실감방송을 위한 차세대 디지털 텔레비전 시대에는 초고화질 영상 디스플레이 장치와 3차원 영상이 널리 보급될 전망이다. 본 논문에서는 실감방송시대의 두 축인 초고화질 영상 디스플레이 장치와 3차원 영상 시대를 대비하는 관점에서 스테레오스코픽 3차원 영상을 활용한 초고해상도 영상 생성 방안을 제안한다. 2차원 입력영상에서 확대된 2차원 영상을 얻는 기존 접근 방식을 확장하여, 3차원 영상 융합에 바탕을 둔 초고해상도 영상을 생성한다. 먼저 입력된 영상의 국부 특성을 분석하고, 평탄 영역과 비평탄 영역에 따른 적응적 영상 해상도 개선을 수행한다. 효율적 연산을 위해 평탄 영역에서는 전통적 해상도 개선 방법을 적용하고, 비평탄 영역에서는 자기 유사성을 활용한 탐색을 기반으로 3차원 영상에 담긴 부가 정보를 효과적으로 검색하고 융합하여 해상도 개선에 활용한다. 실험 결과를 통해 3차원 영상에 내재된 부가 정보의 활용이 초고해상도 영상 복원 성능을 개선함을 보인다.

본 연구는 일주일에 1차시인 도덕과 수업의 인성적인 실천을 강조해야 하는 단원을 추출하여 국어과 관련단원과 융합함으로써 일주일에 1차시로 끝나는 수업의 한계성을 극복하여 실천적 지속성을 유지하고, 학생들에게 인성지도 효과를 극대화시키기 위해서 국어도덕의 융합을 시도하였다. 연구의 목적은 국어도덕융합수업 기반조성으로 「‘아하!’ 표현활동」프로그램 구안·적용을 통해 매체언어교육활동 및 학교·가정·사회와 연계지도로 창의적이고 바른 의사소통능력을 신장시키는데 있다. 창의적이고 바른 언어능력을 신장시키기 위한 수업 기반 조성을 위해 ‘아하! 표현활동’을 위한 학습여건조성과 융합을 위한 국어와 도덕과 내용을 분석하였다. ‘아하! 표현활동’ 프로그램 구안·적용은 수업 모형 및 활동지 구안, ‘아하! 표현활동’ 프로그램을 적용한 창의·인성 수업 전개 및 평가를 통해 환류가 이루어질 수 있도록 하였다. 그리고 매체교육활동 참여 및 학교·가정·사회 연계지도로 창의적이고 바른 언어능력을 극대화·지속화시켰다. 그 결과 국어 교과의 흥미를 신장시키고 논리적·창의적인 언어능력 향상과 바른 의사소통능력의 정착으로 창의성과 인성을 기르는데 긍정적인 효과를 보였다. 또한 자기 감정 조절능력, 친구들을 배려하는 마음과 협동하는 자세를 길러 학교의 언어폭력과 따돌림 등 학교폭력을 예방할 수 있는데 도움이 되었다.

중국불교에서 지자대사에 의해 마련된 천태의 교학과 실천적 근간 은『법화경』과 더불어 방대한 현교의 경론과 기타문헌들에 근거한 것 이지만 밀교에 의한 영향도 간과할 수 없을 정도로 많다.『 법화경』은 인도에서 성립된 이후 대승불교의 밀교화에 따른 영향을 적지 않게 받아 밀교적 소재를 경전 가운데 다수 발견할 수 있다. 천태종의 초조인 혜사스님의 저술에 밀교의 삼밀가지나, 즉신성불, 대락사상으로 이해될 수 있는 교리와 실천수법을 상당히 발견할 수 있다. 지자대사가 활동했던 시기는 선무외 삼장에 의해 정비된 밀교 가 중국에 소개되기 이전이지만, 당시에도 순밀에 근접한 밀교의 교 리와 수행체계를 보이는 밀교경전들이 이미 번역되어 있던 시기였 다. 때문에 지자대사의 밀교에 대한 이해도 상당히 심화되어 있다고 평가된다. 지자대사는 밀교경전에 속하는『금광명경』과『인왕호국반야경』에 대 한 주석과 더불어『방등삼매행법』과 같은 밀교수행에 대한 저술도 다 수 남겼다. 사종삼매 가운데 반행반좌삼매에 대해서는 밀교경전인『대 방등다라니경』에근거해수행체계를설하고있는데,『 대방등다라니경』 에는 밀교의 정연한 의궤와 夢王등의 밀교적 비의가 설해져 있다. 중국에서 제기된 천태와 밀교의 친근성은 일본에 전해져 台密라는 전통적 밀교교단을 형성하기에 이른다. 지자대사를 이은 荊溪湛然과 이후 慈雲遵式등의 후손에 의한 저작에도 밀교적 성격이 강한 저작 을 대부분 남겼기 때문에 천태교학은 밀교적 시각에서 검토되어야할 부분이 많다고 볼 수 있다.

