정보기술이 발전하면서 소셜네트워크 서비스의 기능은 계속 풍부해지고 있으며 사람들의 다양한 수요를 만족시켜줄 뿐만 아니라 갈수록 사람들의 관심과 환영을 받고있다. 관련 조사 수치에 따르면 현재 우리 나라에 소셜네트워크 서비스 활용도가 90% 이상에 이른다. 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 20대 젊은이들은 전체 사용량의 30%에 이른다. <2015년 중국 소셜네트워크 서비스 응용 사용자 행위 연구 보고>에 따르면 미성년자의 소셜네트워크 서비스를 사용하는 비율이 거의 총수의 3분의 1을 차지했으며 수중 대상은 보편적으로 청소년들이 다는 것을 알게 된다. 소셜네트워크 서비스는 양날의 칼처럼 사람들은 그것을 사용하여 관심이 있는 내용, 뉴스 메이커를 알아보는 것, 지식을 얻으면서 공유하는 것, 사진 올림, 상태 업데이트, 동영상, 음악 등 다양한 면으로 활용할 수 있다. 그런데 그 중에 빠지게 되면 개인의 직장, 학습, 건강, 인간관계 등 일련의 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이 연구에서 중국 강서성 이춘대학교에서 온 대학생 909명을 대상으로 조사했다. <소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용량 표>' 의 득점에 따라 159명을 추려냈다. 연구 도구는 <소셜네트워크 서비스 과도 사용 계량기>, <소셜네트워크서비스 사용 동기 계량기>, <생활 만족도 계량기>, <자존심 계량기>, <스트레스 지각 계량기> 등이다. 필자는 대학생들의 소셜네트워크서비스 선택에 대한 비교 연구를 하여 심리 건강, 사용 동기 등에 대해 살펴봤다. 본 논문은 소셜네트워크서비스의 과도한 사용 현황, 동기와 심리적 건강의 상관관계를 주요 논술로 다루고 있다. 마지막으로 소셜네트워크서비스의 동기, 심리적 건강, 과도한 사용의 상관관계를 논술했다. 관련 분야 연구에 사실적 근거를 제공하기 위해서 하는 것이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사에 따르면 소셜네트워크서비스 사용현황에서 일반사용자는 80% 이상을 차지했으며 나머지20%는 과도사용자수였다. 소셜네트워크서비스의 동기와 심리 건강 변수에는 일정한 차이가 있었다. 이 밖에 과도사용자는 시간 몰이 동기, 정보 입수 동기, 오락 동기, 자기 표현 동기, 회피 동기 그리고 스트레스감 지력이 다른 조보다 높았지만 생활 만족도와 자존심 항목에서는 낮은 점수를 받았다. (2) 연구과정에서 소셜네트워크서비스에 존재한 소일 시간, 정보수집, 오락, 자기표현, 현실 탈출 등 동기가 과도한 사용과 현저한 정관계가 있다는 것을 발견했다. (3) 생활만족도와 소셜네트워크서비스의 과도 사용이 뚜렷한 마이너스관계가 나타난다. 자존심과 소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용의 관련이 미약하다. 스트레스지각과 소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용은 뚜렷한 정관계가 있다. (4) 생활만족도가 시간 몰이 동기, 자기표현 동기, 탈출 동기는 소셜네트워크서비스 과도사용의 조절 효과가 현저하지만 정보 획득 동기, 오락 동기에 대한 조절 효과가 뚜렷하지 않다. (5) 자존심은 소셜네트워크서비스 사용 동기와 소셜네트워크 서비스 과도 사용의 조절 효과가 뚜렷하지 않다. (6) 스트레스 지각은 오락 동기와 소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용의 조절 효과가 뚜렷하지만 시간 물이 동기, 정보 입수 동기, 자기표현 동기, 탈출 동기와 소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용 의 조절 효과가 현저하지 않다. 본 연구는 소셜네트워크서비스 과도 사용에 영향을 미치는 요소에 대한 연구를 통하여, 특히 대학생 과도사용자들은 소셜 네트워크사이트서비스의 과도 사용에 대한 관심도를 한층 더 강화하고 자아방호의식을 강화하며 더 절제하게 소셜네트워크 서비스를 사용한다. 또한 교육자가 학생들의 심리적 행복감과 소셜네트워크서비스 사용 동기에 근거하여 소셜네트워크서비스 과도사용자에게 효과적인 간섭 조치와 교정 조치를 제공한다는 것에도 도움이 된다.

