Ijidang(二止堂) is a private village school (seodang, 書堂) established in Okcheon, north Chungcheong province where Jungbong Jo, Heon(重峯趙憲, 1544-1592 AD) had trained for his sound mind and body(yusangcheo, 遊賞處). Jo, Heon was a notable Neo-Confucian scholar of the Kiho School and also a righteous general leading soldiers in Joseon Dynasty. According to Ijidanggi(二止堂記), Ijidang was constructed to honor Jo, Heon and to train local talents in 1647 with the support of Song, Si-yeol(宋時烈, 1607-1689 AD),a representative scholar belong to Kiho School and other local Confucian scholars. Ijidang currently consists of Main Body(本體) in the middle along with the East(Dong-lu 東樓) and the West Pavilions(Seo-lu 西樓) attached to each side. The Main Body and the Dong-lu firstly constructed were to give lectures and to rest within. Ijidang has undergone several changes in its form so far. The surrounding nearby Ijidang shows characteristics of the Confucian architecture for training(J eong-sa, 精舍) and the building itself was to be built in a scenic place apart from the secular world in which scholars stayed, cultivated their body and mind or taught disciples within. The lecture space of Ijidang is positioned next to the main hall(Dae-cheong 大廳) unlike other typical forms of a three-bay building(samganjije 三 間之制) at that period. West lu, a two-story building added afterwards in the early 18th century representing characteristics of the Gate Pavilion(Mullu, 門樓) of Neo-Confucian Academies(Seo-won, 書院) in Joseon Dynasty was typically located where the entrance and the ground floor of the main building are visible simultaneously.

Existing reinforced concrete building structures constructed before 1988 have seismically-deficient reinforcing details, which can lead to the premature failure of the columns and beam-column joints. The premature failure was resulted from the inadequate bonding performance between the reinforcing bars and surrounding concrete on the main structural elements. This paper aims to quantify the bond-slip effect on the dynamic responses of reinforced concrete frame models using finite element analyses. The bond-slip behavior was modeled using an one-dimensional slide line model in LS-DYNA. The bond-slip models were varied with the bonding conditions and failure modes, and implemented to the well-validated finite element models. The dynamic responses of the frame models with the several bonding conditions were compared to the validated models reproducing the actual behavior. It verifies that the bond-slip effects significantly affected the dynamic responses of the reinforced concrete building structures.

This paper studied the Pingzuo(平坐) platform structure of the two story building covered with one roof during the early period of Tang dynasty, based on wall paintings, stone pagodas, brick buildings and wooden buildings might be influenced by the Tang style. Instead of Chazhuzao(叉柱造), the typical column linkage in the Song, Liao and Jin buildings, it put the boundary column just behind the wall of a bracket set. Otherwise, the column root might be seen from outside, because its bracket set was still using Touxinzao(偸心造) which did not have a lateral arm on it. And its flooring structure was also different from the Song style, it used cantilever beams instead of lateral beams supported by bracket sets.

본 연구에서는 인공신경망을 이용해 건물 구조물의 가속도계 설치 위치 및 개수를 선정하는 방법을 제안한다. 인공신경망의 입력 층에는 층에 설치되는 가속도계로부터 얻는 가속도이력데이터가 입력되며, 출력층에는 구조물을 정의하는 각 층의 질량과 강성 값을 출력하도록 신경망을 구성한다. 가속도계의 설치 위치 및 개수를 선정하기 위해 여러 설치 시나리오를 가정하고 훈련을 통해 인공신경망을 구한다. 훈련에 사용되지 않은 예제를 이용해 예측 성능을 비교하였다. 센서 개수 및 위치에 따른 예측 성능을 비교하여 설치위치 및 개수를 선정한다. 6층과 10층 예제 적용을 통해 제안하는 방법을 검증하였다.

This study is to find out the design concept of asymmetrical building with 4 purlins mainly in Sungkyunkwan(Confucian Shrines), Changgyeonggung palace and Changdeokgung palace The results are as follows: First, asymmetrical building with 4 purlins has the same height pillars, which was useful to control the side lenght and put a higher pillar without limit. Second, the side length of the asymmetrical building with 4 purlins is between 12 to 14 Ja[尺]. It's relatively longer than the minimum length(12 Ja) of 5 purlins architecture seen in later Joseon dynasty. Third, asymmetrical building with 4 purlins was not an anomalous structure when compared to 3 purlins and 5 purlins. It was actually a traditional style, unlike the current architectural recognition nowadays, which mainly focused on the balanced roof structure. These examples show that the architectures in Early Joseon dynasty were planned and constructed first according to the plane division that fit in a specific use or space.

A hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system with a smart damper has been proposed to mitigate seismic responses of tall buildings. Based on previous research, a hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system can provide effective control performance for reduction of seismic responses of tall buildings. Structural design of the hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system is generally performed after completion of structural design of a building structure. This design concept is called as an iterative design which is a general design process for structures and control devices. In the iterative design process, optimal design solution for the structure and control system is changed at each design stage. To solve this problem, the integrated optimal design method for the hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system and building structure was proposed in this study. An existing building with mid-story isolation system, i.e. Shiodome Sumitomo Building, was selected as an example structure for more realistic study. The hybrid mid-story isolation system in this study was composed of MR (magnetorheological) dampers. The stiffnessess and damping coefficients of the example building, maximum capacity of MR damper, and stiffness of isolation bearing were simultaneously optimized. Multi-objective genetic optimization method was employed for the simultaneous optimization of the example structure and the mid-story seismic isolation system. The optimization results show that the simultaneous optimization method can provide better control performance than the passive mid-story isolation system with reduction of structural materials.

Wireless MEMS sensors have common features such as wireless communication, data measurement, embedded processing, battery-based self-power, and low cost, and increased measurement effectiveness. Wireless MEMS sensors enable efficient SHM without interfering with location because there is no requirement for triboelectric noise and cumbersome cables. However, there is little research on the communication distance with sensors and data. For instance, existing researches have limited communication distance experiments in civil engineering bridges. It is also necessary to investigate the characteristics of dynamic behavior and the communication distance of architectural structures with different wireless transmission/reception environments. Therefore, in a building structure with walls and slabs instead of open spaces, MEMS sensors and data loggers were used as distance experiments where communication disturbance between the vertical slab and the horizontal wall could actually be communicated.

In contemporary society, vibration and noise in the road nearby buildings have become social problems as vehicles operation has increased. Especially, in the case of the building used to art performance, available suitability of the building is tested by the indoor noise class. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is the measurement of the structure-borne noise of Seoul Art Center nearby Umyeonsan tunnel and analyzing the effects of countermeasure to it. To measure the effects of countermeasure, not only structure-borne noise is measured, but also the vibration is measured, before and after the construction of pavement using pad and porous asphalt. Consequently, the sound pressure level in art center 1st floor is reduced after mat pavement method, structure-borne noise that was high in 25Hz wide-band before pavement decreased regardless of experimental vehicle's velocity. Using porous asphalt pavement the noise was reduced about 3 dB(A).

The retractable roof structure is used in various fields and it is classified for steel retractable system and soft retractable system. For the domestic industry, it is in the initial phase now and the demand of the retractable roof structure is expected to increase in the future. Therefore, this paper is classified for steel retractable system and soft retractable system from the retractable roof structures in overseas to survey and analyze the cases of wind velocity on retractable roof structure in Japan that uses the same wind velocity criteria like Korea regarding the open-close time and average open-close time for retractable roof area.

The purpose of this study is to accurately estimate the wind-induced responses of a tall building structure for using the estimated responses in the process of calculating the optimal force of an active control device. Kalman filter was used for the estimation process and a 3-storied model structure on a shaking table was tested for the verification of the estimation accuracy. The system matrices of the model were constructed based on the mode parameters obtained by the system identification. The estimated displacement matched up well with the measured one. Finally, the wind-induced responses of a real 39-storied building structure excited by the typhoon MUIFA were estimated.

In this study, Stockbridge damper was adopted to reduce the reponses of structures under earthquakes. A finite element analysis software, SAP2000, was used to simulate the structural response and the control device under dynamic loads. A 3 story frame model and the proposed control device, Stockbridge damper, were designed under laboratory conditions. In this research, a pendulum type tuned mass damper (PTMD) was also adopted in order to compare with the Stockbridge damper. Harmonic loads were applied to verity the control performance of both control devices in each mode. In results, it has been found that the Stockbirdge damper decreases significantly the responses of the structure more than the PTMD under the harmonic loadings. The El Centro and Northridge earthquakes were also applied in order to investigate the performance by both control devices. The responses of the building demonstrate that the Stockbridge damper reduces the response of the building structure during earthquakes more effectively than the PTMD.

부가적인 제어장치를 사용하여 구조물 감쇠를 증가시키는 것은 건축물의 풍응답을 제어하기 위해 자주 사용되는 방법 중 하나이다. 본 연구의 목적은 TMD와 AMD의 다중모드응답 제어성능을 비교하는 것이다. 실제 AMD가 설치된 39층 건물을 사용하였으며, 이전 연구에서 시스템식별을 통해 얻어진 모드정보에 따라 수정된 수치해석모델을 사용하였다. AMD 제어력은 속도피드백, 뱅뱅 제어, LQR 알고리즘을 사용하여 결정하였다. 1차 모드의 RMS 응답을 유사한 수준으로 맞추는 조건에서 TMD와 AMD의 고차모드제 어성능을 비교하였다. 그 결과 TMD는 단일 모드에 대해서만 응답을 저감시킬 수 있었으나, AMD는 다중모드 제어가 가능함을 확인하였다.

