Numerous studies suggested that Generation Z (Gen Z) is an age group that seeks individuality more than other generations. Their aesthetics, identity, and belief must represent their self-value. The consumption of fashion was selected as a focus of this study. Our consumption of fashion represents our value, and we construct and present our identity with physically what we wear when we face society daily. Looking at the fashion styles of Generation Z, this study aims to examine whether Generation Z in Hong Kong practice individuality or conformity in the course of their fashion consumption behaviour by a preliminary study. Generation Z perceives their fashion consumption behaviour to reflect their individualism and values. However, the findings suggest that there is a high degree of conformity among Generation Z's fashion consumption behaviour. This conformity is observed in the creation of a distinctive fashion style, which is influenced by the cultural aesthetics, values, and preferences of Generation Z, resulting in a unifying effect that goes unnoticed by the individuals. This complex formation of Generation Z fashion consumption behaviour has a complex implication to fashion marketing, where both the sense of exclusivity and conformity must both be exhibited to satisfy the consumption needs of Generation Z.

When decommissioning and operating nuclear power plants, a lot of radioactive waste in concentrated waste powder, slurry, sludge, and powder is generated. The radioactive waste, non-conformity for disposal, cannot be treated or disposed of, but is currently being stored instead. To dispose of the waste, the waste can be solidified by mixing with an appropriate solidification agent. However, when the solidification agent and powder particles are mixed as in the conventional method, the final volume of the waste form to be disposed of increases. In order to solve this problem, in this study, volume reduction was achieved, compared to the existing powder, by applying the roll compaction technology to mold the radioactive waste into compressed pellets. Soil, concrete, concentrate waste, and contaminated soil powder were used as test materials, and pellets were prepared under different operating conditions. Subsequently, a compressive strength test was performed to confirm the integrity and optimal process conditions of the manufactured pellets. However, in order to perform the compressive strength test, the upper and lower surfaces of the pellets must be horizontal, but the pellet has the shape of two tetrahedrons joined together. Hence, test specimens for measuring compressive strength were prepared by making a surface treatment jig. The compressive strength test showed a high strength of 5.20~28.20 MPa. The process conditions showing high compressive strengths were selected as the optimal process conditions. Finally, the volume reduction ratios were calculated by measuring the weight, density and volume of the manufactured pellets. The degrees of volume reduction of the manufactured pellets compared to the existing powder were checked. When the roll gap was 0 mm, the average reduction ratios of the test materials were 3.7 for the soil, 4.0 for the concrete, 4.6 for the concentrate waste, and 3.8 for the contaminated soil. When roll gap was 1 mm, the ratios were 2.7 for the soil, 2.9 for the concrete, 3.4 for the concentrate waste, and 2.8 for the contaminated soil. Therefore, from a conservative point of view (Roll gap = 1 mm), when powdered waste is formed into pellets, it means that the volume is reduced by 1/2.7 for soil, 1/2.9 for concrete, 1/3.4 for concentrated waste, and 1/2.8 for contaminated soil.

Since the commercial operation of Kori unit 1 in 1978, nuclear power has provided cheap, stable and clean electricity in South-Korea. For decades, the discussion about the spent fuel management has been dominated and the government is responsible for on-going research and development (R&D) related to long-term spent nuclear fuel management. The effective management of spent fuel should be applied from the early stage of the R&D process to licensing phases with the step-by-step evaluation system. As part of follow-up efforts after the Fukushima nuclear accident, the Nuclear Promotion Commission and Nuclear Safety Commission were divided in function as an independent agency for enhancing national nuclear safety and security, which aims to protect the public and environment from undue radiological hazard. The national spent fuel project must have a vibrant program for spent fuel management. Due to the nature of these projects, the establishment of a ‘conformity assessment’ system that collects the opinions from the licensing organisations on the results of research projects from the initial R&D stage should be applied advertently in order to efficiently conduct research projects and enhance public confidence. For the government-led project for spent nuclear fuel management, the adequacy and applicability of its technology R&D as well as its sustainability that includes financial, social and environmental performance measures should be evaluated in each stage. The institutionalisation arrangement, so called ‘conformity assessment system’ for the development of a national spent nuclear fuel management plan and related technology should be developed. This study aims to propose the basic principles for the introduction of the conformity assessment system: (1) national management responsibility, (2) spent fuel management project scope, (3) its management main principles, (4) project implementation system, (5) final management project scope and securing financial resources.

