PURPOSES : Recently, the generation of industrial by-products has been increased owing to the increase in electrical power consumption. This experimental study investigated a special mortar development using outstanding benefits of porous structures in heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) and bottom ash (BA) to reduce heat transfer and weight of tunnel repair mortar. METHODS : Based on the concept of materials usable for this objective being porous and light, the physical and chemical properties of heavy oil fly ash and bottom ash were analyzed to determine the application possibility for tunnel repair mortar. In addition to satisfying this primary requirement, the research aimed at determining the relationships between the characteristics of porous structures and effectiveness of reducing weight and thermal conductivity. This study was undertaken on the use of bottom ash as fine aggregate and heavy oil ash as filler in mortar mix proportion. Four different levels of bottom ash (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 5%), and 10%, 15%, and 20% of heavy oil fly ash were investigated to determine the proper replacement amount within the designed specification. According to the analytic results on the effectiveness of both by-products and chemical additives, the repair mortar with optimum mixture proportion was investigated using various tests including thermal conductivity and porosity. RESULTS : The use of porous by-products increased the demand for mixing water in obtaining the required flowability, but the compressive strength did not decrease significantly in proportion by adding an amount of bottom ash. Based on the results, bottom ash can be replaced with aggregate as much as 50%, but adding an amount of heavy oil ash is suggested as below 10% in formulation. CONCLUSIONS : The optimized repair mortar, which was produced by conclusive formulation, was evaluated as a high-performance material to repair tunnels with the effectiveness of porous and remarkable physical properties.

The use of recycled materials, such as the fine recycled aggregate made from concrete waste and carbon fiber (CF) product of industrial waste, for the manufacture of conductive recycled mortars (CRM), transforms the mortar base cement normally made with cement:sand in a sustainable multifunctional material, conferring satisfactory mechanical and electrical properties for non-structural uses. This action provides ecological benefits, reducing the use of natural fine aggregates from rivers and the amount of concrete waste deposited in landfills resulting from construction waste. In this investigation the effect of the addition of CF on electrical properties in hardened, wet and dry state, electric percolation in dry state and fluidity of the wet mixture of a cement based CRM was evaluated: fine recycled aggregate: graphite powder, CRM specimens with dimensions of 4 × 4 × 16 cm. were manufactured for 3, 7 and 28 days of age and sand/cement ratios = 1.00, graphite/cement = 1.00, water/cement = 0.60 and CF = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% compared to the weight of cement. The results demonstrated the effect of the addition of CF in CRM, reducing fluidity of the mixtures due to the opposition generated by its physical interaction of CF with recycled sand or recycled fine aggregate and graphite powder (GP), in its case, placing the electric percolation percolation at 0.30% and 0.45% of CF for CRM with and without GP, respectively. Increases in electrical conductivity (EC) without the presence of GP are defined by the contact between the CF and the conductive paths formed. In contrast, with the presence of GP, the EC is defined by the contact between the CF and the GP simultaneously, forming conductive routes with greater performance in its EC.

초고성능 콘크리트(UHPC)는 낮은 물-결합재비(W/B), 고성능 감수제(SP), 혼화재 및 강섬유(Steel Fiber)의 혼입으로 일반 콘크리트보다 유동성, 강도 등에서 월등히 우수한 성능을 지닌 건설 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 진동밀로 분쇄하여 시멘트의 분말도를 6000cm2/g급 까지 높여 최적의 초고성능 모르타르를 제작하였다. 또한, UHPC의 특성상 시멘트, 혼화재뿐만 아니라 화학 혼화제 혼입량에 따라 물성에 많은 차이를 나타내기 때문에 최적의 화학 혼화제를 도출하기 위하여 고성능 혼화제에 따른 물성 평가 실험도 수행하였다. 분쇄된 시멘트를 활용한 초고성능 모르타르의 유동성, 강도 등 물성 테스트를 진행하였으며, 경제성을 고려하여 강섬유와 기타 혼화재를 혼입하지 않고 목표 물성을 달성하고자 하였다. 실험결과, 모든배합에서 플로우 값은 목표치 180±10mm를 확보하였으며, W/B 20%, SP 0.8%에서 최대 압축강도 90MPa, 휨강도 16.8MPa까지 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 인장성능을 개선하기 위하여 PVA 섬유를 적용하고자 하였다. PVA 섬유 혼입량에 따른 재료특성을 검토하여, 섬유보강 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 제조 가이드라인을 제공하고자 하였다. 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 제조를 위하여 친수성의 합성수지(SR)를 사용하였다. 실험에 사용된 변수로 (W+SR)/C비를 고정하여, 사용물에 대한 합성수지의 치환율을 일정하게 증가시켜 사용하였다. PVA 섬유의 혼입량은 각각의 실험체에 0%,1%,2%를 혼입하여 실험을 수행하였다. 재료특성 실험으로는 압축강도시험, 쪼갬 인장강도시험, 휨 강도 시험을 수행하였다. 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르에 PVA 섬유를 혼입하면 쪼갬 인장강도 및 휨 강도가 증가하는 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 합성수지 혼입 폴리머 시멘트 모르타르의 인장성능 개선을 위한 PVA섬유 혼입시 제조 가이드라인으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

