Recently, there has been growing anxiety about automotive due to accidents suspected to be caused by sudden unintended acceleration. A study was conducted on the effect of automotive defects on Sudden Unintended Acceleration. Experimental results were derived and analyzed by simulating the situation of sudden unintended acceleration while driving a automotive. It was experimentally confirmed that the defect in the TPS sensor had no direct effect on the rapid increase in RPM. It has been confirmed that the vehicle brakes normally when the brakes are applied even if there is a TPS sensor defect. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the correlation between automotive defects and sudden unintended acceleration through various experiments.

Detection and sizing of defects are very important for structure life management base on fracture mechanics. The non-destructive inspection techniques based on the induced current field measurement are newly developed. This paper describes the results obtained by these techniques for artificial surface defects. In the case of the RICFM technique, the potential drop distribution around a surface defects was measured as a smaller potential drop than that in a place without a defect. This potential drop showed a minimum value at the defect location, and the absolute value of this minimum value increases depending on the depth of the defect. In the case of the FEF technique, the potential difference distribution for surface defects was measured as a maximum at the location of the defect. This maximum value showed a difference depending on the depth of the defect.

Deep learning-based computer vision anomaly detection algorithms are widely utilized in various fields. Especially in the manufacturing industry, the difficulty in collecting abnormal data compared to normal data, and the challenge of defining all potential abnormalities in advance, have led to an increasing demand for unsupervised learning methods that rely on normal data. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of deep learning-based unsupervised learning algorithms that define and detect abnormalities that can occur when transparent contact lenses are immersed in liquid solution. We validated and applied the unsupervised learning algorithms used in this study to the existing anomaly detection benchmark dataset, MvTecAD. The existing anomaly detection benchmark dataset primarily consists of solid objects, whereas in our study, we compared unsupervised learning-based algorithms in experiments judging the shape and presence of lenses submerged in liquid. Among the algorithms analyzed, EfficientAD showed an AUROC and F1-score of 0.97 in image-level tests. However, the F1-score decreased to 0.18 in pixel-level tests, making it challenging to determine the locations where abnormalities occurred. Despite this, EfficientAD demonstrated excellent performance in image-level tests classifying normal and abnormal instances, suggesting that with the collection and training of large-scale data in real industrial settings, it is expected to exhibit even better performance.

Silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a promising material for next-generation power semiconductor materials, due to its high thermal conductivity and high critical electric field (~3 MV/cm) with a wide bandgap of 3.3 eV. This permits SiC devices to operate at lower on-resistance and higher breakdown voltage. However, to improve device performance, advanced research is still needed to reduce point defects in the SiC epitaxial layer. This work investigated the electrical characteristics and defect properties using DLTS analysis. Four deep level defects generated by the implantation process and during epitaxial layer growth were detected. Trap parameters such as energy level, capture-cross section, trap density were obtained from an Arrhenius plot. To investigate the impact of defects on the device, a 2D TCAD simulation was conducted using the same device structure, and the extracted defect parameters were added to confirm electrical characteristics. The degradation of device performance such as an increase in on-resistance by adding trap parameters was confirmed.

Recently, defects that occurred during the construction of apartment houses have become a social issue. Defects in apartment houses lead to waste of resources and economic loss, causing psychological and physical damage to customers, and a decrease in reliability and financial loss to construction companies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of defect occurrence according to the difference in project management level in the apartment housing construction stage, and to investigate the extent to which the project manager's experience affects the defect occurrence rate. For the empirical analysis of the study, statistical analysis was conducted using data collected from 130 actual projects. The results of the analysis showed that schedule management, cost management, and quality management had a positive effect on reducing the defect occurrence rate in the execution stage of apartment housing construction, while human resource management productivity had a negative effect. This study theoretically demonstrated the importance of project management, and in practice, showed that schedule management, cost management, and quality management should be faithfully performed in the execution stage to reduce the rate of defects after project completion. It was also suggested that hiring an experienced project manager would help reduce project defects.