창의적인 융합인재 양성을 위해 과학, 기술, 공학적인 지식과 예술, 경영 및 인문, 사회 등의 모든 분야에서 창의적인 글로벌 인재를 육성하기 위해서는 특정 학문이 아닌 예술과 인문·사회, 경영, 정치 등의 사회 시스템과의 연계가 필수적이다. 이러한 때 교육과정을 교과 간 연계하여 다양한 자원을 활용하고 학생들의 흥미와 실생활에 필요한 체험, 지식 활용, 문제 해결능력을 갖추게 하는 융합적 교육이야말로 현실에 적용 가능한 교육이라 할 수 있다. 이에 연구자는 개별 문학 작품을 학습자의 삶과 관련지어 주체적으로 감상하고 이를 통해 심미적 상상력과 건전한 심성을 계발하는데 주력하였다. 따라서 학생들에게 문학을 감상하는 다양한 융합적 감성체험의 기회를 제공하여 학생들의 창의적 문학 감상능력을 신장시키고자 하였다.

To enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression system, the effects of polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expression them with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Recombinant viruses were generated to express EGFP fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the minimal region for self-assembly and the KRKK nuclear localization signal (NLS). The increase of EGFP production by fusion expressions was confirmed through protein and fluorescence intensity analyses. The importance of nuclear localization for enhanced production of EGFP was shown by the mutation of the NLS within the fused polyhedrin fragment. Among the fusion expressed protein in cytoplasm, the most hyper-expression was observed in the fusion of amino acids 32 to 59 of polyhedrin. Polyhedrin fragment fusion expression with classical swine fever virus E2 protein also resulted hyper-enhanced expression of E2 protein. However, the fusion expression of porcine circovirus ORF2 with polyhedrin fragment did not show significant enhance of ORF2 production. These results suggested that the enhancement of foreign protein production when fused with polyhedrin is caused by the enhanced stability of expressed protein.

Mammalian fertilization is a complex cascade process consisting of sperm migration through the female reproductive tract, physiological changes to sperm such as sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct in vivo. On the other hand, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the body: in vitro. IVF has been used for a variety of purposes in reproductive biotechnology for human and animals. The discovery of sperm capacitation in 1951 promoted the development of IVF technology. In the initial stage of IVF, sperm capacitation in preincubation medium was shown to be essential to fuse with eggs. Besides, sperms should detour some of the in vivo regulations for IVF. This review introduces a general mammalian fertilization process, including sperm capacitation, removal of cumulus matrix, acrosome reaction, and sperm-egg fusion and focuses on the roles of key biochemical molecules, signal mechanisms, and genes involved during IVF and novel results of sperm-oocyte interaction elucidated in various gene-knockout mice models.

Successful early embryogenesis of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos is very important to produce cloned animals. However, poor preimplantation development of SCNT embryos has been a major obstacle to the generation of cloned animals due to a lack of understanding of developmental events and underlying mechanism(s). In the current study, we show that production of SCNT embryos with high developmental competence is dependent on the fusion method. Electrofusion causes spontaneous egg activation, accompanied by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and improper nuclear remodeling, whereas Sendai virus (SV)-mediated fusion greatly reduces these events. In addition, SV-SCNT increased the blastocyst development rate and trophectoderm cell number compared to electrofusion-mediated SCNT (E-SCNT). In particular, expression of ER stress-associated genes and blastomere apoptosis were significantly increased in E-SCNT embryos, which could be alleviated by inhibition of ER stress or by using the SV-mediated fusion method. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SV is a useful fusion material for improvement of preimplantation development of SCNT embryos through reduction of ER stress-associated apoptosis.

