This study was conducted to isolate and characterize a novel feather-degrading bacterium producing keratinase activity. A strain K9 was isolated from soil at poultry farm and identified as Xanthomonas sp. K9 by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The cultural conditions for the keratinase production were 0.3% fructose, 0.1% gelatin, 0.04% K2HPO4, 0.06% KH2PO4, 0.05% NaCl and 0.01% FeSO4 with an initial pH 8.0 at 30℃ and 200 rpm. In an optimized medium containing 0.1% chicken feather, production yield of keratinase was approximately 8-fold higher than the yield in basal medium. The strain K9 effectively degraded chicken feather meal (67%) and duck feather (54%), whereas human nail and human hair showed relatively low degradation rates (13-22%). Total free amino acid concentration in the cell-free supernatant was about 25.799 mg/l. Feather hydrolysate produced by the strain K9 stimulated growth of red pepper, indicating Xanthomonas sp. K9 could be not only used to increase the nutritional value of chicken feather but also a potential candidate for the development of natural fertilizer applicable to crop plant soil.

As cool-season plant, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is planted under shade-installation with tall front and low rear. However, at different planting positions, distinct differences come out because ginseng grows at the same position within 3~5 years and the growth circumstance changes a lot by the shade-installation. So, in this study, changes of temperature, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence with varieties of shading material and planting position were investigated. Light transmittances by polyethylene shade net and silver-coated shading plate as planting materials were measured according to different planting positions. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured by LI-6400-40 (Li-Cor). According to different planting positions, light intensity was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net, and higher at front than rear. Also, photosynthetic rate showed the same tendency, which had a positive correlation to light intensity. But this treatment caused a lower Fo compared with polyethylene shade net because of the stress by light and temperature. Also, Fv/Fm and ETR were higher in silver-coated shading plate. Fo was similar at front and rear according to silver-coated shading plate and ETR was higher at front.

인삼은 보통 4-6년간 재배한 수삼을 그대로 소비하거나 또는 가공하여 다양한 제품으로 생산하여 시중에 유통하고 있다. 인삼의 주된 약리적 효능을 나타내는 ginsenoside는 가공방법에 따라 성분함량 차이가 크게 달라지는 양상을 보이고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 동일한 조건에서 재배한 수삼을 연근별로 홍삼, 태극삼, 피부직삼으로 가공하여 ginsenoside의 변화를 조사하였다. 사포닌분석은 식약청의 ginsenoside 분석법에 준하 여 분석하였고, HPLC는 Perkin Elmer Series200을 이용하였으면, Column은 ODS Column(C18)을 사용하였다. 검출기는 UV Detector를 203nm에서 분석하고 이동상 용매는 Water, ACN(B&J, USA)을 사용하였다. 가공인삼 에 따른 ginsenoside 12종을 분석 결과, 총사포닌은 5년근의 피부직삼이 가장 높았고 홍삼, 태극삼 순이었다. Rb1은 5년근 피부직삼에서, Rg1은 5년근 홍삼에서 높은 경향이었고, Rg3와 Rh2는 6년근 홍삼에서 가장 높았 다. 또한, Re는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고 Extract contents는 4년근 태극삼에서 높은 경향을 보였고, Crued saponin contents는 5년근 피부직삼에서 높은 경향이 있었다.

인삼의 약리적 효능은 동양뿐만 아니라 서양에서도 널리 알려져, 강장제 또는 건강 기능성 식품 및 대체의약 의 herbal therapy로서 널리 이용되어 해마다 그 수요가 증대되고 있고 특히, 최근에 들어 고기능성 웰빙 식품 을 선호하는 소비자가 많아 인삼 가공제품의 소비가 날로 증가하고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 가공제품 연구는 일반적으로 증숙을 통한 홍삼, 흑삼, 태극삼 등의 성분변화에 집중되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 가공방법 중 하나인 로스팅 과정을 통해 인삼의 기능성 성분인 ginsenoside 변화 패턴을 확인하고, 적합한 로스팅 조건을 확인하고자 한다. 부산대학교 부속농장에서 채취한 6년근 인삼을 건조한 후 주근을 균일한 크기(1.5cm × 1.5cm)로 절단하여 시간은 20분으로 고정하고 온도를 변수로 5구간(110, 135, 160, 185, 210℃)의 조건을 설계하여 시료를 채취, HPLC를 이용하여 인삼 ginsenoside 12종의 변화를 검토하였다. 사포닌 분석은 식약청의 ginsenoside 분석법에 준하여 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 총 ginsenoside 함량은 로스팅 처리구가 무처리 구에 비하여 대체로 높은 경향이었으며, 로스팅 온도가 증가함에 따라 총 ginsenoside 함량이 서서히 증가하는 경향을 나타냈고, 210℃에서는 급격히 감소하였다. 특히, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2는 온도가 높을수록 증가하는 경향이었으나, Rg2와 Rg3는 고온(210℃)에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting position on the growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside content in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer at different growth stages. Referring to shoot growth characteristics, stem length, stem diameter and leave area were higher at front than rear, increasing as the proceeding of growth stages. But a lower chlorophyll contents was caused at front compared to rear and decreased as the proceeding of growth stages contrarily. According to root characteristics, root length and main body length were higher at front, with a positive correlation to growth stages, which was also shown on fresh root weight and dry root weight with the maximum in August. Meanwhile, the effect of planting position on ginsenoside content could also be definite by the highest content at front showing high light intensity, increasing as the proceeding of growth stages as well.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of shading material on the chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and its any correlations in Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer. Fo was higher in polyethylene shade net than in silver-coated shading plate, but this treatment caused a lower Fm in comparison with silver-coated shading plate. Also, Fv/Fm and PhiPS2 showed higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR (Photosynthetic active radiation) was increased and reached maximum at the 200-400 μmol/m2/s of PAR in all of leaves, and the higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. A linear equation was obtained between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. SPAD was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net.