This experiment was aimed to identify concentrations of mineral nutrients in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown on hydroball aquaponics and in the water for growing fish by conducting two experiments. The experiment I (Expt. I) was conducted with 12 fishes (F12) with and without filter, hydroball and plants (H12 (12 fishes, hydroball), FHP12 (12 fishes, filter, hydroball, 6 plants) and HP12 (12 fishes, hydroball, 6 plants)), and the experiment II (Expt. II) was with and without plants (FH15 (15 fishes, filter, hydroball), FHP15 (15 fishes, filter, hydroball, 6 plants)). The pH level in the water of all the treatments was decreased during the growing period, and the pH and EC of the water were lower in all the treatment with plants than those without plants in both Expt. I and Expt. II. When compared with adequate nutrient concentrations for hydroponics, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the fish growing water were higher under the FHP15 treatment in Expt. II; however, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were only 16, 49, and 82% of hydroponics, representatively, and iron (Fe) was not detected. The fresh weight of lettuce harvested from the FHP15 treatment was 38 g, only a 30% of marketable lettuce yield. The T-N and P contents of the leaf tissue grown under the FHP15 treatment were close to the optimal level; however, the K, Ca, and iron (Fe) contents were less than the optimal with no deficiency symptom.

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was －1.5 mg/cm3 and that of theosteoporotic group was －3.2 mg/cm3 (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

Taking vitamin and mineral supplements is increasingly common with the rapid economic growth. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplement use among adults aged 20 or older from the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data and to explore the effect of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as well as nutrient intake on taking supplements. People who had participated in both a health questionnaire and a nutritional survey were selected, and 2,871 men and 3,555 women were finally included in this analysis. Both men and women with a higher level of education, those residing in a metropolitan area, and those with higher income were more likely to take supplements. Health behaviors were not significantly associated with taking supplements. Mean nutrient intake of all nutrients except energy intake was not significantly different in men or women taking supplements after adjusting for age, education, marital status, resident area, smoking, and energy intake. Compared to Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans, most vitamins and minerals, except vitamin B2 and calcium, were consumed at higher than the Recommended Intake (RI) without supplements. In conclusion, taking supplements such as vitamin B2 and calcium may promote health and prevent disease. However, the type and frequency of other vitamin and mineral supplements consumed should be considered with caution.

본 연구는 장미 순환식 수경재배 시 재배시기별로 적합한 배양액을 개발하고자 일본야채다업시험장 표준액을 1/4S, 1/2S, 2/3S, 1S로 하여 펄라이트와 입상 암면을 4:6 부피비로 섞은 고형배지를 이용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 고온기재배의 경우 1/2S 처리구에서, 저온기의 경우 2/3S 처리구에서 광합성 속도, 절화 품질 및 생육이 우수하였다. 이를 토대로 1/2S(고온기), 2/3S(저온기) 처리구의 양수분 흡수율을 기준으로 새로운 배양액을 조성하였다. 이온의 조성은 고온기의 경우 NO3-N 6.8, NH4-N 0.7, PO4-P 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, SO4-S 1.2me·L-1, 저온기의 경우 NO3-N 6.8, NH4-N 0.7, PO4-P 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, SO4-S 1.2me·L-1 이었다. 개발한 배양액의 적합성 평가실험 결과 UOS 배양액은 Ca, P 등의 이온이 장미의 양분흡수율보다 많이 함유된 기존의 배양액과 비교하여 근권 내 EC 변화가 안정적이었다. 또한 절화수량이 재배기간에 관계없이 기존 배양액보다 높은 결과를 나타내었고 특히 저온기 재배시 아이찌현 배양액 처리구에 비하여 수확량이 140% 증가하였다. 따라서 고형배지를 이용한 장미 순환식 수경재배시 새로 개발된 배양액을 사용할 경우 기존 배양액에 비해 비료절감의 효과와 함께 안정적인 생육 및 수량증대를 기대할 수 있다.

