PURPOSES : This study estimates the effects of traffic safety policies (e.g., the Minsik Act) on the seriousness of traffic accidents in children protection zones. METHODS : A difference-in-differences framework in which the change in the gap of seriousness of traffic accidents occurring in children protection zones and those occurring outside the zone before and after the implementation of the Minsik Act was applied. Furthermore, a placebo test, in which the samples are restricted to a specific period, is irrelevant to the time of students going to school. RESULTS : On average, when the factors causing traffic accidents are not controlled, the degree of damage in traffic accidents in children protection zones appears to be more serious The introduction of the Minsik Act has been shown to reduce the damage from traffic accidents in children protection zones. In particular, illegal U-turns and signal violations increased the severity of traffic accidents in children protection zones, and trucks caused the greatest damage. CONCLUSIONS : The traffic safety policy for children protection zones (Minsik Act) is effective in improving traffic safety by simply “strengthening legal regulations.” This strengthens the importance of traffic safety education to prevent drivers from engaging in driving behaviors such as illegal U-turns and traffic signal violations. It is necessary to ensure the traffic safety of children by establishing a truck operation policy that bypasses children protection zones.

PURPOSES : We propose a framework to evaluate the reliability of integrating homogeneous or heterogeneous mobility data to produce the various data required for greenhouse gas emission estimation. METHODS : The mobility data used in the framework were collected at a fixed time from a specific point and were based on raster data. In general, the traffic volume for all traffic measurement points over 24 h can be considered raster data. In the future, the proposed framework can be applied to specific road points or road sections, depending on the presence or absence of raster data. RESULTS : The activity data required to calculate greenhouse gas emissions were derived from the mobility data analysis. With recent developments in information, communication, and artificial intelligence technologies, mobility data collected from different sources with the same collection purpose can be integrated to increase the reliability and accuracy of previously unknown or inaccurate information. CONCLUSIONS : This study will help assess the reliability of mobility data fusion as it is collected on the road, and will ultimately lead to more accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions.

본 연구에서는Stable Diffusion 프레임워크를 활용하여 게임 스타일의 스케치, 특히 도시 장면을 생성하는 방법 을 소개한다. 확산 기반의 모델인Stable Diffusion은 쉬운 접근성과 뛰어난 성능으로 많은 연구자와 일반인들에 게 선호되며, 텍스트-스케치, 이미지-스케치의 생성이 가능하다. Stable Diffusion의 몇 가지 문제는 이미지의 국 소성 보존 문제 및 미세 조정인데, 이를ControlNet과DreamBooth를 사용하여 해결한다. 결과적으로, 본 연구를 통 해 게임 제작에 사용될 수 있는 텍스트-스케치, 이미지-스케치 생성이 가능하며, 더 나아가 아티스트를 돕는 툴 로도 활용될 수 있다.

Bisphenol-A, also known as BPA, is commonly used as a building block for epoxy and polycarbonate plastics. However, it has been recently identified as a major source of water pollution due to its release into the water from plastic products. BPA-based resins can also contaminate the water with high concentrations of BPA, which can enter the water bodies through production units and wastewater discharge. Photocatalysis, particularly the photo-Fenton process, is an effective method for wastewater treatment and degrading pollutants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is usually chosen based on its high photocatalytic properties and high performance. However, its wide band gap energy is a major issue for the photocatalytic process. This means that the catalyst can only exhibit high photocatalytic performance under UV-light irradiation and usually requires an acidic pH, which limits its use. In order to address the aforementioned issues, a visible-light photoactive photo-Fenton reaction has been successfully developed to degrade bisphenol A at natural pH using H2O2. The process was highly efficient, achieving complete degradation of phenol in just three hours of visible light irradiation with Cu-MOF. This environmentally friendly Fenton process has the advantage of occurring at natural pH levels with the presence of H2O2, providing a new perspective for efficient degradation. The photocatalyst was characterized using single X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

