본 연구는 문법 이론의 변천에 따른 공시성・통시성의 개념 규정의 변 화를 살펴보고 그 이론 내적 정합성을 따져보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 소 쉬르(Saussure)(1916)의 구조주의 언어학은 언어 변화가 없는 일정한 시간 폭을 ‘공시태’라 하였고 언어 체계의 변화 과정을 ‘통시태’라 하였 다. 이후, 유추에 기반한 한국어 단어 형성론 연구에서 소쉬르 (Saussure)(1916)의 공시・통시 개념에 대한 시각의 변화를 시도하였 고 이를 오독한 결과 소쉬르(Saussure)(1916)의 ‘랑그’에서 벗어난 개 인어를 연구 대상으로 상정하는 연구들도 나타나게 되었다. 본 연구는 소쉬르(Saussure)(1916), 촘스키(Chomsky)(1965, 1986) 등에 제시된 공시・통시 개념을 정밀하게 살펴보고 이후의 연구들이 잘못 이해한 부분을 짚어내었다. 또한 공시・통시의 개념을 수정한 연구들의 이론 내적 정합성을 따져보아 오류로 보이는 부분들을 지적하였다. 그 결과 소쉬르(Saussure)(1916)에 제시된 공시・통시 개념이 수정될 만한 언 어 현상이나 이론적 근거 등이 아직까지는 발견되지 않았음을 논증하 였다.

This paper investigates the cognitive processes involved in English word recognition among young EFL learners using eye-tracking methodology. A quasi-experimental mixed method design was used to investigate how young L2 learners engage with basic words, with or without pictorial cues. A total of seventeen 6th-grade pupils from two schools participated in the experiment. The participants were presented with a list of 20 words and were asked to read them aloud while their eye movements were tracked to discern their viewing patterns. Immediately after the reading task, stimulated-recall interviews were conducted to triangulate and validate the participants’ viewing behaviors. Results indicate that participants focused significantly more on the text than the accompanying pictures yet demonstrated better performance in recognizing and reading the words presented in a picture-based mode. Some participants reported that the pictures were not viewed because the words were easy to read. In contrast, others struggled to read certain words due to an over-reliance on their background knowledge, which sometimes led to misinterpretation. These results emphasize the importance of integrating visual cues with word recognition instruction in early language learning contexts, highlighting when and how these cues should be utilized effectively.

This study investigates consumer experiences and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions in luxury brand pop-up stores, including standalone and department store setups. Grounded in experience economy theory, this study examines the experiential elements based on the types of pop-up stores and the relationships among consumer experience, pop-up store image, and WOM intentions for each type. Data were collected from 300 visitors to luxury brand pop-up stores between January and July 2023 and analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0. The findings reveal several key insights. First, standalone pop-up stores offer educational and escapist experiences, while pop-ups within department stores have a single identified factor of consumer experience. Second, regardless of the store type, luxury pop-up store experiences significantly influence pop-up image perceptions. Third, luxury pop-up store image drives WOM intentions for both standalone and department store pop-ups. Notably, the unique image significantly impacts solely department store pop-ups and does not influence standalone pop-ups. Moreover, image perceptions in both pop-up store types do not significantly affect brand WOM intentions. Finally, WOM intentions for pop-up stores significantly influence WOM intentions for brands. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of consumer experiences in luxury pop-up stores, providing practical insights for stakeholders in the luxury brand industry to enhance pop-up store image perceptions and WOM intentions.

This paper presents data capturing Korean university students’ familiarity with English online acronyms, examines factors that may predict this familiarity, and presents an explicit instruction intervention involving vocabulary knowledge of online acronyms. The Vocabulary Size Test (VST) measured stude nts’ vocabulary size, while a self-report survey measured social media engagement and the percentage of engagement that occurred in English. The Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) measured initial familiarity and gains in vocabulary knowledge. The results suggest that English learners in Korean universities are not well-acquainted with English online acronyms, but that receptive vocabulary size and English-language social media engagement may offer some predictive power regarding their level of familiarity. An explicit treatment of acronym expansions and their uses resulted in a significant and robust gain in vocabulary knowledge, suggesting that explicit instruction of online acronyms may improve digital literacy and comprehension of computer-mediated communication (CMC) more effectively than simply relying on incidental gains through repeat exposures over time.

