효과가 고려된 현수교요소와의 상호작용을 고려한 2차원 수직응답에 대한 동적해석을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 전단변형 효과와 편심차량의 효과를 알아보는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 전단변형 및 회전관성 효과가 고려된 3차원 현수교의 수직, 비틂에 대한 고유진동수와 모드형상, 그리고 교량-차량 에너지로부터 라그랑지안식을 이용하여 상호작용을 고려할 수 있는 3차원 운동방정식을 유도한다. 이후 모드중칩법을 이용하여 유도된 운동방정식을 Newmark method를 사용하여 동적해석을 수행한다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 제시한 이론을 따라 수치해석예제를 수행하여 차량의 동적거동을 분석한다.