The design and fabrication of suitable waste forms with high thermal and structural stability are essential for the safe management and disposal of radioactive wastes. In particular, the thermal properties and temperature distribution of waste form containing high heat-generating nuclides such as Cs and Sr can be used to evaluate its thermal stability, but also provide useful information for the design of canisters, storage systems, and repositories. In this study, a new program code-based thermal analysis framework has been developed to facilitate the characterization, design, and optimization of the waste form. Matlab was used as a software development platform because it provides powerful mathematical computation and visualization components such as the partial differential equation (PDE) toolbox for solving heat transfer problems using finite element method, the App Designer for graphical user interface (GUI), and the MATLAB Compiler for sharing MATLAB programs as standalone applications and web applications. The thermal analysis results such as temperature distribution, heat flux, maximum/ minimum temperature, and centerline/surface temperature profile are visualized with graphs and tables. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed program, several design and optimization studies were carried out for the SrTiO3 waste form, selected as a stable form of strontium nuclide.

This work describes Ni–Ce–Cu metallic–organic framework (MOF) for the detection of non-essential amino acid l-cysteine. The tri-metallic Ni–Ce–Cu MOF was synthesized via a solvothermal method. The cyclic voltammetry and the differential pulse voltammetry techniques were used to examine the electrochemical detection of l-cysteine. The Ni–Ce–Cu MOF shows an oxidation peak in PB solution at pH 3.0 between the potential range of 0.0 and 0.7 V and strong electro-catalytic activity toward the oxidation of l-cysteine across a wide linear range of 0.1 to 250 nM and low detection limit (LOD) was calculated of 1.56 nM. The analysis of l-cysteine in milk and egg yolk samples showed with recovery range of 96.75–103.5% and 97.78–99.43% with RSD% of 2.3–3.2% and 2.7–7.2%, respectively. These results show the Ni–Ce–Cu MOF has high selectivity for l-cysteine detection in milk and egg samples.

In recent years, supercapacitors have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages such as fast charge and discharge rate, high power density and long cycle life. Because of its unique porous structure and excellent electrochemical properties, heteroatom-doped porous carbon (HPC) is deemed as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. However, it is a great challenge to synthesize electrode materials with large surface area, ultra-high porosity and good electrochemical performance. In this work, two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) containing ketones were synthesized by a simple one-step coupling reaction and used as carbon precursors. A series of samples (CMP-Ts) were prepared with the procedures of coupling reaction and carbonization. The optimized carbon material has high specific surface area (up to 2229.85 m2 g− 1), porous structure, high specific capacitance (375 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1), and good cycling stability (capacitance retention of 98.8% after 1000 cycles at 5 A g− 1). Further, the supercapacitor has an energy density of 28.8 Wh kg− 1 at a power density of 5000 W kg− 1. This work lays a foundation for the preparation of carbon materials using microporous polymer as a precursor system, provides a new way of thinking, and demonstrates a great potential of high-performance supercapacitors.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a framework for promoting future expressway remodeling projects by reviewing similar overseas cases and comparing them with current Korean expressway remodeling projects. METHODS : Based on a literature review, this study examines the major issues in expressway remodeling projects and proposes the development of a framework for establishing and promoting such projects. This framework provides detailed guidance by categorizing the project into legal system adjustments, traffic management plans, and social consensus. RESULTS : The diagnosis of issues in domestic expressway remodeling projects revealed significant problems in conceptual aspects, criteria for project evaluation, formulation of traffic diversion strategies, and deficiencies in related legal frameworks. To address these issues, a framework for advancing future remodeling projects was established based on the results of overseas case studies. CONCLUSIONS : As roads deteriorate, the demand for remodeling projects to restore them increases. However, the current implementation of remodeling projects lacks systematic procedures. This study serves as foundational research for establishing an environment conducive to the smooth progress of such projects. By initiating subsequent research, conditions for the smooth progress of remodeling projects are expected to be established.