This study analyzed Korean traditional foods and western foods in the field of 'dietary life' in Practical Arts curriculums, and developed the fusion-food cooking activity program for elementary school students. Firstly, potatoes, dumplings coated with bean paste, simple side dishes are discussed in the first curriculum. The second curriculum discussed only traditional foods and the third curriculum considered more traditional foods than western foods including bread. From the fourth curriculum to the sixth, traditional foods were mainly discussed and both traditional foods and western foods were mentioned evenly in the seventh and revised 2007's curriculum. Secondly, this study developed 'fusion-food cooking activity' program which helps students not only to learn the meaning, kinds, history, and related customs of Korean traditional foods; kimchi, Korean pizza, rice cake, but also to learn and practice cooking fusion-foods covering traditional foods.In conclusion, it can be assumed that the 'fusion-food cooking activity' program developed in this study improves interest in Korean traditional foods amongst elementary school students, and helps students to understand the reputation and value of traditional foods. Therefore fusion-foods cooking activity containing traditional foods which are not discussed in this study should be studied and developed more in the future.

Polyhedrin is the major component of the nuclear viral occlusions produced during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). To enhance the expression level of baculovirus vector system, we constructed several fusion vectors using various fragments of the polyhedrin. The polyhedrin fragments were genetically fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of polyhedrin promoter, and their expressions were analyzed in Sf21 insect cells. Expression of the fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-GFP and anti-Polyhedrin. The expression level of eGFP was markedly increased by the fusion of partial polyhedrin. Also, the fluorescence intensity of fusion proteins was higher than that of non-fusion protein. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that fusion proteins were localized to the cytosol or nucleus of insect cells. In additional, the glycoprotein E2 (gE2) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) expressed by the these vectors was dramatically increased and its immunogenicity was proofed using experimental animal guinea pigs that were immunized with the partial polyhedrin containing gE2. This study provides a new option for the higher expression of useful foreign recombinant protein by using the partial polyhedrin in BEVS.

최근 게임분야는 게임에 대한 부정적인 인식을 재고하기 위해서 의료용 게임, 교육용 게임, 광고용 게임, 훈련용 시뮬레이션 게임등 기능성 게임으로 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 기능성 게임에 대한 개발 및 방법론은 다른 소프트웨어 개발에 비해서 덜 정규화되어 있고 연구가 미흡한 상태에 있다. 본 논문은 광고용 게임에서 은닉객체를 이용한 광고의 극대화 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법을 여러 게임 중 전통놀이인 윷놀이게임에 적용하여 개발하고 그 유용성을 보인다.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted from primarily cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney, and is responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production. We constructed and expressed dimeric cDNAs in Chinease hamster ovary (CHO) cells encoding a fusion protein consisting of 2 complete human EPO domains linked by a 2-amino acid linker (Ile-Asp). We described the activity of dimeric hyperglycosylated EPO (dHGEPO) mutants containing additional oligosaccharide chains and characterized the function of glycosylation. No dimeric proteins with mutation at the 105th amino acid were found in the cell medium. Growth and differentiation of the human EPO-dependent leukemiae cell line (F36E) were used to measure cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of dHGEPO proteins. MTT assay at 24 h increased due to the survival of F36E cells. The dHGEPO protein migrated as a broad band with an average molecular mass of 75 kDa. The mutant, dHGEPO, was slightly higher than the wild-type (WT) dimeri-EPO band. Enzymatic N-deglycosylation resulted in the formation of a narrow band with a molecular mass twice of that of of monomeric EPO digested with an N-glycosylation enzyme. Hematocrit values were remarkably increased in all treatment groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis was also affected when 2.5 IU of dHGEPO were intravenously injected into the tails of the mice. The biological activity and half-life of dHGEPO mutants were enhanced as compared to the corresponding items associated the WT dimeric EPO. These results suggest that recombinant dHGEPO may be attractive biological and therapeutic targets.

The Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a member of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae. The polyprotein composed of eight nonstructural and four structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein C and three envelope glycoprotein E0, E1 and E2). E2, the most immunogenic of the CSFV glycoproteins, induces a protective immune response in swine. The objective of this study was to enhance production of E2 protein by fusion with partial polyhedrin of nucleopolyhedrovirus in insect cells. We generated various E2 form by fusion with different combinations of the partial polyhedrin and deletion of the C-terminal transmembrane region (TMR). Expression of the E2 protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-CSFV E2 monoclonal antibodies. The fusion expression of an E2 protein with the partial polyhedrin markedly increased expression levels. Also, expression of E2 proteinlacking TMR region was higher than that of intact E2 protein. As a result, the fusion expression of E2 protein lacking the C-terminal TMR with partial polyhedrin was significantly increased in insect cells. These suggest that the fusion of target foreign protein with partial polyhedrin could enhance significantly the production of target protein.