본 연구는 웹툰을 한국어 교육 분야에 활용하기 위한 기초 작업을 위 해 웹툰의 의성·의태 표현의 종류와 특징을 밝히는 것에 목적이 있다. 이 에 두 편의 인기 웹툰에서 무료제공되는 회차에서 300개의 의성어와 의 태어를 추출하여 살펴보았다. 조사 결과 웹툰에 사용되는 의성·의태 표현 이 사전에 등재된 어휘인 경우도 있지만, 사전에 미등재된 어휘인 경우 도 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 형태적으로 변형이 가해지기도 하고, 다양한 품사들이 의성·의태 표현으로 사용되기도 하였다. 그리고 작가의 판단과 필요에 따라 새로운 어휘들이 웹툰 안에서 의성·의태 표현으로 만들어지기도 하며, 하나의 의성·의태 표현이 2개의 의미로 사용되기도 하였다. 기존의 만화 텍스트에서 나타나는 특징과 유사한 특징을 보이지 만 세부적으로는 더 다양한 유형으로 분화되었다. 이렇게 웹툰의 의성·의 태 표현의 변형, 생성이 자유로운 이유를 웹툰의 특징인 실제성, 상호작 용성, 추측 가능성에서 찾을 수 있었다. 기존의 연구들은 웹툰을 언어교 육에 적용하는데 초점이 맞추어져 있다보니 웹툰 언어의 특징을 분석하 지 못한데 반해 본 연구는 웹툰 언어의 특징을 언어학적 관점에서 다루 었다는 데에 의의가 있다고 할 수 있겠다. 본 연구를 시작으로 웹툰 언 어의 특징들을 형태, 의미, 통사적으로 연구될 수 있다면 한국어교육, 한 국어 통·번역 교육에 적용될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

본고는 중국어 학습자를 대상으로 30개의 단어 연상에 대한 설문조사를 실시하여, 20대 대학생의 인지적인 측면의 특징을 살펴보고, 어휘 교육 방법에 적용하고자 하 였다. 사회가 변하면서 일부 단어 연상의 결과가 예전의 인식과 달라지고 있다는 것 을 알 수 있었다. 일부 추상적인 단어에서는 반응어 종류가 매우 다양한 것으로 나 타났다. 특히 형용사 ‘빨갛다’의 경우 예전의 설문조사에서는 출현하지 않았던 단어 들이 많이 출현한 것을 알 수 있었다. 반응어 종류가 가장 많은 것은 품사별로 명사 ‘책’과 ‘영화’, 동사 ‘좋아하다’, 형용사 ‘기쁘다’로 나타났다. 조사 결과를 토대로 적용 할 수 있는 어휘 교육 방법을 제안하였다.

Among the silk manuscripts unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han dynasty Tomb, there are two pieces of silks record the literature which relate to Yi. One of them records Zhouyi and Ersanziwen, and the other one records Xici, Zhong, Yao, Miuhe and Zhaoli. Many scholars believed that the two silk manuscripts were written by the same writer. After comparing plenty of characters, we found that the fonts of these two silk manuscripts have obvious differences in components, strokes and structures. Therefore, we believed that these two manuscripts are probably not be written by one person. Moreover, there still remains controversy about the age of the master copies of these literatures which relate to Yi. After analyzing some special characters and words in these literatures, we speculated that the master copy of Xici which was written earlier than the Qin Dynasty, is influenced by the Chu characters of the Warring States and written by seal-clericle script. The languages of some part of Yao and Miuhe are obviously influenced by Qin dynasty’s language using habits.

The impact of firms' marketing communication on word of mouth (WOM) has been studied extensively in recent years, with a growing focus on electronic word of mouth (eWOM). The advent of the internet and the participatory web or Web 2.0 has dramatically changed the relationship between marketers and consumers, with consumers playing a more active role. However, there is a gap in understanding this area, including a lack of research on identifying specific groups of consumers that companies should focus on for eWOM marketing. Eye-tracking techniques have been suggested to address this issue, but these methods can be costly and rely on lab-based observations. Analyzing unstructured data from consumer-to-consumer interactions on social media is an underutilized approach in current marketing literature. The authenticity of eWOM is a highly valuable trait, but there can be a tension between commercial and communal norms, even in relatively informal settings like a blogger endorsing a product.

