구상나무 침엽의 엽록소형광과 생육지의 환경요인의 일변화를 계절별로 조사하여 환경요인의 변화에 따른 구상나무의 환경 적응성을 규명하였다. 광계 II의 광화학적 효율, 즉 Fv/Fm은 겨울에는 0.19-0.36으로 매우 낮은데 반하여 여름에는 0.8-0.86으로 높았다. 낮시간의 Fv/Fm이 겨울에는 아침, 저녁보다 상대적으로 높아서 겨울철 한낮의 환경조건이 구상나무 잎의 광합성기구에 우호적으로 작용을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 여름에는 낮시간에 광억제가 다소

To compare the vitality among cool-season turfgrasses under summer weather conditions and to obtain information to improve the management of turfgrasses in golf courses and sports fields., the chlorophyll fluorescence of three cool-season turfgrasses commonly planted on golf courses in the Jeju area was measured. The turfgrasses were perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). In perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, the chlorophyll index was low in early summer and high in late summer. In creeping bentgrass, it remained low throughout the study. Fo tended to be low in the early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, the difference in Fo between late summer and early summer was markedly higher in perennial ryegrass than in Kentucky bluegrass or creeping bentgrass. Fm tended to be low in early summer and high in late summer, without obvious differences among the three turfgrasses. Fv/Fm, a measure of photochemical efficiency, was also low in early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, Fv/Fm in late summer was mostly higher in Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass than in perennial ryegrass, indicating that the former are more resistant to the high temperature and humidity of late summer. Furthermore, Kentucky bluegrass had a high chlorophyll index in late summer and would be most resistant to the harsh conditions of late summer.

Background : The chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as non-destructive imaging methods have been used widely for efficiently early detection of plant responses to various stresses. The information from images acquired from different condition has the potential to generate specific signatures for particular stresses. Light-energy absorbed by plants is distributed over three competing processes: photosynthesis, thermal dissipation and chlorophyll fluorescence emission. An increase in Chl-FI thus implies a decrease in photosynthesis. The stresses in growing stage will change the efficacy of photosynthesis. As a example, Chl-FI of plant infections was carried out previously for a number of different viral and fungal plant–pathogen systems. Therefore, image can be used for differentiation of various stress index. Methods and results : 2-years-old ginseng plants were transplanted to plastic pots and each stress factors were treated. The stress factors used in this study were high temperature, low temperature, fungicide, and fungal pathogen. High temperature stress was induced by placing pots inside incubator adjusted at 35℃. For treatment of low temperature stress, ginseng plants were stored at 5℃ refrigerator for 5 minutes. Pathogen stress was carried to inoculate mycelial disk. Alternaria panax was inoculated potato-dextrose-medium and cultured for 10 days at 25℃. Mycelial disk obtained from cultured plate were placed on the one leaf of ginseng. Azoxystrobin wp was diluted 500, 1,000 times in tap water and sprayed to ginseng plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence image was acquired from each plant that stress treated and analyzed with sigma plot software. Conclusion : Important value, Fv/Fm (maximum efficiency of photosystem II), Fp (peak fluorescence during the initial phase of the operating efficiency of the Kautsky effect), NPQ-lss (steady-state, non-photochemical), etc., were significantly changed by variable stress index. But it was impossible to differentiate kind of stress by acquired value.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

The objective of this study was to find a rapid determination of the hot air stress in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves using a portable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging instrument. To assess the photosynthetic activity of maize leaves, an imaging analysis of the photochemical responses of maize was performed with chlorophyll fluorescence camera. The observed chlorophyll imaging photos were numerically transformed to the photochemical parameters on the basis of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging (CFI) method showed that a rapid decrease in maximum fluorescence intensity (Fm) of leaf occurred under hot air stress. Although no change was observed in the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of the hot air stressed maize leaves, the other photochemical parameters such as maximum fluorescence intensity (Fm) and Maximum fluorescence value (Fp) were relatively lowered after hot air stress. In hot air stressed maize leaves, an increase was observed in the nonphotoquenching (NPQ) and decrease in the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II (Φ PSII). Thus, NPQ and ΦPSII were available to be determined non-destructively in maize leaves under hot air stress. Our results clearly indicated that the hot air could be a source of stress in maize leaves. Thus, the CFI analysis along with its related parameters can be used as a rapid indicating technique for the determining hot air stress in plants.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Schisandra chinensis Baillon were investigated under controlled temperature using growth chamber. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate and transpiration rate was higher in treatment of 25℃. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and PIabs was higher in treatment of 25℃ which reflects the relative reduction state of PSII. But in treatment of 35℃ the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were higher than in treatment of 25℃ which implied that the relative reduction of electron transport at PSI and increasement of photo inhibition at reaction center. Conclusion : This result implies that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis through controlling a photosystem in Schisandra chinensis Baillon.