많은 조직들은 불확실하고 급속도로 변화하는 환경 속에서 조직의 지속적인 발전과 성공을 위해 다각 도로 노력하고 있다. 특히 조직이 직면한 다양한 문제에 대한 해결 능력의 중요성이 부각되면서 구성원의 자발적 지식공유에 대한 관심이 날로 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 구성원의 지식공유 딜레마를 해소시키는 요인에 대한 탐구가 지속적으로 이루어져 왔는데, 그 중에서도 리더십은 구성원의 지식공유에 영향을 미치는 중요한 선행요인으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 리더의 언행일치, 즉 행동적 진실성이 그간 조직에 긍정적인 결과를 가져오는 리더의 행동으로 제시되어 왔지만, 이를 지식공유와 연결한 연구는 매우 제한적이다. 아울러 이 두 변수 간의 관계를 설명해주는 메커니즘에 중점을 둔 연구는 더욱 미흡하다. 본 연구는 이러한 선행연구의 한계점을 보완하고자 리더의 행동적 진실성과 구성원의 지식공유 간 관계를 검증하고, 두 변수간의 관계에서 관계적 에너지의 매개효과와 친사회적 동기의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 실증분석을 위하여 육군 간부 329쌍의 자료를 활용하였다. 실증분석 결과 관계적 에너지는 행동적 진실성과 구성원의 지식공유 간의 관계를 완전매개하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 구성원의 친사회적 동기가 높을수록 관계적 에너지와 지식공유 간의 정(+)적 관계가 더 강하게 나타났으며, 관계적 에너지를 통해 부하의 지식공유에 영향을 주는 행동적 진실성의 간접효과 또한 친사회적 동기가 높을수록 더 강하였다. 본 연구는 행동적 진실성과 지식공유 두 변수간의 관계에 내재된 메커니즘을 실증적으로 검증했다는 측면에서 이론적 및 실무적 함의를 가진다. 아울러 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향에 대해 연구의 말미에 기술하였다.

본 연구는 신임해양경찰공무원의 교육훈련에 공공봉사동기가 영향을 미치는가를 검증하였다. 연구결과는 공공봉사동기의 하위변인인 자기희생, 공익몰입, 공공정책의 호감도는 교육만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었으나 공공봉사동기 하위변인인 동정심은 교육내용만족에 대한 영향요인은 기각되었다. 본 연구는 내재적 요인인 공직에 필요한 봉사정신, 희생정신과 같은 무형의 자산이 교육 만족도영향요인임을 검증하였다는데 의미가 있다. 해양경찰은 육상경찰이나 다른 공직분야와 달리 해상이라는 장소적인 위험성으로 인하여 공직 가치의 중요성이 보다 중요시되므로 이를 고양하기 위한 다양한 제도와 연구의 필요성이 인정된다.

급격한 기업환경의 변화에서 기업의 생존과 목적달성을 위해서는 변화와 혁신의 노력을 통해 경쟁적 우위를 확보할 필요가 있다. 이처럼 기업은 창의적 아이디어를 개발하고 활용함으로써 변화하는 시장상 황에 적응하고, 기회를 반응하며, 이를 통해 성장, 발전, 경쟁하게 된다(Oldham, 2002; Nonaka, 1991). 앞으로 4차 산업의 인재는 자신의 분야에서 창의적인 개발과 혁신을 통해 새로운 부가가치를 창출하고 사람들과 소통할 줄 알아야 하며 창의적인 지식을 통합할 수 있어야 한다. 특히 조직에서 리더는 건설적인 목적을 가진 구성원들의 의견이나 아이디어 또는 제안에 귀를 기울이는 것이 매우 중요하다. 앞으로 한국의 성장, 발전을 위해 조직에서 부하직원의 발언을 경청하는 리더의 행동이 구성원의 창의적인 아이디어를 창출하게 함으로써 한국 기업경쟁력에 가장 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 직장인 400명을 대상으로 설문을 통해 리더의 행동특성이 구성원의 개인창의성, 친사회적 발언행동, 내재적 동기부여에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 파악하고 내재적 동기부여와 친사회적 발언행동에 시사점을 제공하기 위해 리더의 행동특성과 개인창의성 관계에서 매개효과를 분석하여 연구가설을 검증하였으며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 리더의 행동특성은 구성원의 개인창의성, 친사회적 발언행동, 내재적 동기부여에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 친사회적 발언행동과 내재적 동기부여는 개인창의성에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 리더의 행동특성과 개인창의성 관계에서 매개효과를 나타내었다. 결과적으로 조직에서 리더의 행동특성이 구성원의 창의성을 발휘하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 역할이 되며 리더의 역할이나 태도 뿐만 아니라 구성원들의 친사회적 발언행동과 정서적으로 나타나는 내재적 동기부여도 매우 중요하며 친사회적 발언행동과 내재적 동기부여가 창의성을 발휘하는데 긍정적인 작용을 일으킨다는 점을 본 연구에서 제시하고 있다.