Crowdfunding is an increasingly popular fundraising tool where project creators solicit capital from potential backers in return for monetary rewards or presales of products/services. Potential backers in crowdfunding are looking for potential cues to reduce uncertainty and predict new venture success when making their capital contributions. To increase their funding success, project creators strategically use project descriptions as a marketing tool to attract potential backers and funding.

Based on the previous studies, this paper intends to comb and sort out the related literature, dialect, foreign languages, images and object data to pushed the research of steamed bread,which is the common cooked wheaten food, into a deeper stage. First of all, this article tries to draw the outline of the evolution of appellation from ancient to present. differentiate and analyze the concept and objective being of other names of steamed bread. What’s more, it explore the named motivation and distinguish different opinions about etymology. In addicion, the Word-formation of steamed bread were analyzed. The study figures out that fillings are wrapped, head shape, smooth without wrinkles are not only the central feature of steamed bread but also as the main bases of its naming motivation. Originally steamed bread was Modifier-head Disyllabic Compounds, and afterwards it became Affixed Double-syllable Words.

Due to a mistranslation of Sanskrit to Chinese, East Asian Buddhist community misunderstands the original meaning of the fundamental word, ‘sachal(寺刹)’. Sanskrit chattra, a parasol on top of a venerated Indian stupa buried with Buddha’s sarira, became the symbol of majesty. The Indian stupa was transformed into a pagoda in China, and the highlighted parasol on the summit was transliterated into chaldara(刹多羅), an abbreviation for chal (刹), and finally designated the whole pagoda(塔). Sachal consists with lying low monastery and high-rise pagoda. Tapsa(塔寺), an archaic word of temple, is exactly the same as sachal, because chal means tap, pagoda. However, during the 7th century a Buddhist monk erroneously double-transliterated the Sanskrit ‘kshetra,’ meaning of land, into the same word as chal, even despite phonetic disaccord. Thereafter, sutra translators followed and copied the error for long centuries. It was the Japanese pioneer scholars that worsen the situation 100 years ago, to publish Sanskrit dictionaries with the errors insisting on phonetic transliteration, though pronunciation of ‘kshe-’ which is quite different from ‘cha-.’ Thereafter, upcoming scholars followed their fallacy without any verification. Fallacy of chal, meaning of land, dominates Buddhist community broadly, falling into conviction of collective fixed dogma in East Asia up to now. In the Buddhist community, it is the most important matter to recognize that the same language has become to refer completely different objects due to translation errors. As a research method, searching for corresponding Sanskrit words in translated sutras and dictionaries of Buddhism is predominant. Then, after analyzing the authenticity, the fallacy toward the truth will be corrected.

The present study aims to categorize common word choice errors in Korean EFL writing and help teachers understand students’ word choice patterns. This study reassures that both L1 and its background cultures affect language learners’ choice of vocabulary in English learning. Korean first-year undergraduate students with low levels of English proficiency participated in this study. The students were required to carry out a writing log, a collection of nine pieces of weekly assignments of paragraph writing during the semester. They were allowed to use any type of automatic translation such as Google Translate or Papago for revision and editing. The errors that the students produced were classified into three categories, and significant findings were obtained regarding lexical errors caused by literal translation, cultural differences, and L1 word order. The findings are interpreted in terms of cultural and linguistic differences between the first and target languages. They can give ideas for teachers to instruct EFL writing strategies on students’ word choice errors.