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density in 36 female college students with osteopenia for 12 weeks. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of bone mineral density. The experimental groups were provided supplements of either 80 mg of isoflavone (Iso-80) or 40 mg of isoflavone (Iso-40). To the placebo group, 40 mg of powdered glutinous rice was administered. It was determined that many subjects with osteopenia evidenced lower levels of activity as compared to the control group. Isoflavone supplementation was more effective in controlling total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than was observed in the placebo group. We noted no significant differences in serum osteocalcin concentration between Iso-40 and the placebo group, but significant differences in osteocalcin concentration were detected between Iso-80 and the placebo group. Bone quality indices (BQI) were correlated positively with mineral content, lean body mass, muscular mass, and blood components including albumin, Ca, Mg, ALPase, and osteocalcin. Both Iso-40 and Iso-80 supplementation for 12 weeks significantly increased protein and mineral content in the body. As lower intakes of Ca and folate were noted in the subjects, emphasis should be given to adequate intakes of these nutrients in the subjects. In conclusion, 12 week isoflavone supplementation in young females with osteopenia exerted positive effects on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers.

본 실험은 장미 식물공장에서 single-node cutting 'Versillia'의 양분흡수 특성을 구명하고 순환식 수경재배 시스템에 적합한 배양액 내 무기이온 조절방식을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 실험 기간동안 각 처리별 배양액 내 무기이온함량 변화를 살펴본 결과 EC 제어구의 경우 NO3-N은 생육 후반이 되면 그 함량이 적정 범위 이상으로 증가 하였고 P와 Mg은 감소하였으며 배양액 첨가구는 전체적인 배양액 내 무기이온 함량이 증가하였다. 이에 비해 무기이온 제어구는 생육 기간동안 근권 내 적정 범위를 유지하였다. 광합성 효율을 나타내는 지표 중 하나인 Fv/Fm는 무기이온제어구와 배양액 첨가구에서 높았고 절화장, 생체중 등은 무기이온 제어구에서 높았다. 그러나 뿌리의 활성 정도를 측정해본 결과 무기이온 제어구에서 높았으나 배양액 첨 가구에서는 생육 초기에 배양액 내 pH 변화폭이 커서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 위의 결과를 종합하였을 때, 무기이온 조절(다량 미량원소 제어구와 다량원소 제어구)을 통해 배양액을 관리하는 것이 생육 전 기간 동안 근권 환경을 적절히 유지해 줄 수 있었고 이에 따라 절화 품질도 향상되므로 장미(single-node cutting) 순환식 수경재배에 적합한 근권 환경 제어방식이라고 할 수 있다.

국화과 13종과 배추과 14종의 쌈채소류, 그리고 허브류 7종을 담액식 수경재배 시스템에 혼식하여 EC 1.2, 2.4 및 3.6dS·m-1의 배양액을 공급하여 배양액의 pH와 EC 변화, 식물체의 생육과 무기양분 흡수 특성을 조사하였다. pH는 양액농도가 높을수록 낮아졌고, EC는 양액농도가 높은 처리에서 높아 EC 3.6dS·m-1처리에서 4.8dS·m-1까지 높아졌다. 생육은 여름철에는 국화과와 허브류는 EC 1.2dS·m-1, 배추과는 2.4dS·m-1의 배양액에서 양호하였고, 가을철에는 EC 2.4dS·m-1 처리에서 대부분 작물이 생육이 양호하였다. 무기양분의 흡수는 생육이 양호했던 가을철이 여름철보다 T-N과 K 함량이 높았다. 작물별로는 배추과가 국화과와 허브류에 비해서 T-N, K, Ca,그리고 Mg함량이 높았으며, Fe과 Mn 함량은 오히려 국화과에서 높았다. 결과적으로 국화과와 배추과 쌈채소류와 몇 가지 허브류를 혼식하여 한 가지 배양액으로 수경재배 시 여름철에는 EC 1.2dS·m-1, 가을에는 EC 2.4dS·m-1로 재배하면 유리할 것으로 판단되었다.

