In this study, the experiment was conducted on a fire door(W × H = 0.98 m × 2.19 m) installed on the vestibule. The effective leakage area for each opening angles and closing forces derived from the impulse-momentum equation was compared and analyzed with the experimental results. As a result of the experiment, the major factors affecting the door closing forces were the pressure difference and the area of the door. The difference of door closing forces between measured and calculated values by the impulse-momentum equation showed a deviation of less than ±15% at the opening angles of 5°to 10°. At the door opening angle of 2.5°, the dynamic pressure was much higher than the measured static pressure, and this pressure difference is estimated to be air resistance acting to prevent the door from being completely closed.

본 논문은 디즈니의 브로드웨이 뮤지컬 『겨울왕국』의 조기 폐막 요인에 대하여 연구하였다. 연구의 목적은 코로나19 확산으로 인한 브로드웨이 셧다운 기간에 가장 먼저 조기 폐막을 결정한 디즈니 뮤지컬 『겨울왕국』의 폐막 요인을 분석하여, 애니메이션 영화를 뮤지컬로 제작 시 시행 착오를 줄일 수 있도록 제작자들에게 정보를 제공하는 데 있었다. 이를 위해 작품적인 측면은 원작 영화가 어떻게 뮤지컬로 무대화되었는지 기본 정보를 수집한 뒤 본 연구자가 관람한 회차의 공연을 기준으로 서술하였고, 경영적인 측면은 브로드웨이 리그가 Playbill에 제공한 자료를 토 대로 브로드웨이에서 상연 중이었던 세 편의 디즈니 뮤지컬에 대한 흥행 성적을 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과 코로나19로 인해 큰 경제적 손실을 본 디즈니는 세 편의 뮤지컬 중 적어도 한 편을 철수 하여 자금을 조달해야 했는데, 이러한 상황 속에서 『겨울왕국』은 『라이온킹』과 『알라딘』에 비해 저조한 흥행성적을 기록하고 있었다. 이에 대해 본 연구자는 영화를 무대화시키는 과정에서 선택과 집중을 하지 못했고, 무대 위에서만 보여 줄 수 있는 혁신적인 표현 방법이 없었기 때문에 원작만큼 높은 인기를 얻지 못했다고 보았다. 본 연구는 선행 연구 논문이 전무하여 국외 뉴스 기사에 의존했다는 한계점을 가지고 있지만, 관객 설문조사 등 객관적인 자료를 제공할 수 있는 후속 연구를 진행한다면, 애니메이션 영화를 뮤지컬로 제작하는 과정에서 유용한 참고 자료로 활용 될 수 있다는 제언을 하였다.

This study analyzed the evacuation time in indoor stadiums when exits that automatically open/close when the fire sensor is triggered are installed as a means to improve the problem of closing certain exits. Firstly, when spectators on the 2nd floor stands exit through the 1st floor exits, the RSET of all inhabitants was 529.8 seconds when the automatic opening/closing exits are broken and employees are not present. Secondly, when spectators on the 2nd floor stands exit through the 1st floor exits, the RSET of all inhabitants was 445 seconds when the automatic opening/closing exits with 750mm width are working but employees are not present. Lastly, when spectators on the 2nd floor stands exit through the 1st floor exits, the RSET of all spectators was 337 seconds when the automatic opening/closing exits with 1,500mm width are working and employees are present. As a result, it was revealed that the evacuation time is shortened when the automatic opening/closing exits are working. Additional comparative studies with actual simulations of people evacuating an indoor stadium and firefighting simulations considering smoke flow are necessary.

This research examines the impact of closing versus opening eyes on consumers’ decision making as to whether the decision context is driven by utilitarian versus hedonic motivation. The findings from three studies show that consumers processing advertising messages with their eyes closed are likely to use high-level, abstract processing, and thus more positively evaluate the utilitarian products (vs. the hedonic products). On the contrary, consumers with their eyes open are likely to use low-level, concrete processing, and thus more positively evaluate the hedonic products (vs. the utilitarian products). Implications for consumers and marketers are discussed.