The idea of phytosanitation has continuously received attentions since 1950s, as the volume of international trade began to rise. All aspects of phytosanitation, including regulatory framework as well as the supporting technologies and sciences, have developed intercorrelatedly to the exponential growth of the trade, for the protection of an importing country’s agriculture, landscape, and industries from potential damages by invasive non-native pests. Phytosanitary regulatory framework has chiefly been developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), which is the foundation of the standardized phytosanitary measures across the borders, as delineating roles/responsibilities of every stakeholder on a trade continuum. Changes and modifications on the framework will be continuously required to cope with the on-going challenges by invasive non-native pests. Its role is no longer limited to plant protection but has blended into other frameworks, such as biosecurity and food safety.

In this study, we focus on the improvement of data quality transmitted from a weather buoy that guides a route of ships. The buoy has an Internet-of-Thing (IoT) including sensors to collect meteorological data and the buoy’s status, and it also has a wireless communication device to send them to the central database in a ground control center and ships nearby. The time interval of data collected by the sensor is irregular, and fault data is often detected. Therefore, this study provides a framework to improve data quality using machine learning models. The normal data pattern is trained by machine learning models, and the trained models detect the fault data from the collected data set of the sensor and adjust them. For determining fault data, interquartile range (IQR) removes the value outside the outlier, and an NGBoost algorithm removes the data above the upper bound and below the lower bound. The removed data is interpolated using NGBoost or long-short term memory (LSTM) algorithm. The performance of the suggested process is evaluated by actual weather buoy data from Korea to improve the quality of ‘AIR_TEMPERATURE’ data by using other data from the same buoy. The performance of our proposed framework has been validated through computational experiments based on real-world data, confirming its suitability for practical applications in real- world scenarios.

The gaming industry is experiencing rapid growth due to recent advances in technology. Game engines such as Unity and Unreal are being actively utilized. These game engines offer a variety of plugins to naturally extend the functionality of the engine. Among them, innovations in 3D graphics technology have made game characters more expressive and enhanced the user experience. However, traditional 3D modeling approaches can sometimes bring limitations and challenges. In particular there are problems with the representation of fine details when utilizing general photos through AI scanning. This paper aims to overcome these difficulties by designing and implementing a game 3D character generation framework using Stable Diffusion. By improving the creation process by utilizing concept art images without hairstyles, it enables fast and efficient character creation. The application of this framework allows for faster and more consistent character creation with fewer steps in the creation process and helps game developers to adapt characters to the engine more easily and quickly. In addition, we verified the effectiveness and scalability of the 3D game character data generated by Stable Diffusion by checking the animation behavior in the game engine.

In today’s world, intellectual property (IP) rights have become a significant part of overall corporate value as well as a “driver of important market transactions.” Nevertheless, patent commercialization and claims for damages due to patent infringement are often obstructed by parties’ differing positions on the patent value. To improve Vietnam’s legal and practical environment for patent valuation, this paper constructs a comparison of the prevailing frameworks of the United States and the People’s Republic of China with that of Vietnam to make recommendations meeting the stated purpose. An analysis of relevant academic literature suggests that parties should be allowed to choose their preferred valuation technique even when having engaged valuation professionals. Also, valuation service providers should be able to demonstrate the underlying rationale for selecting a particular valuation method. Other valuation techniques, such as forward citation counting, should also be studied to provide private parties, patent valuators and relevant state agencies in Vietnam with more options when facing the need to value a patent.