본 연구는 충북지역의 대표 관광목적지인 청남대의 방문동기와 만족도 간 영향관계에 있어 지역주민과 관광객 집단 간 차이를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 문헌연구를 통해 구성한 설문지를 바탕으로 청남대를 방문한 경험이 있는 충북권 지역주민 200부, 충북 외 지역에 거주하고 있는 관광객 200부의 유효표본을 확보하여 분석에 활용하였다. 분석결과, 동기와 만족도 간 영향관계는 전체표본, 지역주민, 관광객 집단에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 자연휴식성 과 편리성 요인이 만족도에 긍정적으로 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 동기와 만족도 간 영향관계에 있어 지역주민은 자연휴식성, 편리성, 역사성, 관계성 등 4개 동기요인, 관광객은 자연휴식성, 편리성 등 2개 동기요인이 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 집단 간 차이가 있음을 보여주었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 이론적･실무적 시사점을 제시하였으며, 후속 연구과제를 제안하였다.

Collaborative apparel consumption is proposed as more sustainable alternative to conven-tional consumption. The purpose of this study is the exploration of consumers’ motives to participate in collaborative apparel consumption. Findings suggest that consumers’ inten-tion to participate in collaborative apparel consumption is mainly influenced by financial benefits, convenience and sustainability awareness.

This research aims to identify the main drivers behind consumers’ connection with fashion brands on social media. With a sample of 29 in-depth interviews with French individuals the study analyzes why and how consumers connect with fashion brands on social media platforms. Our results disclosed three categories of drivers: information with characteristics of information seeking, need for “staying in”, public self-consciousness and tracking promotions; aspirational with characteristics of entertainment, visual enjoyment, and dreaming; and last social with characteristics of need for belonging to brand community, social contamination, and benchmark with reference groups. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed as well.

This study explore the market segmentation based on beer consumers’ purchase motivation 1) to analyze beer consumers and markets more closely and 2) to demonstrate the characteristics of each market segment and contribute to marketing strategies with beer consumer segment. Using -administrated questionnaires asked questions recognizable beer purchase within 6 months by over 20-years-olds, this study 201 surveys online 22 days. The results as follows: beer consumers’ purchase motivation consisted of three factors enhancement, social orientation, and value enhancement. Cluster analysis based on beer purchase showed that there were three groups motivation multi-motivation and motivation group based on average value of beer purchase motive factors and relative load per factor. demographic,beer drinking characteristics and group difference according to cluster gender and monthly average income, and beer drinking characteristics also significantly different by preferred beer, preferred beer type, occasion and drinking place.

During reading instruction, sustaining learners’ reading motivation (RM) may be a challenge but a requisite when the goal is to keep learners reading. In the context of the present study, it was examined as to how RM may be sustained in a reading course. For this purpose, information on learners’ RM was collected in a semester-long university reading course with 118 Korean learners of English at the pre- and post-instructional stages of reading. RM was assessed with Motivations for Reading Questionnaire before and after reading instruction. Results indicated that reading involvement had decreased for all learners whereas the less skilled learners demonstrated an increase of reading efficacy and a drop in reading for grades. A linear multiple regression further indicated that reading efficacy was a significant predictor of reading proficiency only for the skilled learners. Implications are presented on how reading needs to be conducted by allowing learners to choose their own materials, which in turn may have an effect on developing more robust forms of RM.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships among English learners’ motivation, strategies and achievement, with a group of 51 Korean three-year college students. The students responded to the questionnaire of learning motivation and strategies. Also they took a mock TOEIC. Multiple regression analysis allowed for the analysis of learners’ motivation and strategies to predict a single dependent variable, their English achievement. The findings revealed that, first, ‘internal motivation’ was found the highest predictor of their English study, while ‘instrumental motivation-individual’ was the lowest motivation type for students. Second, participants used ‘social strategies’ most frequently in studying English, and they used the others in the order of ‘compensation strategies’, ‘affective strategies’, ‘cognitive strategies’, ‘memory strategies’ and ‘metacognitive strategies’. Last, the impact of learning motivation and strategies on the TOEIC scores was not statistically significant, but the relationship of learning motivation and strategies was found to be positive. Implications for the practical classroom and suggestions for further research are suggested.