The difficulties in opening and closing a sport utility vehicle (SUV) tailgate is important aspect of JD (James David) power’s Initial Quality Survey (IQS) assessment, and affective quality has a big impact on the the success of thesedays products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceived difficulty and satisfaction of customers by the opening and closing of the tailgate and to grasp the relationship between them and the opening and closing reaction force. The mechanical force required to open and close 42 domestic and overseas SUV tailgates was measured with the help of an auto company. In the experiment, 100 male drivers in their 20s to 50s evaluated perceived difficulty and satisfaction with opening and closing the tailgate. The results of the analysis showed that perceived difficulty and satisfaction were statistically different depending on the vehicle, but did not depend on the personal characteristics of the participants. The perceived difficulty and satisfaction regression model of tailgate opening and closing was developed by mechanical force variables and had a relatively high adjusted R2 ranging from 0.62 to 0.73. The models showed that the the initial close and open force, the difference between initial and maximum close force and the difference between initial and auto-fall angle should be small for the low perceived exertion and high satisfaction. In addition, the correlation analysis between IQS score of tailages and perceived difficulty and satisfaction showed that the IQS scores were more related to the perceived difficulty and satisfaction of closing than those of opening. The results of the study will be helpful to design and test mechanical open and close structure of SUV tailgates.

This study aimed to evaluate the perceived exertion and satisfaction in opening and closing SUV tailgates and explain them with the mechanical force. The study measured the mechanical open and close force for 42 SUV tailgates and evaluated perceived exertion and satisfaction of opening and closing with 100 male participants from 20’s to 50’s. The regression models of perceived exertion and satisfaction showed that small initial closing and opening force, difference between initial and maximum closing force and difference between initial and auto-fall angle have positive effect. The results of the study will be helpful to design and test mechanical open and close structure of SUV tailgates.

호랑가시나무 (Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton), 무늬호랑가시 나무(Ilex aquifolium ‘Silver Queen’), 백자단(Cotoneaster dammeri) 및 무늬산호수(Ardisia pusilla ‘Variegata’)를 수태 로 도자기 분에 심어 단근, 전정, 차광, 밀폐 등의 처리를 하여 생존율을 조사하였다. 도자기 분 이식 시 단근 정도에 따른 무늬호랑가시나무의 생존율은 모든 처리에서 높은 생존율을 보였다. 백자단의 생존율은 무단근은 100%, 25% 단근은 93.3%로 높았으나 50% 단근은 26.7%로 낮았다. 무늬호랑가 시나무의 전정 정도에 따른 생존율은 모든 처리에서 높은 생 존율을 보였다. 차광 정도에 따른 생존율은 호랑가시나무가 무차광에서 13.3%, 30% 차광에서 30.0%, 60% 차광에서 53.3%이었으나, 무늬산호수는 모든 처리에서 100%를 보였다. 밀폐 정도에 따른 도자기 분화 식물의 생존율은 호랑가시나무 의 경우 무처리와 비닐 밀폐에 구멍을 내고 30% 차광한 처리 에서 낮은 생존율을 보였으나, 습도가 높은 완전 밀폐처리와 밀폐하여 30% 차광한 처리에서는 호랑가시나무와 무늬산호수 는 100%의 생존율을 보였다. 300mL의 도자기 분 식재 시 수 태 중량에 따른 식물의 생존율은 호랑가시나무에서 120g은 66.7%로 가장 높았고, 160g은 33.3%, 200g은 26.7%, 240g은 20.0%로 수태의 중량이 많을수록 생존율이 낮았다. 수태로 도 자기 분 이식 시 생존율을 높이기 위해서는 단근을 거의 하지 않고 수태의 양을 많지 않게 하며 비닐 밀폐에 차광을 하면 된다.

Lee Seung-hee. 2015. “Closings of Calls to an Airline Service”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 177~204. In conversation analysis (CA), closings of a conversation are explicated as achievements by parties working through structural problems of coordinating a simultaneous exit from the conversation. This paper examines closings of calls to an airline service in Korea using the method of CA. As calls to the airline service are built with an orientation to an expectably single business, resolution of the business at hand－typically a flight reservation－occasions the relevance of closing. Closings of airline service calls are structured into pre-closing and terminal sequences. Agents' announcement of a completion of the reservation, thus of the business at hand, constitutes a pre-closing move. Customers align with the pre-closing move normally by producing an acknowledgement in response. Following pre-closing sequences, agents initiate a terminal sequence by producing a terminal component in a standard format required by the institution. Customers typically respond with an acknowledgement ‘yes’ token, collaboratively achieving a termination. In the achievement of closing sequences, parties orient not only to the particular trajectory of activities and pre-closings they have been engaged in, but also to the particular type of conversation as one of customer service.

