Geopolymer, also known as alkali aluminum silicate, is used as a substitute for Portland cement, and it is also used as a binder because of its good adhesive properties and heat resistance. Since Davidovits developed Geopolymer matrix composites (GMCs) based on the binder properties of geopolymer, they have been utilized as flame exhaust ducts and aircraft fire protection materials. Geopolymer structures are formed through hydrolysis and dehydration reactions, and their physical properties can be influenced by reaction conditions such as concentration, reaction time, and temperature. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of silica size and aging time on the mechanical properties of composites. Commercial water glass and kaolin were used to synthesize geopolymers, and two types of silica powder were added to increase the silicon content. Using carbon fiber mats, a fiber-reinforced composite material was fabricated using the hand lay-up method. Spectroscopy was used to confirm polymerization, aging effects, and heat treatment, and composite materials were used to measure flexural strength. As a result, it was confirmed that the longer time aging and use of nano-sized silica particles were helpful in improving the mechanical properties of the geopolymer matrix composite.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to analyze the significance of binder aging in a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture in an insulated camber for a long duration for repair works, where the absolute viscosity level and service life reduction (SLR) are assessed based on the haul time, as well as to suggest a methodology for reducing the aging level. METHODS : Because the HMA mixture is stored in an insulated box carriage at high temperature for repair works, if the binder in the mix is severely oxidized, then the repaired pavement will not exhibit a long service life. Therefore, the 13-mm dense-graded HMA mix with PG64-22 was aged in an oven at 160 °C for 1, 2, 4 and 8 h to evaluate its aging level. Gel-permeation chromatography was performed on the mixture particle without binder recovery to measure the large-molecular size ratio, from which the estimated absolute viscosity (EAV) was computed using a best-fit regression model. The SLR values of aged and repaired mixes were estimated to determine the amount of deterioration in the mixes caused by severe aging. Hydrated lime (HL) was introduced into the mix at a ratio of 1.5 wt% of the total mix. The aging level and SLR were compared with those of the repaired mix without HL. RESULTS : The binder EAV of the HMA mix increases significantly with the mixture aging duration. In particular, the binder EAV level of a 4-h aged mix is similar to the asphalt viscosity level of a pavement with approximately 7 years of service life. The service life expressed based on the aging level is interpreted as the reduced service life of the aged mix, which is already oxidized before it is used. Meanwhile, the binder of an 8-h aged mix without HL aged significantly and its SLR is approximately 11 years. However, its aging level and SLR reduced significantly when HL. is incorporated. CONCLUSIONS : The binder aging level of the repaired mix increases significantly with its storage duration in a hot chamber for carriage. However, since the aging level decreases significantly by the incorporation of HL, the use of HL is highly recommended when preparing new mix for repair works to be performed in a hot-chamber for a long duration.

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy was investigated. Heat treatment of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted by solution treatment at 950 oC for 30 min; this was followed by water quenching and then aging at 550 oC for 1 to 1440 min. The highest hardness of the heat-treated specimens was obtained by solution treatment and subsequent aging for 5 min due to precipitates of fine α that formed from retained β phase. The tensile strength of this alloy increased without dramatic decrease of the ductility due to microstructural refinement resulting from the decomposition of α' martensite into fine α and β phases, and also due to the fine α phase formed from the retained β phase by aging treatment for 5 min. In addition, this strengthening might be caused by the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which is a strain-induced martensite transformation from the retained β phase during deformation, and which occurs even after aging treatment at 550 oC for 5 min.

버네사이트(birnessite, 7 Å manganate, δ-MnO2)는 망간단괴를 구성하는 주요한 광물이다. 버네사이트는 또한 이온교환제와 배터리 재충전 물질로서 사용될 수 있기 때문에 다양한 합성법이 연구되고 있다. 그러나 버네사이트는 화학양론적으로 성립하지 않는 화학조성을 가지기 때문에 합성시 단일 상을 수득하기에는 어려움이 존재한다. 버네사이트 합성과정 중에서 중간생성물로 페이크네타이트(β-MnOOH)가 나타나는데, 본 연구에서는 이 중간생성물이 버네사이트로 상전이 하는 특성 차이를 XRD와 SEM 결과를 통해 비교하였다. 이번 연구에서는 기존에 연구된 합성 방법 중에서 산화-환원(redox)반응을 기작으로 하는 Feng et al. (2004)와 Luo et al. (1998) 두 방법을 이용하였다. Feng et al. (2004) 방법으로는 27 °C에서 60일, Luo et al. (1998) 방법으로는 60 °C에서 3일 에이징 한 시료에서 단일 상의 버네사이트를 수득할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 두 시료의 상전이 특성은 Mg2+ 도핑여부에 따라 차이가 나타나는 것으로 판단되며 Mg2+ 도핑된 Luo et al. (1998) 방법으로 합성된 버네사이트의 경우 페이크네타이트 상전이 속도가 느리게 나타났고 고온에서 거의 단일 상 버네사이트를 확인할 수 있었으며 결정 표면 및 형태 또한 두 방법 간의 차이를 확인하였다.

All over the world, concrete gravity dams have to withstand lots of environmental hazards and time-varying external loading during an earthquake. Therefore, the risk assessment of this structure with time may become an important study for the dam structure, which is related to the chemo-mechanical effect on the aging concrete. The focusing point of this study is to propose an earthquake assessment procedure to determine the failure probability with time of any concrete gravity dam for the future if we consider the material deterioration. This material decay is mainly associated with the modulus of elasticity of the concrete and it is explained briefly in the manuscript.

본 연구에서는 X-선 회절(XRD) 분석과 주사전자현미(SEM) 분석을 통해 이온세기, 온도, 그리고 결정성장시간과 같은 이화학적 조건들이 합성된 스트론티아나이트(SrCO3)의 물리적 특성에 미치는 영향을 밝혔다. XRD 분석결과, 모든 합성 시료들은 스트론티아나이트의 단일 광물인 것으로 나타났다. 배경전해질이온 NaNO3를 사용한 반응용액의 이온세기와 합성온도가 증가할 때, 합성된 스트론티아나이트의 결정도는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. SEM을 이용하여 합성된 스트론티아나이트 결정의 크기와 형상을 규명한 결과, 결정크기는 이온세기와 온도가 증가할 때 증가하며, 결정형상은 막대 또는 수지상에서 점차 주상으로 변화되는 것이 관찰되었다. 결정성장시간에 대한 영향은 성장시간이 길어질수록 결정크기가 증가하고 막대 또는 주상 단일결정들의 집합체인 구형 결정형상이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과들은 합성 시 스트론티아나이트의 결정도 및 결정형상이 결정 생성당시의 이화학적 조건에 크게 영향 받고 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 다양한 조건에서 생성되는 스트론티아나이트 결정들의 물리적 특성들을 예측하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 판단된다.

돈차의 쓴맛, 떫은맛은 찻잎을 8월, 4월, 6월에 채취한 것 순으로 좋았고, 단맛, 향은 채엽 시기가 늦을수록 호전되는 양상을 보였다. 추출 횟수에 따른 맛은 첫 번째 추출물에서 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 돈차의 제조 후 숙성기간에 따른 맛은 4, 8개월이 경과된 차에서 식미가 향상되었다. 따라서 좋은 차맛을 갖는 돈차를 만들기 위해서는 돈차를 제조 후 4개월 이상 숙성을 시키는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.