본 연구는 조경수목 유지 및 관리의 현실적인 어려움을 분석하고 그 대안을 제고하기 위하여 작성되었다. 이를 위해『조경공사 표준시방서』를 분석하였으며, 이를 각 조사 대상지의『전체공정표』와 『조경식재 공사 하자현황 및 처리방안』보고서를 분석한 내용과 비교하였다. 또한 전문가 인터뷰를 참고하였다. 첫 번째 문제는 수목 식재 적기를 고려하지 않는 시공일정으로 인한 부적기 식재이다. 두 번째는 배수 와 관수의 불량이다. 생육상태가 좋지 않은 수목에 적절하고 충분한 관수는 필수적임에도 불구하고 시공 이전 배수로 관리나 시공 이후 관수가 적절하게 이루어지고 있지 못하다는 문제가 있다. 세 번째 는 경제적, 시간적 문제로 발생하는 수목 식재의 변경과 재이식이다. 네 번째는 공사현장의 구조적 문 제로 발생하는 불충분한 식재기반 조성이다. 현장에서 수목 관리가 제대로 이루어진다면 하자율을 상당히 줄일 수 있다. 정부지침은 식재 수목에 관한 상세한 내용들을 담고 있으나 조경 시공사가 겪는 실질적인 어려움은 충분히 반영하고 있지 못하다. 식재의 반입 기준이나 자재관리, 식재시기, 토양관 리 등의 지침을 수행하기 위해서는 조경시공을 충분히 고려해야 하며, 시공기간을 충분히 제공받아 야 한다. 본 연구는 공사현장 및 공사과정의 현실적 이해를 더 높이고 정부의 지침과 현실적인 문제 사이의 간극을 밝혀내고자 하였다. 추후 정부 지침의 보완하여 조경 현장여건을 적극적으로 반영하 고 근본적인 문제를 해결할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

건축물의 하자에 대한 하자담보책임기간에 대해서는 민법, 건설산업기본법, 집 합건물법, 공동주택관리법 등에서 규정을 하고 있는데, 이들 법률 간에는 적용 에 있어서 係位가 존재한다. 우선 건축도급에 관해서 건설산업기본법의 하자 담보책임기간이 민법의 하자담보책임기간에 우선하여 적용된다. 그리고 집합 건물에 대해서는 집합건물법이 건설산업기본법과 민법에 우선하여 적용되며, 공동주택관리법은 집합건물법을 보완하는 기능을 한다. 아울러 민법과 건설산 업기본법의 하자담보책임의 임의규정성에 따라서 도급계약에서 당사자의 합 의로 정해진 하자담보책임기간은 이들 법률에 우선하여 적용된다. 반면 집합 건물법의 하자담보책임규정의 강행규정성과 공동주택관리법의 공법적인 성격 에 비추어 이들 법에 위반되는 하자담보책임기간약정은 효력을 가질 수 없다. 다음으로 민법과 집합건물법상 하자담보책임기간이 제척기간이라는 점에 대 해서는 판례와 다수의 학설의 입장이 일치하지만 제척기간인 하자담보책임기 간에 대해 별도로 소멸시효의 적용을 인정할 것인가에 대해서는 견해가 대립 한다. 이에 대해 제척기간과 소멸시효의 양립을 부정하는 견해도 존재하지만, 하자담보책임기간을 제척기간으로 보더라도 권리행사로 인해 남는 법률관계의 정리를 위한 권리에 대해서는 소멸시효가 적용되는 것으로 보아야 한다는 점에서 제척기간과 소멸시효의 양립을 인정하는 것이 타당하다. 다만 제척기 간과 소멸시효의 양립을 인정하는 입장에서도 소멸시효의 기산점에 대해서는 견해가 대립하는데, 하자담보추급권에 대한 소멸시효도 그 권리를 행사할 수 있는 시점, 즉 하자가 존재하고, 그러한 하자를 ‘도급인이 안 때’부터 진행하는 것으로 보아야 한다. 왜냐하면 건축도급인이나 구분소유자 등이 하자의 존재 를 모른 경우에도 소멸시효가 진행한다고 보는 것은 소멸시효의 취지에도 부 합하지 않을 뿐만 아니라 그들의 권리보장 측면에서도 타당하지 않기 때문이 다. 마지막으로 민법을 제외한 특별법에서 하자담보책임기간을 공종별·세부 공종별로 정하고 있는데, 이는 공종별 자재·내구성·기술력·사용 및 이용의 정도 등을 고려한 것인데, 현행 공종별 하자담보책임기간이 현재의 공사 유형, 자재, 기술 등을 고려하였을 때 적정한지에 대해서는 검토가 필요하다. 그리고 하자담보책임기간이 지나치게 단기인 경우는 도급인이나 구분소유자 등에게 예상치 못한 재정적 손실을 초래할 우려가 있고, 반대로 지나치게 긴 하자담보 책임기간은 수급인에게 가중한 부담을 지울 뿐만 아니라 하자보수비용의 증가 를 통해 종국에는 도급인이나 구분소유자의 비용으로 전가될 우려가 크다. 이 런 점에서 건축도급인과 수급인 간의 형평을 기할 수 있는 적정하고 합리적인 하자담보책임기간의 설정이 중요하다