동아시아의 ‘본류’에서 글로벌 차원으로 ‘지류’가 확장된 한류(Korean Wave)는 시기별, 권역별, 그리고 내용에 따라 발전 단계를 구분할 수 있 다. 한류의 발전 단계를 모두 4기(신한류 포함)로 구분한 유형 분류 틀에 따르면 본 연구의 대상 지역인 중남미권을 위시로 하는 非아시아권은 모 두 2000년대 후반 이후인 한류 2기에 속한다. 특히, 2020년 이후를 신 한류(K-culture)로 지칭되며 이 4기의 특징은 한류의 1기의 대표 콘텐츠 인 K-drama를 필두로, K-pop, K-movie, K-food, K-game 등 ‘K(S)’ 마크를 장착한 다양한 콘텐츠를 가지고 있는 토탈 브랜드(Total Brand) 형태로 진화했다. 기존의 연구물을 바탕으로 본고는 기존의 한류관련 연 구에 방법론적 차별화를 통해 對 중남미 한류 현상의 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 특히 본고는 중남미지역의 한류는 기존의 한류 발전 단계에 부합 하는가? 에 대한 연구 질문을 던지며, R 프로그램을 활용하여 워드 클라 우드(Word Cloud) 기법을 이용한 K-콘텐츠 관련 빅데이터 분석을 한 다. 텍스트 마이닝을 통한 빈도분석에 따르면 중남미 한류 태동기인 2010년 K-pop이 주요 ‘동력’이었으며 10년이 지난 현재도 K-pop의 비 중이 여전히 높다는 결과가 도출되었다. 따라서, 중남미지역은 한류 태동 기의 양상에서 크게 성장 및 확대되었다고 보기에는 다소 미흡하다. 즉 중남미지역의 한류는 K-contents의 다양화이기 보다는 K-pop과 관련된 음악 장르의 확산과 고착화의 양상으로 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the Japanese word, ‘omakase’, is used in Korean newspaper articles and analyze its inflow and settlement in the sociolinguistic background. The word, ‘Omakase’, is frequently used in newspaper articles in the areas of culture, economy, international, and local. It is commonly used in the area of food and beverage, and in some cases, it extends to other areas, such as the economy. The cases of uses in the existing category are sushi omakase, sashimi omakase, and Japanese food omakase. The cases of extensive uses in the food and beverage category are Korean beef omakase, native chicken omakase, seafood omakase, homemade meal omakase, and lamb chops omakase. Examples of use in other categories or creating hybrid w ords include o makase e conomy, omakase n ail, imokase, and Haenyeo-kase. The use of omakase in newspaper articles has gradually increased since 2002, and it has been increasing dramatically since 2013. The reason of its extensive use is considered the influence of various social backgrounds, for instance, the opening of Japanese pop culture or the entryof Japanese franchises into Korea.

This study examines the word-initial stop variation in the speech of speakers who were born in North Kyungsang province and moved to Seoul after the age of 20 and that of speakers who were born in Seoul and moved to North Kyungsang province after the age of 20. Specifically, this study investigates whether Seoul Koreans moving to North Kyungsang have acquired the NKK-like word-initial tensification in any of the two contexts - wordlist and reading passage. Moreover, this study explores whether North Kyungsang Korean moving to Seoul have lost the NKK-like word-initial tensification in the two contexts. Finally, this study examines whether social factors, including gender, length of stay in a new region, attitude toward the first and second dialects, and awareness of the word-initial tensification affect the acquisition or loss of the second dialect feature. A major finding is that both mobile groups do not show the NKK-like word-initial tensification in wordlist and reading passage speech. With respect to the effect of the social factors, male Kyungsang Koreans in Seoul produce tensified stops more than female counterparts. Meanwhile, none of the social factors are significant in the speech of Seoul Koreans in North Kyungsang.

With the rapid change of social outlook and the emergence of new things, neologisms and neologisms have also become an eye-catching and vigorous field of vocabulary research. Since the reform and opening up, the social outlook has greatly changed , and new things have emerged one after another. New words and new expressions have also become an eye-catching, changing and vigorous field of vocabulary research. According to the definition of neologisms and neologisms, the author sorted out 100 neologisms and neologisms released in the past ten years (2011-2020) of "Chinese inventory of the top ten neologisms and neologisms of the year", supplemented some examples with reference to the report on the living conditions of Chinese language (2005-2020), and selected 200 high-frequency neologisms and neologisms in the past 15 years based on the standard of modern Chinese neologisms and neologisms (including more than 10000 entries from 1990 to 2016). From definition to Motivation and semantic classification, phonetic　and grammatical word-building features, word-making methods and teaching strategies ,all of the above are thoroughly analyzed from theory to practice.