The response of the freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, to heavy metal stress was examined based on chlorophyll fluorescence analysis to assess the toxic effects of heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems. When toxic effects were analyzed using regular chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, photosystem II activity(Fv/Fm) decreased significantly when exposed to Cu2+ and Hg2+ for 12 h, and decreased in the order of Hg2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ when exposed for 24h. The effective photochemical quantum yield(Φ′PSII), chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio(RFd), minimal fluorescence yield(Fo), and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ), but not photochemical quenching(qP), responded sensitively to Hg2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+. These results suggest that Fv/Fm, as well as Φ′PSII, RFd, Fo, and NPQ could be used to assess the effects of heavy metal ions in freshwater ecosystems. However, because many types of heavy metal ions and toxic compounds co-occur under natural conditions, it is difficult to assess heavy metal toxicity in freshwater ecosystems. When Chlorella was exposed to heavy metal ions for 12 or 24h, Fv/Fm and maximal fluorescence yield(Fm) changed in response to Hg2+ and Cu2+ based on image analysis. However, assessing quantitatively the toxic effects of several heavy metal ions is challenging.

Background : Excessively high concentration of sodium ion causednutrient deficiency and significantly decrease growth. This study was carried out to determine the limiting concentration range of sodium ion in the soil of ginseng field. Methods and Results : The growth of the ginseng cultivar Chunpoong reduced with increase in salinity, and the rate of growth reduction was higher in shoots than that of roots. Particularly, ginseng plants cultivated at high level of nitrate nitrogen or sodium may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Chlorophyll damage occurred on the leaves of ginseng planted in relatively high levels (> 0.2 c㏖+/㎏) of sodium ion, as determined by the fluorescence reaction. The incidence of physiological disorder in ginseng cultivated at 249 sites was correlated with the concentration of sodium ion in the soils. About 74% of ginseng fields in which physiological disorders occurred had concentrations of sodium ion in soil greater than 0.2 c㏖+/㎏. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions at 51 of 85 sites where no damage occurred was relatively (0.05 c㏖+/㎏- 0.15 c +/㎏). Conclusions : The concentration of sodium ion in soil of ginseng fields can be classified into three levels optimum (≤ 0.15), permissible allowance (0.15 - 0.2) and excessive (> 0.2).

The response of the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris to mercuric ion (Hg2+) stress was examined using chlorophyll a fluorescence image analysis and O-J-I-P analysis as a way to monitor the toxic effects of mercury on water ecosystems. The levels of photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, decreased with increasing Hg2+ concentration. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(Fv/Fm) changed remarkably with increasing Hg2+ concentration and treatment time. In particular, above 200 μM Hg2+, considerable mercury toxicity was seen within 2 h. The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient O-J-I-P was also remarkably affected by Hg2+; the fluorescence emission decreased considerably in steps J, I, and P with an increase in Hg2+ concentration when treated for 4 h. Subsequently, the JIP-test parameters (Fm, Fv/Fo, RC/CS, TRo/CS, ETo/CS, ΦPO, ΨO and ΦEO) decreased with increasing Hg2+ concentration, while N, Sm, ABS/RC, DIo/RC and DIo/CS increased. Therefore, a useful biomarker for investigating mercury stress in water ecosystems, and the parameters Fm, ΦPO, ΨO, and RC/CS can be used to monitor the environmental stress in water ecosystems quantitatively.

Development of transgenic plant with desirable traits to cultivated plant is one of the important procedures in plant molecular breeding. However, applicable assessment of transgenic plant in laboratorial scale is not much except cultivating transgenic plant for a whole life in field condition. Here, we analyzed chlorophyll fluorescence in three transgenic soybean lines with AtMYB44 transcription factor for assessment of photosynthetic activity under abiotic stresses such as drought. Soybean varieties used in this study were ‘Bert’ and ‘Bert’ derived three transgenic soybeans, ‘AtMYB44 CM35101’, ‘AtMYB44 CM2471’, and ‘AtMYB44 CM4481’. Analyzed five different chlorophyll fluorescence variables are maximum PSII quantum yield (QY_max), steady state PSII quantum yield (QY_Lss), steady state non-photochemical quenching (NPQ_Lss), coefficient of photochemical quenching in steady-state (Qp_Lss), and fluorescence declineratio in steady-state (Rfd_Lss). To determine main chlorophyll fluorescence variable affected by abiotic stress, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with five chlorophyll fluorescence variables measured from four varieties. QY_Lss and NPQ_Lss were main chlorophyll fluorescence variables to evaluate abiotic stress, particularly in drought stress. In comparison with transgenic soybean lines based on chlorophyll fluorescence variables, ‘AtMYB44 CM2471’ and ‘AtMYB44 CM4481’ are more tolerant to drought than the others. Interestingly, three transgenic soybean lines which have a same AtMYB44 gene with different regions of chromosome revealed the quite different responses of chlorophyll fluorescence to drought treatment.