순환식 양액재배시 계면활성제가 무기이온 흡수 증진에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 상추의 생육, 광합성율, 증산율 및 무기이온 함량을 분석하였다. 상추 생육은 0.3mg·L-1 PVA-95처리에서 가장 높았으며, l/2배액에서 재배된 상추의 생육도 양호하였다. 칼슘 함량이 증가된 0.3mg·L-1 CLS 처리의 상추는 생육이 낮음에도 불구하고 높은 증산율과 광합성율 및 엽내 카리, 칼슘 및 마그네슘 함량이 높았다. 따라서 높은 생육량과 비료 절감 효과가 인정된 PVA-95 처리와 CLS 처리에 의한 엽내 무기 성분 함량 증가가 인정됨에 따라 수경재배 상추의 고품질 생산에 유용하게 사용 가능하리라고 판단된다.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of food waste compost andmineral nitrogen in 3 cuttings per annurn on the nutritive value and nutrient yields of orchardgrass (Dactylisglomerata L.). Annual food waste compos

Alfatoxin과 비타민의 상호작용(相互作用)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 브로이러 병아리 336수(首)를 8구(區)로 나누고 aflatoxin 을 0 또는 0.5 ppm, 비타민를 0, 500, 1,000 또는 1,500 IU/Kg 급여(給與)하는 3주간(週間)의 요인시험(要因試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 증체량(增體量), 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量), 사료전환율(飼料轉換率), 정강이 색상(色相), 폐사율(斃死率) 및 각약증발생율(脚弱症發生率)에 있어서 각구간(各區間) 유의차(有意差)를 나타내지 않았다. 건물(乾物), 조단백질(粗蛋白質), 조지방(粗脂肪), 가용무질소물(可溶無窒素物) 및 조회분(粗灰分)의 이용율(利用率)에 있어서 각(各) 구간(區間) 유의차(有意差)를 나타내지 않았다. 조섬유(粗纖維)의 이용율(利用率)에 있어서 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 aflatoxin 급여구(給與區)가 매우 낮은 값을 보였다(P<.01). 그러나 비타민 첨가수준간(添加水準間)에는 유의차(有意差)를 나타내지 않았으며 aflatoxin과 비타민간(間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 인정(認定)되지 않았다. Ca, P 및 Na의 이용률(利用率)에 있어서 각(各) 구간(區間) 유의차(有意差)를 보이지 않았으나 aflatoxin 급여구(給與區)의 Ca이용율(利用率)이 무급여구(無給與區)보다 약간 높았다. 탈지건조경골(脫脂乾燥脛骨)의 회분함량(灰分含量)은 각처리간(各處理間) 유의차(有意差)가 없었으나 Ca함량(含量)에 있어서도 aflatoxin 0.5 ppm구(區)에서 무급여구(無給與區)보다 더 많았으며(P<.05), 비타민를 더 많이 급여(給與)할수록 조금씩 높게 나타났다. Aflatoxin과 비타민가 경골내(脛骨內) Ca을 가속적(加速的)으로 증가(增加)시킨다는 것을 보여 주었다(P<.01). 그리고 P의 함량(含量)에 있어서도 aflatoxin 급여(給與)로 증가(增加)되었다(P<.05). 그러나 비타민 수준간(水準間)에는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으며 2요인간(要因間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 없었다. Aflatoxin 급여(給與)는 Na함량(含量)에 영향(影響)을 주지 않았으나 비타민 수준간(水準間)에는 유의차(有意差)가 나타나(P<.01) 1,000 IU/Kg수준(水準)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 2요인간(要因間)의 교호작용(交互作用)은 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 혈청중(血淸中)의 Ca농도(濃度)에 있어서 aflatoxin 급여구(給與區)에서 매우 높게 나타났으며(P<.01), 유의성(有意性)은 없었으나 비타민 첨가수준(添加水準)이 높아질때 조금씩 증가(增加)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 2요인간(要因間)의 교호작용(交互作用)이 인정(認定)되었다(P<.05). P의 함량(含量)은 각(各) 처리간(處理間)에 유의차(有意差)가 없었으며 Alkaline Phosphatase 역가(力價)에 있어서 aflatoxin 급여구(給與區)가 높은 값을 보였다(P<.01). 그리고 비타민 수준(水準)이 높아짐에 따라 조금씩 증가(增加)하는 추세(趨勢)를 보였으나 유의차(有意差)는 없었으며 Aflatoxin과 비타민간(間)에는 교호작용(交互作用)이 없었다.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