본 연구에서는 생물다양성협약(CBD) 글로벌 보전목표(K-M GBF)의 핵심이라고 할 수 있는 실천목표 3(30by30)에 대한 우리나라의 효과적 대응 방향을 모색하기 위한 것으로, OECM에 대한 글로벌 개념 고찰 및 전문가 인식조사를 통해 국가 차원의 체계적인 OECM 발굴방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 글로벌 표준을 준수하되 한국적 맥락을 반영한 국가 차원의 체계적인 OECM 발굴방향을 모색을 위해 본 연구에서는 ①OECM 관련 한국적 용어 사용, ②글로벌 표준을 반영한 결정인자(criteria) 도출, ③우리나라 잠재 OECM 후보 유형 도출, ④OECM 발굴‧보고 시 고려사항 등을 검토하였다. 먼저 OECM의 단순 번역어 사용이 아닌 이의 개념을 잘 반영한 ‘한국적 용어’ 사용에 대한 공감대 형성이 있었으며, 가장 선호되는 용어이자 ‘자연과 조화로운 삶’이라는 생물다양성협약(CBD) 2050 비전과도 그 맥락을 같이하는 ‘자연공존지역 (12명)’이 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 글로벌 표준을 반영한 주요 결정인자로는, 1단계 선별과정에서 OECM 핵심 특성을 반영한 4개 결정인자(1. 보호지역 여부, 2. 지리적 경계, 3. 거버넌스‧관리, 4. 생물다양성 가치)를 활용하고, 개별지역 심층진단을 수행하기 전에 관리‧관할기관 등과의 공감대형성(2단계) 과정을 거친 후 3단계(발굴‧보고단계)에서 2가지 결정인자(3-1 거버넌 스와 관리의 효과성과 지속성, 4-1의 생물다양성 가치의 장기적 보전성과)를 추가하여 심층 진단을 수행하는 방향을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 살펴본 28개 유형은 대체적으로 OECM 부합성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며(4.45~6.21점/7점, 평균 5.24점), 특히 자연환경국 민신탁의 보전재산(6.21점) 및 보전협약지(6.07점)가 OECM 개념에 가장 잘 부합할 것으로 나타났다. 이어 세계자연유산 완충구역(5.77점), 사찰림(5.73점), 개발제한구역(5.63점), 비무장지대(5.60점), 생물권보전지역 완충구역(5.50점) 등이 잠재성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 절대보전무인도서의 경우 보호지역에 부합한다는 응답(5.83/7점)이 OECM 부합성(5.52/7점) 보다 더 높게 나타나, 향후 절대보전무인도는 그 주변해역(1㎞)과 더불어 한국보호지역데이터베이스(KDPA)에 등재를 추진하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다. OECM 관련 글로벌 표준 검토 및 전문가 인식조사 결과를 토대로, 한국적 맥락의 OECM 발굴시 고려사항으로 10가지를 제시하였다. 향후 이러한 고려사항을 참고하여 단계적인 발굴사업을 통해 OECM을 목록화하고 기존 보호지역과의 연계를 통한 국가 차원의 현지-내 보전체계 정립을 위한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

공유 유기 프레임워크(COF)는 분자 분리, 염료 분리, 가스 분리, 여과 및 담수화를 포함한 다양한 응용 분야에서 가능성을 보여주었습니다. COF를 막에 통합하면 투과성, 선택성 및 안정성이 향상되어 분리 공정이 향상됩니다. 단일 벽 탄 소 나노튜브(SWCNT)와 COF를 결합하면 염료 분리에 이상적인 높은 투과성과 안정성을 가진 나노 복합막을 생성합니다. COF를 폴리아미드(PA) 막에 통합하면 합성 계면 전략을 통해 투과성과 선택성이 향상됩니다. 혼합 매트릭스 막(MMM)의 3 차원 COF 필러는 CO2/CH4 분리를 향상시켜 바이오가스 업그레이드에 적합합니다. COF와 금속 유기 프레임워크(MOF) 막 을 결합한 모든 나노 다공성 복합재(ANC) 막은 투과성-선택성 트레이드오프를 극복하여 가스 투과성을 크게 향상시킵니다. 가상 COF (hypoCOF)를 사용한 계산 시뮬레이션은 CO2 분리 및 H2 정제와 관련하여 우수한 CO2 선택성과 작업 능력을 입 증합니다. 박막 복합재(TFC) 및 폴리술폰아미드(PSA) 막에 통합된 COF는 유기 오염물, 염 오염물 및 중금속 이온에 대한 거 부 성능을 향상시켜 분리 능력을 향상시킵니다. TpPa-SO3H/PAN 공유 유기 프레임워크 막(COFM)은 대전된 그룹을 활용하 여 정전기적 반발을 통해 효율적인 담수화를 가능하게 함으로써 기존의 폴리아미드 막에 비해 우수한 담수화 성능을 보여 이 온 및 분자 분리의 잠재력을 제시했습니다. 이러한 연구 결과는 투과성, 선택성 및 안정성을 향상시켜 향상된 분리 공정을 위 한 막 기술에서 COF의 잠재력을 강조합니다. 이 검토에서는 분리 공정에 적용된 COF에 대해 논의합니다.