본 연구는 2015년 개정 교육과정에 따라 집필된 고등학교 경제 교과서의 구성이 교육 과정에 부합한지를 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 교육과정에서 경제 영역의 내용 요소와 성취 기준을 살펴본 후 이를 교과서별로 중단원의 구성 측면에서 어떤 차이와 특징을 보이는지를 분석하였다. 이들 고등학교 경제 교과서의 대단원은 고등학교 경제 교육과정의 5개 영역을 그대로 반영하고 있어 경제 교육과정에 부합하는 것으로 나타 났다. 반면 중단원과 소단원의 구성은 교과서별로 차이를 보이고 있었다. 교육과정에서 탄력성을 삭제했는데도 모든 교과서가 탄력성을 다루고 있는 것은 2015 개정교육과정 과 교과서의 괴리를 보여준다. 국내 총생산 또는 국민 총소득에 대해서는 교육과정에 명목 변수와 실질 변수에 대한 부분이 명시되지 않아 교과서별로 해당 개념을 다루는 데 차이를 보였다. 이자율에 대한 내용 요소도 교육 과정에서 명시되지 않아 실질 이자 율을 설명하는 데도 교과서별로 차이를 보였다. 이는 경제 교육과정의 개정을 개정하는 과정에서 한국경제학회, 한국경제교육학회 등 전문가 집단의 공식적인 검토가 필요하 다는 것을 시사한다.

Theoretical Background Online tribalism is an unofficial network in virtual community due to common interests and affiliation to a topic, a belief, a figure, a ritual, or a culture (A. Taute and Sierra 2014, Badrinarayanan, Sierra and Taute 2014, Hamilton and Hewer 2010). In an interconnected world, consumers influence each other by initiating, spreading, appraising, receiving and internalising beliefs via social network and shape self - attitude and information status (Hilder 2004). These widely-existing phenomena suggest more efforts to be completed to address the gaps in knowledge in the following aspects: First, the information dissemination process should be understood with a stronger support of quantifying approaches to bring forward a systematic understanding to accommodate a wide range of drives for the complex social learning and assimilating procedure (Feliciani, Flache and Tolsma 2017, Macy et al. 2003, Huet, Deffuant and Jager 2008). For example, many qualitative research such as digital anthropology and netnography abound to explain the motivations, process, and outcomes of disseminating messages in the texture of social group (Flache and Macy 2011, Granovetter 1977). As the consequence, many tentative explanations have attempted to focus on the utilities of information circulation (Dupor, Kitamura and Tsuruga 2010, Gruhl et al. 2004, Kim and Baek 2014) and social influences (Gupta and Kim 2004, Kim and Baek 2014) but ended up with only incapability of modelling and quantifying the process. Within this trend, notably, two factors underpinning the changes in virtual community, i.e., individual’s information utility, motivation of seeking for conformity, remains a secret. In addition, it’s unclear that why and how active customers behave different from inactive ones from a perspective of information flow and social learning. Second, there is a lack of knowledge of how the intrinsic connections and dialectical dynamic between self-solicited individuals take place and adapt in the growth and evolution. With the tool of digitals, paradoxically, the essential ambiguity of digital openness and closure (Phelps et al. 2004), viability and tribalism (A. Taute and Sierra 2014, Badrinarayanan et al. 2014, Hamilton, Schlosser and Chen 2017), enculturation and acculturation, devastatingly remains under-investigated. Among these various perspectives to explain and model the dynamics of online community and social learning, there should exist a general framework that combines decisive bases of recipients and senders with various motives and constraints, with both subjectivity and objectivity. Opinion dissemination can therefore be understood not only as an objective procedure, but also with subjective intervention of participants where cognitive, psychological, and sociocultural factors intertwine to influence the collective learning pattern. Thirdly, some contextual findings are to be tested how the conditional relations may be established under different social settings. For example, theories show that engaged consumers usually exhibit enhanced consumer loyalty, satisfaction, empowerment, connection, emotional bonding, trust and commitment. However, literature rarely provide an answer that within a social group, how are traditions, patterns, communications, rewards, and punishments formed and evolved to lead to either conformity or dispute. To address the above gaps, this research adopts an interactive approach to deconstruct information into inputs (motivation, potential), action (interpersonal connection), and output (utility and identity). This research delivers several simulated experiments to identify how the evolution of customer opinions evolves out various patterns of self-efficacy and social recognition. The author assembles four aspects of input variables, including information utility, accordance utility, self-efficacy, and social status of consumers, and test the overall information prosperity and propensity of the social earning with different activeness levels. Findings The analytical firstly results show that active individuals exist in social group as the information hubs to dismiss the information and share a higher level of delight of owning knowledge and over time, become similar in knowledge standard. Consequently, a wider connection with and influence on mass audience of active members usually lead to a higher psychographic gain of attitudinal accordance compared with inactive and isolated ones in group. Secondly, at the individual level, the author found that the activeness in tribal group obviously result in a higher level of both self-recognition and social recognition on average. This pattern is consistent with vast literature in ethnography. And the relation between the activeness level and the self- and social-recognition level is positive. While at the aggregate level, it’s investigated that active individuals of online tribes have a stronger inclination, evidenced by a stronger propensity of spreading message, to further generate messages to impact other more profoundly when compared with inactive ones. The simulation experiment also indicated that a few contextual relations between variables, e.g., information-based and accordance -based delights, self-recognition and social recognition, information prosperity and transmission propensity, etc., moderated by the member activeness. It’s also found that extreme active individuals have a much higher marginal increase in accordance originated from the growing information volume owned in the process of influencing the society. Not coincidentally, their overall social recognition and attitudinal accordance from the group are significantly higher by the growth of personal knowledge. Conclusions This research contributes to the literature on the drives of tribal dynamics and its’ consequences on the changes of information valence and attitudinal changes and further to this, how the engagement level of individuals will influence these micro and macro outcomes. Notably, by adopting a self-reasoning method, the motives and outcomes are incorporated in a simulated method to develop not only the individual and the aggregate level of outcomes. This study also bears methodological significance by examining a series of hypotheses under the setting of a simulated online community. These findings suggest a series of contextual causality moderated between the characteristics, intentions and actions.