열대작물인 자트로파의 염과 가뭄 스트레스에 따른 생리적 반응과 유전자 발현의 연구를 통해 바이오에너지 작물로서의 기초적 자료를 얻고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 1. 100~cdot200~cdot300 mM NaCl의 염 스트레스와 5~cdot10~cdot20~cdot30 % PEG의 가뭄 스트레스를 처리하여 잎의 생장, 기공의 전도도, 엽록소 형광, 전해질 유출량을 조사하였다. 자트로파의 잎의 생장, 기공의 전도도, 엽록소 형광, 전해질 유출량을 통한 생육조사 결과 가뭄 스트레스 보다 염 스트레스에서 더 많은 피해를 입었다. 2. 수분 수송과 관련된 아쿠아포린 중에서 JcPIP2가 뿌리, 줄기, 떡잎 그리고 잎에서 모두 고르게 발현하고 있음을 확인하였다. 잎의 JcPIP2는 대조구와 가뭄 스트레스 처리구에서 모두 발현하는 반면, 200 300 mM NaCl 처리구에서는 잎에서 발현하지 않았다. 3. 염과 가뭄 스트레스에서 JcPIP2가 상반되는 반응을 보이는 것은 JcPIP2가 염 스트레스 관련 주요 내재 단백질과 같은 기능을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 4. 자트로파는 염 스트레스보다 가뭄 스트레스에 더 내성을 보이므로 간척지보다는 가뭄지역에서 재배하는 것이 더 유리할 것으로 보인다.

As cool-season plant, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is planted under shade-installation with tall front and low rear. However, at different planting positions, distinct differences come out because ginseng grows at the same position within 3~5 years and the growth circumstance changes a lot by the shade-installation. So, in this study, changes of temperature, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence with varieties of shading material and planting position were investigated. Light transmittances by polyethylene shade net and silver-coated shading plate as planting materials were measured according to different planting positions. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured by LI-6400-40 (Li-Cor). According to different planting positions, light intensity was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net, and higher at front than rear. Also, photosynthetic rate showed the same tendency, which had a positive correlation to light intensity. But this treatment caused a lower Fo compared with polyethylene shade net because of the stress by light and temperature. Also, Fv/Fm and ETR were higher in silver-coated shading plate. Fo was similar at front and rear according to silver-coated shading plate and ETR was higher at front.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of shading material on the chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and its any correlations in Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer. Fo was higher in polyethylene shade net than in silver-coated shading plate, but this treatment caused a lower Fm in comparison with silver-coated shading plate. Also, Fv/Fm and PhiPS2 showed higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR (Photosynthetic active radiation) was increased and reached maximum at the 200-400 μmol/m2/s of PAR in all of leaves, and the higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. A linear equation was obtained between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. SPAD was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net.

When three cultivars, “Shinsunchalbyeo”, “Nokmi” and “GW-05-01”, which was collected from native glutinous rice, were exposed to increased salinity stress in exogenous solution and duration of salt stress, leaf relative water content (RWC), root water uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence were observed the significant decrease at ≥500mM NaCl concentration for 4 day stress. These decrease in leaf RWC showed 69%, 77% and 67% for Shinsunchalbeyo, Nokmi and GW-05-01, respectively, in water uptake these effects showed 84%, 85% and 91%. The difference in Fv/Fm of plants treated with 500mM NaCl showed 0.62, 0.68 and 0.78 compared with 0.78, 0.81 and 0.75 in control treatment. The effects of NaCl stress in rice seedlings indicate that the leaf RWC and photosynthetic capacity is more sensitive GW-05-01 in comparison with Shinsunchalbyeo and Nokmi, and water uptake in root is more resistant. Average plant height in Shisunchalbyeo, Nokmi and GW-05-01 showed 107, 102 and 111cm, and the 1000 grains weight were 25.5, 20.3 and 21.8, respectively.