3D 프린팅의 적층제조를 위한 시멘트 모르타르의 이용은 시멘트의 유동 특성을 개질하기 위한 시멘트 혼화용 폴리 머의 혼입이 필수적이다. 시멘트 모르타르는 점성이 높고 수축이 크기 때문에 적층제조를 위해서는 유동성, 경화속도, 시공성 및 적층특성의 개선이 필요하다. 시멘트 혼화용 폴리머 디스퍼젼을 혼입한 시멘트 모르타르는 시멘트 수화물과 공극 사이에 폴 리머 필름이 상호 형성되어 인장강도와 취성이 개선되며 우수한 접착성, 기밀성, 내약품성을 보인다. 최근, 사용편리성이 우수한 Ethylene-vinyl acetate 재유화형 분말수지가 널리 사용된다. 하지만 화재와 같은 고온에서는 재유화형 분말수지를 혼입한 경우에 는 성능저하가 더 크다. 재유화형 분말수지가 시멘트 수화물과 공극에 폴리머 필름을 형성하고 충전하지만 고온에 의해 열분해 되기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅의 적층제조를 위해 내열성이 개선된 Ethylene-vinyl chloride 재유화형 분말수지의 혼입률을 달리하여 고온에서의 특성과 열분해에 따른 공극특성을 검토하였다. 연구결과, EVCL 재유화형 분말수지를 혼입한 경우 고온에서 약간의 성능개선을 보였지만 열분해하여 공극률이 커지며, 밀도, 강도가 감소한다. 따라서, 사용조건에 적합한 배합조절 등이 필요하다.

Recently, functionalization of construction materials using nano materials is being studied in domestic and overseas. In this study, functionalization of cement composites using excellent mechanical characteristics, electrical and thermal conductivity characteristics was carried out. The basic study on the heat characteristics of cement mortar containing Single-walled Carbon Nano Tube(SWCNT), one of the CNT types, has been carried out and this study is aimed to verify whether heat characteristics is effective at low content mixing. The experimental parameters were selected as CNT content, curing age, and supplied voltage. The size of specimens was 50 x 50 x 50mm3 and three specimens were fabricated. As a result, heat characteristics of the SWCNT cement mortar was confirmed even at a low CNT content. As the curing progressed, it was confirmed that heat generation effect was low. But it was confirmed that the heat characteristics were sufficiently exhibited when 100V or more voltage was supplied.

A huge amount of waste oyster shells are being produced in the southern coast of South Korea. In order to find the possibility to recycle the waste as construction materials, mechanical characteristics of oyster-shell such as compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, were investigated. Compressive strength tests for mortar specimen with varying blending ratio of cement, water, fine aggregate, and oyster-shell were compared with normal cement mortar. There was continuous decreasing tendency in compressive strength as increasing dosages of oyster-shell when used as a replacement of cement, however strength and stiffness were increased around 10% of dosages of oyster-shell when used as a replacement of fine aggregate. The experiment results demonstrate that oyster-shells can be recycled and effective in replacement of not only cement but also fine aggregates.

This study was performed in order to obtain the effect of the compressive strength of the cured product with manufacturing conditions (amounts of fine aggregate and different types of alkali activator). Material which is the basis of the cured product was used for the blast furnace slag, which has a latent hydraulic activity. Consequently, when using sodium hydroxide as the alkali activator, it is possible to obtain a higher compressive strength than using the calcium hydroxide. And also, it can be added a 10% of fine aggregate with blast furnace slag to improve the compressive strength.

PURPOSES: As a part of our research into repair techniques for roads that have collapsed as a result of a natural disaster, this study set out to find the optimum mix proportion for gravels to be used to restore a damaged area. METHODS: This study considered flow and strength-development characteristics. The experimental variables were the W/C ratio, the usage of the admixture, the types of cement, and the quantity of fine aggregate over three different experimental stages. The compressive strength was measured at 12 hours, one day, three days, and seven days. RESULTS : The flow varied with the amount of fine aggregate and the use of a high-range water-reducing (HRWR) admixture. The compressive strength also varied with respect to the type of cement and the W/C ratios. The strength satisfied the expected requirement of 21 MPa after one day, provided the mix proportion was appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: A gravel-filling high-flow cement-based mortar exhibited strength and consistency with a W/C ratio in the range of 0.40 to 0.45, assuming the use of HRWR at 0.5 to 0.7% and a fine aggregate/cement ratio of 1.0 to 1.5.