Introduction Celebrities are actively capitalizing on their fame and credibility by launching their own brand extensions which are heavily promoted on Instagram. This situation is especially prevalent in Malaysia among many local Malay ‘celepreneurs’. While consumers’ constant involvement with a celebrity on Instagram is believed to result in the purchase of celebrity branded products, the central question of how a causal variable such as Instagram involvement has an effect on the outcome of purchase has been less explored in contemporary studies. The role of celebrity adulation and style conformity in the context of celebrity branding-cum-entrepreneurship deserves much attention given the strong influence celebrities exert on young consumers in this digital era of accessible information. Research framework Given the admiration that young consumers have towards the celebrities they follow on Instagram, celebrity worship, in both pathological and non-pathological form, is believed to be a crucial link between their involvement with the social media and their desire to imitate their favourite celebrity’s style. Eventually this paves the way for the purchase of celebrity brand products given that getting the products is an avenue for the young consumers to attain their celebrities’ style. Therefore in this study, four variables that mediate the relationship between Instagram involvement and purchase of celebrity branded products are examined: celebrity worship as manifested across three varying levels particularly entertainment-social (lowest form of worship); intense-personal (mid-level); borderline pathological (highest level); and style conformity. Method Data was collected from 226 Malaysian women of Malay ethnicity who are active Instagram users and fall under the technology-savvy Millennial segment using a self-administered questionnaire. This segment of consumers is technology savvy and has personalities and lifestyles (Gurau, 2012). They also tend to imitate their favourite celebrity in contrast to their male counterparts (Djafarova & Rushworth, 2017). Measures for the mediating variables were derived from McCutcheon et al.’s (2002) Celebrity Worship Scale and Park and Yang’s (2010) items on celebrity style conformity. A five-point scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) was utilized to capture the responses to the variables measured. Analysis and results Serial multiple mediation testing was applied on the data using variance-based structural equation modelling. The multiple mediation analysis showed that of all the three levels of celebrity worship which mediate the link between Instagram involvement and style conformity, only celebrity worship (entertainment-social) was found to be a significant mediator between Instagram involvement and style conformity (Indirect effect=0.127; t-value= 3.285, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.059, UL=0.216). In addition, the presence of a serial mediation was detected for the link between Instagram involvement-celebrity worship (entertainment-social)-style conformity-purchase of celebrity brand products (Indirect effect=0.04; t-value=2.954, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.02, UL=0.08). Conclusion The serial mediation testing in this study has demonstrated that celebrity worship and style conformity serve as the missing link between the involvement-purchase relationship. Furthermore, the multiple mediation testing has shown that only celebrity worship at the basic level functions as a mediator. The findings of this study imply that the use of Instagram is indeed a compelling marketing communication tool that fosters the purchase of celebrity brand extensions. Constant involvement in Instagram by following the celebrity, liking, reposting, commenting or hashtagging on the celebrity’s account builds a keen sense of devotion for the celebrity whereby the individual will constantly watch, read and learn about the celebrity. This then heightens the user’s desire to emulate the style of the celebrity which may well lead them to purchase the celebrity’s products in an effort to imitate the celebrity’s look and demeanour. strong desire for and high willingness to spend on branded products that match their