일반적으로 건축물의 구조해석과 설계에 있어 작업효율을 확보하기 위하여 상부구조물과 하부구조물을 별도로 모델링하여 해석 및 설계를 진행하는 분리해석 방법을 사용한다. 하지만, 상기 분리해석을 사용할 경우, 상부구조물의 고정지점과 변형된 기초구조물과는 실제 연결된 지점에서 변위차가 발생하여 구조해석의 기본요건인 변형적합성 조건을 만족하지 못하게 되고 상부구조-하부구조의 상호작용을 고려하지 못하기 때문에 실제와는 다른 구조해석 및 설계결과를 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 초고층 철골구조물을 대상으로 구조물의 부등침하 등에 큰 영향을 미치는 상재(常載)하중에 대한 분리해석과 일체해석의 해석결과 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 분리해석방법을 사용할 경우, 상부구조물의 구조해석에 있어 기초의 변형을 고려하지 못하기 때문에 부재력을 과소평가할 수 있고 이로인해 비안전측 설계결과를 가지고 올 수 있다. 하부 기초구조물을 분리해석으로 해석하였을 경우, 상부구조물의 강성을 고려하지 못하기 때문에 기초의 부등침하 과대평가, 부재력의 과대/과소 평가를 초래할 수 있어 비경제적이고 불안전한 설계결과를 가져올 수 있다. 특히, 기초의 변형이 상부구조물에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있는 건축구조물, 지반의 강성이 작아서 기초에 큰 변형이 예상되는 건축물, 지반조건이 불균질하여 부등침하가 예상되는 건축구조물 등에는 분리해석을 지양해야 할 것이다.

현재 사용되고 있는 대부분의 풍진동해석법은 진동수영역의 스펙트럼 해석법에 기초하고 있다. 스펙트럼해석법은 하중 및 응답의 위상각을 무시하게 되며 그에 따라 병진방향 및 비틀림 방향의 모드 응답조합이 어려워질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 일반화 밑면 모멘트 스펙트럼밀도함수로부터 재생된 풍하중 시간이력을 이용하여 병진, 비틀림 방향이 연계된 구조물의 응답을 해석하는 시간이력 해석법에 대해서 다룬다. 제시된 시간이력 해석법의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 직사각형 평면을 가지는 40층 규모의 구조물을 대상으 로 해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석결과에 의하면, 시간이력해석법에 의하여 질량중심으로부터 멀리 떨어진 곳의 비틀림 모드에 의한 응답특성을 파악할 수 있었으며, 병진방향과 비틀림방향 모드 응답의 조합에 의하여 보다 정확한 응답예측이 가능한 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 해석된 응답을 이용하여 사용성능 및 처짐 성능평가를 수행할 수 있기 때문에 예비설계 단계에서 보다 정밀한 내풍 성능평가가 가능한 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 풍응답 제어를 위해 능동질량감쇠기가 설치된 39층 구조물의 시스템식별을 수행하였다. 능동 질량감쇠기를 가진기로 이용하여 입력 조화하중 신호를 생성하여 구조물을 가진하였으며, 가진 결과로 발생한 구조물의 가속도 응답을 계측하여 구조물의 전달함수를 파악하였다. 대상 구조물의 상시진동 계측 결과를 바탕으로 가진 제어 대상이 되는 주요 저차모드의 개략적인 범위를 파악한 후 가진 진동수 대역을 결정하였으며, 3곳의 위치에서 계측된 가속도 응답을 바탕으로 제어대상 3개 모드의 진동수와 감쇠비, 그리고 모드형상을 식별하였다. 모드벡터는 AMD의 설치위치 및 가진방향과 동일한 위치의 응답을 기준으로 정규화하여 구성하였으며, 정규화된 모드벡터에 따른 모드 질량행렬을 도출하였다. 식별된 모드특성을 이용하여 구성된 해석모델을 사용하여 얻어진 가속도 응답이 계측된 결과와 거의 일치한다는 사실로부터 식별된 모델이 적절하게 구조물의 동적거동을 모사하고 있음을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 풍진동 제어를 위해 39층 테크노마트 건물에 능동형 질량 감쇠기를 적용하기 위한 수치해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저, 태풍 풍응답 계측 및 풍동실험을 통해 테크노마트 단변방향 진동에 대한 사용성 개선이 필요함을 확인하였다. AMD에 요구되는 스트로크 확보를 위한 건물의 여유 공간, 설치 위치, 허용 무게 등을 알아보고 제진장치 배치 및 사양을 결정하였다. 그리고 테크노마트의 최상거주층인 39층 단변방향을 대상으로 한 1자유도 해석모델에 대해 선형제어방법인 속도피드백, LQR, LQG 알고리즘과 비선형제어방법인 Bnag-bang 알고리즘을 적용하는 해석연구를 수행하였다. 해석결과 제어 전·후의 최대가속도는 11.83cm/s2에서 4.19cm/s2으로, 진동감지확률은 90%에서 50%이하로 감소하여 Bang-bang 제어알고리즘을 적용할 경우 제어성능이 가장 좋은 것을 확인하였으며 각각의 알고리즘으로 구현된 AMD의 최대 스트로크가 모두 허용범위 수준을 만족하는 결과가 나왔다. 또한, 실제 AMD의 안정적은 작동을 위해 요구되는 원점보정 신호 방안을 제안하여, 제한된 스트로크 내에서 제진장치를 안정적으로 운행할 수 있음을 확인 하였다.