PURPOSES : This study is to evaluate the feasibility of using the alkali activated cement concrete for application of partial-depth repair in pavement. METHODS : This study analyzes the compressive strength of alkali activated cement mortar based on the changes in the amount/type/composition of binder(portland cement, fly ash, slag) and activator(NaOH, Na2SiO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4). The mixture design is divided in case I of adding one kind-activator and case II of adding two kind-activators. RESULTS : The results of case I show that Na2SO4 based mixture has superior the long-term strength when compared to other mixtures, and that Na2CO3 based mixture has superior the early strength when compared to other mixtures. But the mixtures of case I is difficult to apply in the material for early-opening-to-traffic, because the strength of all mixtures isn't meet the criterion of traffic-opening. The results of case II show that NaOH-Na2SiO3 based mixtures has superior the early/long-term strength when compared to NaOH-Na2SiO3 based mixtures. In particular, the NaOH-Na2SiO3 based some mixtures turned out to pass the reference strength(1-day) of 21MPa as required for traffic-opening. CONCLUSIONS : With these results, it could be concluded that NaOH-Na2SiO3 based mixtures can be used as the material of pavement repair.

This study is basic experiment for estimating influence of strength by curing temperature of concrete's heat of hydration and estimate relationship of compressivε strength development by initial curing temperature factor, and then asume temperature factor which influence compressive strength development and for showing basic document of quality control. According to the result of cement mortar by the curing temperature factor high-curing temperature shows high strength on 3 day compare with low curing-temperature, shows higher strength than the piece of high curing temperature.

이산화탄소 농도가 높은 도심지의 경우 탄산화로 인한 철근부식이 발생하기 쉬우며 이는 콘크리트 구조물의 내구수명을 감소시킨다. 콘크리트 구조물의 경우 다양한 구속조건을 가지며 항상 외부의 재하하중을 받고 있다. 도입된 응력수준은 이산화탄소와 같은 유해인자의 확산을 변화시키며 탄산화 깊이의 변동성을 야기한다. 본 연구에서는 응력재하수준에 따른 탄산화 변동성을 정량화하였으며, 이를 이용하여 탄산화 예측식을 도출하였다. 내구성 설계인자인 피복두께, 이산화탄소 확산계수, 탄산화 반응 수화물, 그리고 외부 이산화탄소 농도를 확률 변수로 정의하였으며, MCS을 통하여 영향인자의 변동성에 따른 내구수명을 도출하였다. 또한 응력수준에 따라 변화하는 내구수명을 도출하였으며, 이를 결정론적인 방법의 결과와 비교하였다. 피복두께 및 내부 수화물 생성이 내구수명 변동성에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 응력수준 을 고려한 내구수명평가는 유지관리 우선순위 설정에 합리적으로 적용할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 코어직경에 따른 시멘트 모르타르의 부착강도 변동 특성을 분석하기 위하여, 코어직경 50mm 부착강도 13개 데이터와 코어직경 75mm 부착강도 17개 데이터를 활용하여 분석하였다. 부착강도의 평균값을 비교하면 코어직경 75mm의 값이 코어직경 50mm의 값에 비해 10.5% 정도 크게 나타났으며, 코어직경에 따른 부착강도의 변동계수(Coefficient of Variation) 값을 비교·분석한 결과 코어직경 75mm의 변동계수가 모든 시험 회차에서 상대적으로 작게 나타났다. 그러므로, 코어 직경에 따른 부착강도의 변동성을 최소화 하기 위해서는 코어직경 75mm를 사용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

콘크리트 내에서 염소이온을 고정 및 침투 억제할 수 있는 CA계 클링커의 상호간의 영향을 파악하기 위하여 CA(CaAl2O4)와 CA2(CaAl4O7)을 혼입하여 실험체를 제작하였다. 실험수준은 W/C 50%로 28일간 수중양생 진행되었고 클링커는 시멘트 중량대비 10%로 설정되었다. 평가결과 CA의 혼입율이 증가 할수록 초결이 빨랐지만 장기강도 발현이 감소했고, 시멘트 매트릭스 내부 공긍률이 증가했다. XRD분석결과 CA계 클링커를 혼입한 실험체에서 하이드로 칼루마이트 생성이 증가 한 것으로 보아 염소이온고정능력이 향상될 것 이라고 판단된다

In this paper, water flow test was performed to evaluate the healing performance of self - healing solid capsules based on inorganic materials. The water flow test was used to evaluate the permeability reduction for each healing age with respect to the initial permeability of crack - induced test specimens.

The purposes of this study is to evaluate the adhesion in flexure and adhesion in tension between old-plain cement mortar and new-polymer cement mortar that has been widely used as finishing and repairing materials of RC structures. From the test results, the adhesion in flexure and adhesion in tension of polymer-modified mortar to plain cement mortar are much higher than that of plain cement mortar, and are increased with increasing polymer-cement ratio. The maximum strengths show at polymer cement mortar using EVA dispersion, and those are about 1.69 and 2.10 times respectively, plain cement mortar.

In this study, CGS is a concrete admixture material that has been investigated as a way to promoto recycling of CSG. As results, Show that the early strength is low and the activity index is according to the degree of fineness is insignificant