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

1990년대 중국의 개혁개방과 더불어 국영기업의 민영화가 가져온 下崗, 사회 배급시스템의 중지, 도농간의 빈부격차 등의 부작용은 수많은 하위계층을 양산해내면서, 그들을 사회의 주변으로 내몰고 압박하였다. 그리고 지배이데올로기의 부작용에 노출된 하위계층의 삶과 일상을 재현하는 영화들이 등장하면서 중국 사회의 구조가 안고 있는 모순과 문제점을 포착하였다. 그리고 지배이데올로기의 순기능을 확산하는 영화도 나타나기 시작하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 구도를 저항과 순응의 측면에서 파악하고 있다. <안양의 고아>, <인재경도>, <삼협호 인> 등의 영화를 중심으로 저항과 순응의 관점을 제시하고자 한다.

The scope of this study is the construction conformity assessment system according to the new paradigm of construction management To minimize the differences between domestic and international state, construction Conformity Assessment is subdivided into system certification and product certification. For the former, WASCON(Worldwide Assessment System of Construction Quality Maturity Stage) is applied. For the latter, AQUA(Advanced Quality Assessment System) was developed and adopted to model project for demonstration. Both systems are designed to enable quantified rating, integrated into PQCS(Project Quality Certification), which is an advanced project quality certification system. The construction work observing PQCS will gain quality score on its own quality certificate(Quality mark on construction itself or facilities is also available, if needed or preferred by customers). This Quality Rating System will inspire and encourage any related parties. PQCS score would let supplier/constructor recognize how much themselves are operating effectively and efficiently, offering them the opportunity of redeeming their weaknesses.

The validity of landfill gas models is an important problem considering that they are frequently used for landfill-site-related policy making and energy recovery planning. In this study, the Monte Carlo method was applied to an landfill gas generation model in order to enhance conformity. Results show that the relative mean deviation between measured data and modeled results (MD) decreased from 19.8% to 11.7% after applying the uncertainty range of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to the methane-generation potential and reaction constants. Additionally, when let reaction constant adjust derived errors from all other modeling components, such as model logic, gauging waste, and measured methane data, MD decreased to 6.6% and the disparity in total methane generation quantity to 2.1%.

미국 내에서 기분전환용 대마초가 합법화되었다. 개인이 기분전환용으로 대마초를 흡연하거나 이를 위해 소지하는 경우뿐만 아니라 이를 판매하는 행위도 합법적으로 인정했다. 세계적으로 대마초, 마약, 향정신성의 약품을 엄격하게 금지하던 추세에서 개인이 사용하기 위한 경우에는 허용하는 방향으로 세계적인 추세가 바뀌고 있다. 우리나라에서도 대마초를 개인이 흡연하거나 소지하는 경우 합법화를 요구한 주장도 있었고, 이를 금지한 법률에 대해 위헌법률심판을 청구하기도 했지만 헌법재판소는 합헌이라는 판결을 내렸다. 그럼에도 세계적으로 대마초가 합법화되는 분위기에서 이를 받아들여야 한다는 주장이 힘을 얻을 것이고, 대마초가 유해성이 없다고 판단하거나 호기심으로 흡연하거나 소지하는 행위가 늘어나게 될 것이다. 대마초를 합법화하는 경우 다음과 같은 문제가 발생하게 될 것이다. 현재 대마사범의 대다수가 사용과 소지죄로서 이들이 강력범죄를 범하는 경향이 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 그럼에도 대마초를 합법화한다면 대마초를 사용·소지하는 사람들은 증가하게 될 것이고 이들이 저지르는 강력범죄도 많아지게 될 것이 자명하다. 또한 도박과 복표에 관한 죄가 형법에 규정되어 있음에도 정부나 기관은 도박과 복표를 합법화하여 증설하고 이를 운영하고 있다. 도박장을 증설하면서 정부는 사회적인 문제는 발생하지 않을 것이고 오히려 세수가 증대하고 그 지역은 관광명소가 될 것이라고 했다. 그러나 결과는 도박에 중독되는 국민이 증가하고 이로 인한 사회문제가 발생하고 있다. 다음으로 담배는 성인 외에 미성년자에게는 판매가 금지되어 있고, 공공장소에서 피우는 경우 과태료를 부과하고 있다. 그러나 미성년자 흡연문제는 이미 큰 사회문제가 되어 있다. 이런 상황에서 성인에게만 대마초를 허용하고 기타 부가조건을 첨부하더라도 대마초 흡연을 하는 미성년자들은 큰 사회문제가 될 수밖에 없다. 따라서 대마초는 어떤 근거와 이유를 통해서도 합법화되어서는 안 되고 나아가 형법에 이에 대한 규정을 명확히 하여 금지기준을 강화할 필요가 있다. 형법은 마약류에 관한 규정이 아니라 현재 사용되지 않는 ‘아편에 관한 죄’만을 규정하고 있다. 시대적 오류로 보이는 형법상 규정을 ‘마약류에 관한 죄’로 개정하여 대마초·마약·향정신성의약품을 사용하거나 소지하는 행위와 이를 판매하는 행위, 장소를 제공하는 행위 등에 관해 금지한다는 입법경향을 기본법인 형법에 명시할 필요성이 있다. 대마초 합법화라는 세계적이 추세에도 우리나라는 대마초 금지규정을 형법에 명확하게 명시하고, 국민의 건강과 안전을 위해 마약류에 대한 사용과 소지행위를 불법으로 금지해야 한다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of store loyalty for the Internet fashion shopping malls. As determinants, this study included self-image, perceived risk, and conformity. This study hypothesized that positive self-image influences the Internet fashion shopping mall loyalty through perceived risk and conformity. Regarding the relationship between perceived risk and conformity, this study hypothesized that perceived risk positively influences conformity. Using convenience sampling method, data were gathered by surveying university students living in Seoul. Two hundred forty four questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis, and factor analysis and path analysis were conducted using structural equation modeling in analyzing data. The results showed that positive self-image significantly influenced the internet fashion shopping mall loyalty indirectly by influencing perceived risk. The results also showed that perceived risk positively influenced conformity which positively influenced the internet fashion shopping mall loyalty.