In the pressurized water nuclear reactors (PWRs), the upper and bottom head penetration nozzles, the geometric asymmetry of the welded part increases from the center to the outer part, increasing the possibility of defects. For this reason, it is important to perform early detection and management through analysis of defects occurring in the welded parts of upper and bottom penetration nozzles of reactor vessel. However, it is very difficult to operate boat sampling of the welding area because the spacing of the penetration nozzle of the bottom head of the reactor is very narrow. In addition, it is more difficult to collect welded specimens of bottom penetration nozzles by electrical discharge machining in a boric acid water environment of nuclear reactor. In this work, to overcoming these technical difficulties, we developed a boat sampling robot system, which is composed of the specimen collection electrode head, borate-mediated discharge electrode and control system. Also, we performed basic performance tests and summarize the results.

Zinc-ion Batteries (ZIBs) are currently considered to be effective energy storage devices for wearable electronics because of their low cost and high safety. Indeed, ZIBs show high power density and safety compared with conventional lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and exhibit high energy density in comparison with supercapacitors (SCs). However, in spite of their advantages, further current collector development is needed to enhance the electrochemical performance of ZIBs. To design the optimized current collector for high performance ZIBs, a high quality graphene film is suggested here, with improved electrical conductivity by controlling the defects in the graphene film. The graphene film showed improved electrical conductivity and good electron transfer between the current collector and active material, which led to a high specific capacity of 346.3 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1, a high-rate performance with 116.3 mAh g-1 at a current density of 2,000 mA g-1, and good cycling stability (68.0 % after 100 cycles at a current density of 1,000 mA g-1). The improved electrochemical performance is firmly because of the defects-controlled graphene film, leading to improved electrical conductivity and thus more efficient electron transfer between the current collector and active material.

In this study, the safety aspects were studied by comparing the charge control characteristics of the two vehicles when a failure occurs between the OBC including the charging port or the charging door module (CDM) during slow charging using the In Cable Control Box (ICCB) for a long time.When the AC terminal was momentarily disconnected during charging, the Model-3 vehicle was charged normally if the AC circuit was disconnected up to three times, and the charging control was stopped when the number of disconnects reached four times. However, in the Ioniq-5 vehicle, charging control was normally performed when the disconnected AC circuit was normally connected regardless of the number of disconnection.

강풍, 폭우 등 이상기후의 대형화와 빈도 증가로 인해 나무가 부러지거나 쓰러지는 훼손이 증가하고 있으나 나무 내부의 공동, 부후 등 구조적 결함은 육안조사로 판별이 어렵기 때문에 예측을 통한 사전대응에 한계가 있다. 비파괴 음파단층촬영은 나무에 미치는 물리적 훼손을 최소화하면서 내부결함을 추정하는 방법으로 내부결함 진단에 효율적이 나 수종별 정확도에 차이가 발생하기 때문에 현장적용 전 측정결과의 신뢰성 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 이번 연구는 우리나라 대표 수종인 소나무와 은행나무 노거수를 대상으로 음파단층촬영의 신뢰성 검증을 위해 침입성 드릴저항 측정을 교차 적용하여 목재 내부결함을 측정하고 평가결과를 비교하였다. 두 집단 간 결함부 측정 평균값에 대한 t검정 결과 소나무는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 반면, 은행나무는 유의성에 차이가 있었다. 선형회귀분석 결과 두 수종 모두 드릴저항그래프의 결함이 증가할 때 음파단층영상 결함이 증가하는 양의 상관관계를 보였다.

Norflurazon is widely used on agricultural lands and has a high potential to pollute water sources. However, its effects on fish have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of our study was to determine whether norflurazon adversely affects the developmental stage of zebrafish, which are frequently used as a model system to evaluate the environmental impact of pollutants. Norflurazon interfered with the hatching of zebrafish embryos and induced several sublethal deformities including body length reduction, increased yolk sac volume, and enlargement of the pericardial region. We further examined the cardiotoxicity of norflurazon in the flk1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish line. The vascular network, mainly in the brain region, was significantly disrupted in norflurazon-exposed zebrafish. In addition, due to the failure of cardiac looping, norflurazon-exposed zebrafish had an abnormal cardiac structure. These developmental abnormalities were related to the apoptotic process triggered by norflurazon. Overall, the present study demonstrated the non-target toxicity of norflurazon by analyzing the hazardous effects of norflurazon on developing zebrafish.