Correlations of soil and leaf nutrients and growth of young ‘Enterprise’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees were analyzed with tree damage, such as Japanese beetle (JB; Popillia japonica Newman)-damaged leaves, vole damage to trunk, tree mortality, and weed density in a certified organic orchard in warm and humid environment of Southern USA. Interaction treatments of four mulch and three fertilizers were applied around trees as follows: mow-and-blow (MB), shredded paper (SP), wood chips (WC), and green compost (GC) as a mulch, with no fertilizer (NF), poultry litter (PL), and commercial organic fertilizer (CF) as a fertilizer applied in April. Vole damage to trunk and weed density were little correlated with mineral nutrients and tree growth. JB-damaged leaves were highly stimulated to 26.5% in GC-treated plots while tree mortality were increased by MB treatments. Biomass production per tree was approximately 3,700 g on the WC- and GC-treated plots, which was two times higher than those values observed on the other two mulch plots. JB-damaged leaves tended to get worse when nutrients in soil and leaf increased through the correlation analysis, with a strong positive relationship (r2 = 0.585) observed between JB-damaged leaves and trunk cross sectional area, a vegetative indicator. Tree mortality was more negatively associated with nutrient contents and growth of trees than those of soil nutrients. Wood chips was considered for a local organic mulch materials to increase organic matter contents and to produce healthy young trees in Southern USA, with control insect, such as beetle, and vole density in an orchard habitat.

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of leaf discoloration occurring frequently in paddy cultivation. Chemical property of soil and inorganic nutrient component of leaf were analyzed on abnormal fields of 7 regions where leaf discoloration occurred severely and normal fields of 7 regions among ginseng garden. The pH of abnormal fields was strong acidic condition (pH 5.51) compare to normal fields of slightly acid condition (pH 6.42). Calcium and magnesium content in abnormal fields were lower distinctly than that of normal fields, while EC, organic matter, phosphate, and potassium content showed not distinct difference between abnormal and normal fields. Whereas calcium and magnesium content were distinctly high in normal fields, both of potassium and iron content of ginseng leaf were distinctly high in abnormal fields. In particular, iron content of abnormal fields was more 1.94 times in soil, and 3.03 times in leaf than that of normal fields. In soil chemical property, there were significant negative correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and soil pH, and there were also significant positive correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and iron content. In ginseng leaf, there were highly significant negative correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and calcium content, and there were also highly significant positive correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and iron content.

인삼의 계절적 물질생산과 생장특성을 분석하고 식물체내의 무기양분의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 19-85년에 2년생 인삼을 공시하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 엽의 생장은 6월상순, 경장의 성장은 6월하순에 각각 완료되었다. 2. 생육시기별 근중변화는 V자형을 보였다 즉, 5월하순까지는 근중이 감소되었다가 그 이후에는 다시 증가되었으며 9월후에도 근중증가가 인정되었는데 근중증가 완료는 낙엽기에 좌우될 것이다 3. 근의 길이 생장은 5월상순부터 시작되어 8월 상순에 완료되었다. 4. 상대생장률, 순동화율 및 개체군생장 속도는 출아직후에 부치를 보였으며 5월에 최대치를 보였고 그후 점차 감소되었다. 5. 엽면적비는 30~76cm2 /g의 범위로 5월에 최대치를 보였으며 그 후 점차 감소되었다. 6. 지상부에 함유되에있는 질소, 가리의 함량은 생육후기에는 감소되였으나 석회의 함량은 증가되었고 인산과 마그네슘의 함량은 생육시기에 따른 변화가 인정되지 않았다 7. 근에 함유되어 있는 질소, 인산, 가리의 함량은 지상부생육 성기에 급격히 감소되었고 생육후기에는 증가되었으나 석회 및 마그네슘의 함량은 생육시기에 따른 변화가 인정되지 않았다.