With the buzzword "conversational marketing", especially in the course of a further technological upgrade of marketing management via chatbots, messaging apps etc., the central idea of dialogue-oriented marketing, as has been required since the late 1970s/early 1980s, has received a significant upgrade. However, mostly with a quite narrow focus on the management of transactions and in the sense of a customer-centric and dialogue-driven approach for driving customer engagement, improving customer experience along a very narrowly interpreted customer journey, and growing revenue. There is no question that the consistent use of all available technological options to optimize the exchange processes with customers represents an important challenge. However, conversational marketing should not be interpreted too narrowly. On the one hand, it is important to expand this approach with reference to all stakeholders and not only to refer to 1:1 interactions, but also to explicitly include complex exchange processes within and between relevant stakeholder groups in the consideration. On the other hand, the focus should not be solely on the management of transactions. At the same time, targeted relationship and reputation management as well as consistent context management must be explicitly included in the consideration. This is not least because firstly Marketing measures always tend to have corresponding effects in all three areas, i.e. possible transaction, relationship and reputation as well as context effects must be taken into account and controlled in a targeted manner. Secondly, the developments in market and society are increasingly contributing to the fact that the demands on companies are constantly increasing. On the one hand, this affects the expectations of all stakeholders that companies make significant contributions to the sustainable development of society as a whole through not only the economically successful handling of all their business processes but also consistently pursuing ecological, social and cultural goals. In order to meet these demands, companies must also try to exert a targeted influence on the relevant framework conditions in the market and society and their further development. The range here is extraordinarily large and colorful: from the creation of infrastructural conditions for smart problem solutions (e.g. smart mobility) up to ensuring the sustainable development of social value systems. The latter found its expression, e.g. in various approaches of brand activism ("black lives matter", "everyone is awesome" or the conveyance of a new self-understanding of men in the case of Gillette’s “we believe” campaign).

Healthy and environmentally friendly food is a subject of increasing prominence all around the world, and especially so in developing countries such as India, where consumption of agricultural goods produced in a sustainable environment with a low reliance on pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, and genetic manipulation is a real challenge. Consumer interest in green food items is increasing as safety and health concerns grow, and researchers are calling for further investigation of green food consumer behavior. Although a large number of research was done on environmental performance in industrialized countries, very little research has been conducted among Indian consumers. Furthermore, the gap between intention to consume green food products and actual behavior remains under-investigated. This gap can be investigated through the prism of theory of planned behavior (TPB). This theory has been widely used in green consumer studies: it seeks to explain how individuals make decisions and take actions based on their attitudes, beliefs, and perceived behavioral control. However, the TPB has not been extended to account for cultural values (i.e., Hofstede’s cultural framework), which can play an important role in shaping consumer attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, this research investigates the application of the extended TPB model in the context of green food products with a quantitative survey among Indian consumers (N=387). The results show that long-term (health) orientation and collectivism influence both green purchase intention and behavior. This effect is explained by subjective norms, perceived value, and environmental attitudes of the consumers.

The following is not a conversation with a bank clerk. " Instead, let me introduce you to customized credit loans," "Do you want me to connect you to the screen of using COVID-19 support funds and checking balance?" These are the contents of consultations with AI chatbots at financial institutions. Chatbot, which used to be an additional tool for adding convenience to life, is now at the center of our lives.