본 연구는 노인의 스포츠 활동 참여동기가 여가만족에 미치는 목적을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 생활체육 프로그램을 참여하고 있는 노인들을 모집단으로 설정하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 통하여 2018년 9월 1일부터 10월 31일까지 총 250부의 설문지를 배포하여 불성실하게 응답했거나 조사내용의 일부가 누락도어 신뢰성이 떨어지는 자료 53부를 제외한 197부를 유효표본으로 설정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS Statistics 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인 스포츠 활동 참여동기 요인 중 내적동기는 심리적 만족, 교육적 만족, 생리적 만족 등에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 외적동기는 사회적만족, 휴식적 만족 요인에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 무동기는 심리적 만족, 사회적 만족, 교육적 만족, 휴식적 만족, 환경적 만족에 영향을 미쳤다.

본 연구는 셀프리더십이 진로동기에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 그 과정에서 자기통제력과 취업 스트레스의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 263명의 대학생들의 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 셀프리더십, 진로동기, 자기통제력, 취업스트레스 간에는 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다. 진로동기와 취업스트레스의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 둘째 셀프리더십과 진로동기, 셀프리더십과 자기통제력, 자기통제력과 진로동기, 자기통제력과 취업스트레스는 서로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것이 확인되었다. 즉 셀프리더십은 진로동기와 자기통제력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 자기통제력 또한 진로동기에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 그리고 자기통제력 수준이 높을수록 취업스트레스가 낮다는 점도 확인하였다. 셋째 셀프리더십이 진로동기에 영향을 미치는데 있어서 자기통제력을 경유할 때 그 크기가 증가하였다. 이 사실은 진로동기를 이해하는 데 있어서 셀프리더십과 자기통제력의 중요성을 확인해 준다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점을 논의하였다.

이 연구는 충주 조정아카데미 참여동기와 만족 및 지속의도의 관계를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 조정체험아카데미 이용한 경험이 있는 일반인들을 모집단으로 설정하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 통하여 2017년 8월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 총 230부의 설문지를 배포하여 불성실하게 응답했거나 조사내용의 일부가 누락되어 신뢰성이 떨어지는 자료 29부를 제외한 201부를 유효 표본으로 설정하였다. 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 21과 IBM AMOS 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모형 분석을 통한 경로분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 조정체험아카데미의 참여동기 요인 중 건강지향, 가정지향, 사교지향, 여가지향 등이 만족에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 조정체험아카데미 만족은 지속의도에 영향을 미쳤다.

Cette étude vise à étudier les caractéristiques et la différence entre la classe traditionnelle et la classe inversée grâce à une analyse comparative de ces méthodes d’apprentissage. L’expérience a été réalisée sur un groupe d’expérimentation et un groupe de contrôle afin d’étudier l’effet de l’apprentissage inversé sur la motivation et la réussite scolaire des étudiants. Des outils de recherche tels qu’un programme d’apprentissage inversé et un questionnaire de motivation ont été utilisés. Les procédures d’étude comprennent, dans cet ordre, un pré-test, un processus expérimental et un post-test. Par la suite, le traitement des données a été effectué par un ‘test t’ réalisé sur un échantillon indépendant et un ‘test t’ réalisé sur un échantillon apparié. Les résultats montrent que l’apprentissage inversé a un effet positif sur la motivation de l’apprentissage. Par exemple, celui-ci a influencé l’amélioration des éléments de motivation tels que l’attention et la confiance. Par ailleurs, il a plus d’effet sur les élèves au niveau faible que sur les élèves de haut niveau dans les études académiques du français.