A 2-year-old intact female pomeranian dog presented dyspnea, labored breathing, cough, exercise intolerance, machinery heart murmur, and precordial thrill. A left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was diagnosed based on two-dimensional echocardiography, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and blood work. An angiography was performed to accurately evaluate the size and shape of the duct. An interventional approach for transcatheterial occlusion of the PDA was achieved using an Amplatz® Canine Duct Occluder (ACDO), which is a commercially available ductal occluding device. Due to the limited size of the dog’s femoral artery, a device smaller [125% of minimal ductal diameter (MDD); recommended size: 150~200% of MDD] than recommended was mounted. After placement of the ACDO, precordial thrill and continuous heart murmur disappeared, and the patient was discharged the next day after stabilization with O2 supply. Upon follow up examination, dyspnea, labored breathing, cough, exercise intolerance, and cardiomegaly were improved with no complications after the procedure. The ACDO was well maintained in position. This case represents successful clinical application of the Amplatz® Canine Duct Occluder to achieve closure of a PDA using a slightly smaller device than the recommended size.

이 연구에서는 전 유동장의 순간속도를 계측 할 수 있는 PIV계측기법을 슬라이딩 밸브의 폐쇄 직후에 적용하고 짧은 시간에 발생하는 디스크 주위의 비정상 속도를 계측하여 유동특성을 실험적으로 고찰하였다. 순간유동장을 분석한 결과를 기존의 압력변동을 측정한 연구 결과에 비교 검토한 결과 슬라이드 밸브 급폐쇄에 따른 속도변동이 크게 나타나는 시간구간은 0.1초 이내이고 주기는 0.12초로 추정되었다. 또한 원관 내부의 디스크 주위유동은 상부부터 폐쇄되면서 유로가 좁아져 순간적으로 빠르게 하류로 진행하였으며 폐쇄직후에 역류하는 속도의 크기는 4/120초까지 감소하다가 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 완전 폐쇄 후 상류 측으로 역류하는 흐름의 영향으로 y/D=0.2 하부 영역에 역류하는 속도성분이 나타났으며, y/D=0.7, x/D=-0.3의 근방에서 0.2D 크기의 회전와류가 관찰되었다.

This article provides a brief description of the vision and implementation timetable for the iriformation and communication technology (JCT) education policy in Hong Kong. The author examines the effects on teaching and learning of a schoolclosing crisis resulting from the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The findings were that most schools in Hong Kong were still at the elementary stage of using JCT in education. In addition, the author highlights the significant roles of leaders in culture development in schools concluding that the realization of shortfalls is itself a big step forward in making changes.

본 연구는 CAVE 시스템과 Arm-Master를 이용해 가상 제품의 프로토타이프를 평가할 때 효과가 있을지에 대한 실험적 검증을 하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 CAVE 시스템 상에 가상의 냉장고를 포함한 가상 주방을 모델링하였다. 실험에는 6명의 남자, 6명의 여자 피실험자들이 참여했는데, 3가지 서로 다른 형태의 냉장고 도어 그립과 가상 냉장고 도어를 열고 닫기 위한 힘의 크기 2개에 의한 조합인 6가지 실험조건에 대해 물건을 냉장고에 넣고 꺼내는 작업을 수행하도록 했다. 각 실험이 끝나면 피실험자들은 도어 개폐의 용이성, 도어 조작시의 힘과 실제 힘과의 유사성, 전반적인 현실감에 대한 평가 설문에 응답하도록 했다. 실험 결과 평균치를 기준으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 아니나 수직형의 도어 그립이 개폐용이성 등에서 상대적으로 좋은 평가를 받았다. 또한 힘의 크기에 있어서 피실험자들은 5N을 15N에 비해 좋은 평가를 하였다. 그러나 예상 외로 성별 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났는데, 이는 여자들의 경우 Arm-Master를 조작하는 데 더 큰 어려움을 겪었기 때문으로 풀이된다. 앞으로도 기술적 측면에서 Arm-Master가 더욱 개선되어야만 디자인 평가 과정에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Recently, due to record breaking temperature and other factors, bridge expansion joint closing, damage of shoe, narrow distance between abutment and deck is occurred frequently. Therefore, traffic flow was interrupted and vehicle damage was occurred because of expansion joint stick out. In this study, in order to reduce damage of expansion joint and other bridge facilities and to ensure safety of infrastructure, field survey and consulting works are performed for 91 bridges that distance between expansion joint is closed. Based on this study, cause of expansion joint closing are analyzed and maintenance strategy is suggested.