보행보조로봇은 고령화 사회에 노인 복지 및 중증 신경계 손상을 입은 환자에게 이동을 도울 수 있는 반드시 필요한 장비이다. 특히, 하지 마비 환자를 위한 보행보조로봇의 편리성을 위해서는 환자의 보행 의도를 내현적으로 파악함으로써 환자 의지에 따라 로봇을 통제할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문은 보행 의도 감지 모델을 개발하기 위한 선행 연구로, 먼저 저항 센서와 기울기 센서의 융합을 통하여 3족 보행 모델을 기반으로 사용자의 보행 의도를 분석하였다. 저항 센서는 사용자의 양쪽 손바닥과 발바닥에 각각 부착되어, 부착된 위치의 압력을 센싱하였다. 양쪽 손바닥의 신호는 보행 의도를 파악하기 위해, 발바닥의 신호는 보행 단계를 확인하기 위하여 사용되었다. 기울기 센서는 몸의 움직임 상태를 측정하기 위한 센서로서, 사용자의 등 부분, 요추에 부착되어 상체의 움직임(roll, pitch)을 센싱하였다. 연구 결과, 사용자가 지팡이를 바닥에 짚을 때 양 손바닥에서 측정되는 2개의 저항 신호만으로 기본적인 보행 의도를 파악할 수 있었으나, 기울기 센서 정보를 함께 이용함으로써 오른발 뻗기, 왼발 뻗기 등의 움직임을 시작하려는 상태 등에 대한 보행 의도를 보다 구체적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구를 통하여 저항센서와 기울기 센서의 융합에 기반한 사용자의 보행 의도를 감지할 수 있었다.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has three major structural proteins which designated as GP4, GP5, and M. They have been considered very important to arouse the humoral and cellular immune responses against PRRSV infection and proposed to be the excellent candidate proteins in the design of PRRS bioengineering vaccine. However, the PRRSV structural proteins are produced in low levels in the infected cells because it forms insoluble protein and possesses several transmembrane regions. To overcome this problem, we fused the GP4, GP5, and M with SUMO (Small ubiquitin-related modifier), and expressed the fused gene in Bm5 cells and silkworm larvae. Expression of the proteins were analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE and western blotting using 6xHis tag and porcine anti-PRRSV antibodies. In results, SUMO fused proteins were expressed at a high level in Bm5 cells. The levels of protein using the silkworm larvae is higher than that using Bm5 cells. The fused protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. This study demonstrated that SUMO, when fused with PRRSV structural proteins, was able to promote its soluble expression. This may be a better method to produce PRRSV structural proteins for vaccine development.

This paper was to analyze the fusion between the organic and inorganic characteristics performed in architecture and urbanism, especially on the characteristics found in the works of Archigram group who was very active during 1960s and 70s. Generally, it was thought that Archigram drew its ideas mainly from a mechanist metaphor and that the diagrams of its members were based on the notion of the material obsolescence, which could be placed in a British tectonic tradition. But, Archigram’s works has been continually influenced by the biological-organic analogy from the birth of the group to its dissolution. Simply, the importance that the biological-organic analogy takes in the works of Archigram has changed periodically according to the change of its members. We can divide generally Archigram group in two parts : on one hand, nascent members such as Peter Cook, Dennis Greene, Michael Webb ; on the another hand, three members who participated from LCC such as Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton. As the new three LCC members participated, Archigram Group focalized on the technological part more than ever. But, when its members dispersed geographically and professionally, its biological-organic analogy came out again at the surface of their works. However, Archigram's organic and inorganic characteristics did not always adhere in opposing position with each other and took the form of coexistence in harmony at the same period. That is, the works of Archigram were persuing the creation of community that nature, technology and architecture could communicate and harmonize with each other through the intergration between organic and inorganic characteristics. The reason why Archigram became the one of the most excellent architectural avant-garde group in the 60s was mainly to receive asssitance with the fact that two small groups having contradictory tendencies got together and formed the Archigram group.

Various inorganic fillers improve the thermal conductivity and physical properties of organic products. Alumina has been used a representative filler in the heat radiation sheet for the heat radiation of electric device. The high filling rate of alumina increases the thermal conductivity and properties of products. We successfully developed the spherical alumina by flame fusion process using the oxygen burner with LPG fuel. In the high temperature flame (25003000) of oxygen burner, sprayed powders were melting and then rotated by carrier gas. This surface melting and rotation process made spherical alumina. Especially effects of chemical composition and particle size of stating materials on the melting behavior of starting materials in the flame and spheroidization ratio were investigated. As a result, spheroidization ratio of boehmite and aluminum hydroxide with endothermic reaction of dehydration process was lower than that of the sintered alumina without dehydration reaction.