The original graphs cannot be made up, they must have something like them. The meaning of a graph is what it looks like and its implication, which belongs to the content word (which carry semantic content). With the need of grammar, when the meaning of a content word does not indicate the meaning of the sentence, but the relationship between other content words in the sentence, the content word becomes a function word or grammatical word. A Shang bone script for god’s will, god said and someone said is dipected as wei隹 ( “eagle”). The consensus amongst the cycle’s scholars is that the word wei 隹 (only, along) is often seen and used as a function word in ancient Chinese classic books. At first, a script was created to describle the represented object and its symbolic meanings. A word in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is used as a content word in most of the cases, and also used as a function word in a few cases discovered by scholars. Thus the word wei隹(bird pictograph) in the Shang bone texts first should be a content word, is a pictogram of the bird, in which its meanings were expressed iconically as “bird say, angel say, tell angel, talk by the messenger between man and god”. And in the later period of the Oracle bone text the script was added kou 口(oral) to emphasis “say” and became as a new graph wei 唯. The function word wei 隹 (only, along) can be derived from its content meaning “god says”, and the content word wei 隹 (say, tell, allegedly) can be used to read the Oracle bone and the Bronze inscriptions and the classic books in their literal sense and logically, and to give an answer to some puzzling problems in the inscriptions. Through this discussion, we have used many examples of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, in which there are many undeciphered words. The purpose of this paper is to show how to decipher the Oracle bone scripts by using these undeciphered words. The key point is that the meaning of Oracle bone script comes from its shape, not its sound.

본 논문은 ‘어변성룡’형 충자도의 주제 해석에 있어 기존의 견해에 문제점을 발견 하고 이를 해결하기 위해 작성하였다. 현존하는 충자도의 유형을 장식 유형, ‘이야기 그림’ 유형, 기호 유형으로 정리하면서 기존의 어변성룡형 충자도 해석이 상징적 기 호 유형으로 읽었기에 순통하지 않았다고 보고 서사적 기호 유형으로 읽으려 시도하 였다. 그 결과 도상의 형상과 서사 내용의 대응, 상하 구성의 결합, 도상과 화제의 통합성 등 여러 측면에서 볼 때, 어변성룡형 충자도는 초한전 때 충신 기신이 한왕 유방을 구하기 위해 한왕으로 변장하여 대신 죽고, 형양성의 충신들도 힘과 마음을 합하여 유방의 홍업을 도운 사건을 서사적 기호로 표현하였다고 보았다.

본 논문에서는 上古漢語(AC)와 알타이제어 간의 비교음운학적 연구방법론을 이용 하여 한국어 ‘바다(海)’의 어원을 밝혀 보고자 했다. 說文解字의 ‘孛聲’系字 분석을 통해 “餑·孛·悖·馞·㴾·浡·勃·㪍·郣·渤 [*PVT]/{旺盛} 同源語群”을 재구했고, 알타이제 어의 어휘 비교를 통해 공통알타이어祖語 [*büdV](두꺼운, 굵은)에서 파생되는 “[*P VTV-]/{膨脹·厚·肥大} 알타이諸語 同源語群”을 재구해냈다. 최종적으로 ‘孛聲’계 “餑·孛·悖·馞·㴾·浡·勃·㪍·郣·渤 [*PVT]/{旺盛}동원어군”과 “[*PVTV-]/{膨脹·厚·肥 大} 알타이제어 동원어군”을 통합하여 廣義의 “[*PVT-]/{旺盛·肥大} 漢-알타이 동원 어군”을 재구해냈다. 한국어 ‘바( ｣바 다)(海)’은 어근이 [pat-](받)이며 중심의미가 “넓고 旺盛하며 큰(大)” “받[厚大·旺盛]+” 의 형태로 분석되며, 이 말은 “[*PVTV-]/ {膨脹·厚·肥大} 알타이제어 동원어군”에 속하며, 궁극적으로 “[*PVT-]/{旺盛·肥大} 漢-알타이동원어군”에 통합된다.