In this study, the performance of the self-healing with the granulated alkali activator (Ca(OH)2) manufactured in seawater environment is investigated for crack healing under 300 μm of cracks. Specimens combined with GGBFS and OPC with and without the granulated alkali activator were manufactured and immersed in seawater. After that, crack recovery on the surface of the specimens with the granulated alkali activator (Ca(OH)2) was also evaluated by the ultrasonic pulse velocity test. From the results, it was verified that cementitious materials with the granulated alkali activator, exposed in marine environments, could be able to heal or seal inside cracks

Non-Darcy 제체내 침투수 흐름과 배수갑문을 통한 흐름의 특성을 고려한 최종체절의 수리특성분석 모형에 의한 해석결과는 실측자료와 잘 일치하여 개발된 모형의 적용성이 있음을 보여주었다. 실측치와의 비교에서 본간(1985) 식에 의한 계산결과가 나정우(1987)에 의한 방법보다 비교적 정확함을 보여주었다. 아울러 완전 또는 불완전 월류의 구분이 없이 완전월류식에 잠수도를 이용한 유량계수식을 사용한 나정우 식의 사용성을 보여 주었다. 본간 식과 나정우

During the performance of large scale tidal land reclamation project along the coast line, the construction of large scale structures such as sea-dikes, closing estuaries will induce big changes of near-shore hydraulic behavior. In this paper, its is aimed to verify the change of tide and currents after the construction of sea-dike of the Saemangeum project along the coast line. Numerical scale model "TRISULA" which development by Delft Hydraulics in the Netherlands was used. "TRISULA" is adopting the finite difference numerical scheme, and mostly using for hydro-dynamic solution along the sea and estuaries. Model boundary is covering 100×170 Km and constructed with 133×337 grids. Outer side boundary is divided 48 sections, and input 37 tidal components are gained from another big scale numerical "Yellow Sea" model. Model calibrations & verifications were performed th field tide & current datas which were measured along sea-dike alignment during Aug. 1997~Apr. 1999. And then, numerical simulation with the tide condition dated 17 Apr. 1999 was performed with & without sea-dike construction condition for the comparison. Evaluated boundary is 20 km out-side from sea-dike alignment. Four cross lanes were set up, each of lane contains 3 points, for the comparison of sea-dike construction effects. Results showing the tidal amplitude is reducing approximately 20 cm after the construction of sea-dike during spring tide condition, amplitude 6.9m. Currents after construction of sea-dikes along the alignment, the northern part shows 50%(inner), 90%(outer) and the southern part shows 10%(inner) 50%(outer) of the currents before construction.

The mechanism of stomatal closing in response to O_3 was indirectly investigated by using H_2O_2 which is the intermediate product of O_3 metabolites. Stomata in epidermal strips close in response to H_2O_2. The effect of H_2O_2 on stomatal closing was dependent on the concentration of H_2O_2. 10 ppm H_2O_2 showed a clear effect on stomatal closing and 1000 ppm H_2O_2 induced complete stomatal closing after the treatment of 3 hours. Stomatal closing by H_2O_2 in intact leaf was also observed by measuring the diffusion resistance with porometer. It was found that the stomatal closing by H_2O_2 was not mediated by Ca^2+, and that was a different result observed in stomatal closing by water stress. Reversely, Ca^2+, showed a great inhibition on stomatal closing. The leakage of K^+ in epidermal strips was doubled in response to H_2O_2 when it was campared to the control. 10 ppm H_2O_2 decreased photosynthetic activity. Fv/Fm representing the activity of Photosystem Ⅱ was reduced about 4 % in 10 ppm H_20_2 and 8 % in 100 ppm H_2O_2 in the treatment of 1.5 hour. However, stomatal closing by 10 ppm H_2O_2 was reduced about 56 %. Accordingly, it can be suggetsted that stomatal closing by H_2O_2 is related with the decrease of photosynthetic activity, but it was chiefly induced by the change of the membrane permeability.