인삼은 연작지 재배가 불가능하고 주산지의 우량 예정지 고갈로 인하여 제주도를 제외하고 국내 전국에서 재배하고 있다. 지역별 기후형태가 상이함에도 불구하고 동일한 해가림 구조로 재배하고 있어 일부지역에서 피해가 발생하고 있어 지역에 적합한 표준 해가림 재배기술이 필요하다고 생각된다. 따라서, 본 연구는 남부지역(밀양, 나주, 해남)에서의 적정 해가림구조를 밝히고자 실시하였다. 실험은 2008년 부산대학교 부속농장(밀양)에 묘삼을 이식하였고 해가림 시설은 차광망(검정 차광망), 차광판(비누수 광반사 차광판), 차광지+망(청색 비누수차광지에 검정색 차광망), 차광지(청색 비누수차광지)를 후주연결식으로 설치하여 삼집내 광량과 온도를 측정하였고(Li-cor사의 LI-2000) 광합성속도와 엽록소 형광반응은 생육하고 있는 2년생 인삼을 이용하여 Li-cor의 LI-6400으로 조사하였다. 해가림 자재별 광량은 차광판과 차광지에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 차광판의 경우 전주에서의 반사광의 유입으로 삼집내 광량이 높은 경향이 있었고, 차광지의 경우 투광량이 높아 광량이 높게 나타냈다. 차광지+망과 차광망에서는 광량이 낮은 경향이었다. 온도는 차광판이 가장 낮은 경향이었는데 이는 직접광이 삼집내로 투과되지 못한 원인으로 사료되며, 다음으로 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 차광지의 경우 투광량이 높아 인삼에서 고온장해가 생기는 현상이 나타났다. 광합성의 경우, 광강도가 증가함에 따라 광합성속도가 증가하는 경향이 있었고, 해가림 자재에 따라 비교하면 차광판에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 다음으로 차광망과 차광지+망이 높았고, 차광지에서 낮은 경향이었다. 엽록소 형광반응에서 Fo는 차광판에서 낮은 경향이었으며, 다음으로는 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. Fv/Fm에서는 차광판에서 높았고, 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 낮은 경향이 있었다. ETR은 차광판에서 가장 높은 경향이 나타냈으며, 다음으로 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지로 낮은 경향을 보였다.

The diurnal changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in the leaves from four subtropical plant species (Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Bak., Osmanthus insularis Koidz., Asplenium antiquum Makino and Chloranthus glaber Makino) under the natural habitats in summer and winter. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence was lower in O-, I-, J-, P-steps of O-J-I-P transient in winter than summer, and prominent diurnal change was not found in the fluorescence intensity of four subtropical plant species in winter. The activity and isoenzyme pattern of SOD and catalase did irregularly change seasonally and diurnally in four subtropical plant species. In contrast, the peroxidase activity and isoenzyme pattern was different depending on plant species and growth seasons; The activity increased slightly more in winter than in summer in four subtropical plant species, and several isoenzymes appeared in the leaves from C. asiaticum var. japonicum, O. insularis and A. antiquum in winter.

For the stable production of high quality tea, the freezing resistance is a very important character. Most of the farmers have planted out-pollinated seeds that are not genetically pure. So, with small sample, a quick and simple method is required to test freezing resistance of lots of germ-plasm and early generation of hybrids. The absorbances(A530 nm) of TTC reduction solution at -5~circC were positively correlated with resistance to photoinhibition of PSII in 6 hour photoinhibitory treatments, being significantly fitted by simple linear regression (R2 =0.64** ). Chlorophyll fluorescence measured by Fv/Fm was found to be very useful in evaluating the relative levels of freezing resistance in tea.

엽녹소형광측정에 의한 수도 내냉성검정의 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 내냉성이 다양한 11개 품종을 1 /5000a pot에 원형직파하여 육성된 재료들을 수잉기에 10℃ 의 저온에 8 일간 처리하여 저온처리전후의 가변형광량( FVAR)과 형광증가속도(F/sun R/)의 변화를 비교하였다. 내냉성이 약한 품종들에서 저온처리에 의한 형광특성들의 감소가 커서 각 품종들의 저온장해정도와 가변형광량 및 형광증가속도의 저온처리전후의 대비지수는 부의 유의상관을 나타내어 이들 형광특성들은 도체형양기관에 나타나는 저온장해의 정도를 판단하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 엽록소형광을 이용한 내냉성검정방법은 다량의 육종재료 검정에 정밀성, 경제성, 신속성과 함께 검정에 공시된 개체를 계속 육종에 이용할 수 있어 이의 활용이 기대된다.다.