Recently Conformity Assessment Scheme has greatly played a role in development of domestic industry. But it has limits in responding to change of environment surrounding standard. Therefore management environment has been changed, standard has been more important, and new treaties as like WTO/TBT have been appeared. In these respects this research tries to analyze the policy trends of developed countries and problems of domestic institutions. And it tries to propose seven plans to progress Conformity Assessment Scheme including improvement of domestic standard system on the basis of analytical implications.

본 논문에서는 우라 정부가 무선인터넷 플랫폼에 대한 표준(WIPI)을 지정한 조치가 WTO 규정에 위반되는지 여부를 분석하였다. 이는 그동안 한미간 통상분쟁이 되었다가 일단 봉합된 사건이다. 분석의 핵심은 우리나라 정부가 상호호환성 확보, 소비자 보호 및 공정경쟁환경의 조성 등을 정책적 이유로 하여 무선인터넷서비스를 위한 플랫폼에 단일 표준을 강제하는 것이 WTO 협정 위반인지의 여부이다. 우선 기술적무역장벽에관한협정(TBT Agreement) 위반 여부와 관련하여는 제2조 위반여부를 따져보았다. WIPI기술규정에 관하여 국제기준이 존재하지 않는다는 가정하에 비차별원칙의 위반 여부는 GATT협정상의 내국민대우원칙 위반여부와 마찬가지의 쟁점이 대두된다. 결론적으로는 다른 TBT협정상의 절차적 규정을 준수하면서 WIPI의 기준을 도출하는 과정에서 국내업자에게 유리한 조건을 창출하지 않았다면 위반의 가능성이 낮아진다. 서비스협정은 국내규제와 관련한 조항이 아직 협상 중이기 때문에 내국민대우원칙 위반만이 문제될 수 있으나 이는 GATT나 TBT협정상의 내국민대우원칙 위반 여부와 마찬가지 논리가 적용된다. 보조금협정 위반의 가능성은 매우 낮다. 근본적으로 WIPI기술규정의 WTO협정 위반여부는 동 기준을 채택하고 적용함에 있어서 사실상 우리나라 관련 사업자에게 유리한 대우가 있는지의 여부에 따라 결정될 것이므로 정부 입장에서는 이를 유의함이 중요하다.

This study attempted to look into the second language (L2) learners' attitude toward and perception of their L2 pronunciation, and make suggestions for L2 pronunciation teaching within English as an international language (EIL) perspective which is theoretically supported by the variationist approach and multi-competence model of the sociocultural framework. Based on the qualitative analysis of what English as a second language (ESL) learners had discussed through individual interviews, the study showed how they perceived the importance of pronunciation, as well as revealed what kind of difficulties and obstacles they had faced in improving their pronunciation skills. It also indicated the types of efforts and strategies that the learners employed to improve pronunciation skills. The research findings made known the factors driving L2 learners to commit themselves to refining their pronunciation skills. Having considered the unique status of EIL as well as respected the identity of EIL speaker as multi-competent language user, the study made suggestions as to what should be taken care of for L2 pronunciation teaching.