Introduction Globalization not only increases human mobility, but changes the relationship between international migrants and their country of origin. With improved transportation systems and new technologies, migrants can stay connected to their homeland in multiple ways. In the past, it was costly and time-consuming for migrants to "keep in touch" with their homeland. Thus, the ability to assimilate into the culture and lifestyle of the mainstream society was important (Alba & Nee, 2003; Portes & Zhou, 1993). At the same time, migrants and minority groups also form ethnic enclaves (e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy) where they can maintain the culture and traditions of "home" and preserve a part of their cultural identity (Portes & Manning, 1986). Contemporary migrants, however, live in a transnational social field (Louie, 2006). They can easily communicate with their friends and family back home. Even if they reside in rural areas, most goods from the old country can be found in the new country. Migrants can shop online for the groceries, books, fashion, beauty products, kitchenware, etc. from their homeland. They can listen to hit songs in their native language, keep up with the major news events, follow the newest TV series, cheer for their favorite sports teams, watch live election results, and more—almost as if they have never left. Traveling back to the homeland is one important way for migrants to main transnational ties (Haller & Landolt, 2005). This type of travel is commonly known as diaspora tourism (Coles & Timothy, 2004), VFR tourism (Uriely, 2010), and roots tourism (Maruyama & Stronza, 2010). Migrants may visit the homeland for various reasons, including: leisure, business, local food, culture and heritage, quest, retain ties, finding oneself, roots-seeking, personal identity, connection with place, obligation to ancestors, recovery of social identity, and family togetherness (Kluin & Lehtom, 2012; Li & McKercher, 2016; Murdy, Alexander, & Bryce, 2018; Ray & McCain, 2012). Given that contemporary migrants can engage in transnational practices in the host society, and take part in various types of leisure activities that are related to the culture and lifestyle of "home," the question is: do migrants still feel the need to visit the homeland in person? Or since everything is readily available, they do not need to go back as often as before. On one hand, participating in transnational leisure activities may strengthen their attachment to the homeland and increase their longing to return. On the other hand, the accessibility of homeland goods, services, culture, and relationships through global networks may decrease the desire and frequency of traveling back to the homeland. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between transnational leisure activities and motivation to visit the homeland. Specifically, do migrants‘ transnational leisure participation and involvement influence their diaspora tourism motivation? Literature Review Transnationalism refers to the interconnected lifestyle and social experience of immigrants maintaining multiple ties with their home and host societies (Basch, Glick-Schiller, & Blanc, 1994). Transnationalism could be sustained through different types of activities, including economic, political, social, familial, religious, and cultural activities. Although leisure activities have not been a focus of transnationalism research, some cultural transnational practices overlap with leisure activities. The Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles study (IIMMLA) found that 8.1% of second-generation immigrants participated in organizations associated with their parents‘ country of birth, and 48.7% watched TV or listened to the radio in their parents‘ language at least once a week or more (Rumbaut et al., 2008). The Immigrant Second Generation in New York study (ISGNY) revealed that ethnic music is very important to West Indian immigrants, and they listened to more ethnic music. Chinese-Americans, however, might listen to some Cantonese pop, but usually not traditional Chinese music (Kasinitz et al., 2008). Within leisure research, most studies on the leisure activities of immigrants employ the theory of acculturation. The focus was not on transnational leisure, but on immigrants‘ leisure participation within the mainstream culture of the host society. Many studies examined the effect of acculturation on immigrant leisure, be it participation, perceived benefits, motivations, or constraints. Floyd and Gramann (1993) compared Mexican- and Anglo-Americans to determine if the former‘s outdoor activity patterns and site visitation would be similar to the latter, based on different levels of structural assimilation. Shaull and Gramann (1998) also examined Hispanic- and Anglo-Americans to determine the impact of cultural assimilation on one‘s perceived benefits of outdoor recreation. They found a strong Anglo-conformity pattern in Hispanic-Americans‘ perception of nature-related benefits, while family-related benefits were less prone to the impact of cultural assimilation. Another study by Walker, Deng, and Dieser (2001) compared the motivations of Chinese-Canadians and Euro-North Americans for outdoor recreation. Their findings indicated that acculturation influenced the recreation motivation of Chinese-Canadians, both directly and indirectly through self-construal. The relationship between acculturation and leisure was also examined in Yu and Berryman‘s study (1996) on immigrant adolescents, which revealed a positive relationship between acculturation and recreational activities, and a negative relationship between acculturation and perceived barriers. A similar relationship was found in Scott, Lee, Lee and Kim‘s (2006) study of Korean migrants. They identified some constraints (i.e., lack of English proficiency and fear of discrimination) that varied by one‘s level of acculturation, while the biggest constraint, time, was not influenced by acculturation. Stodolska and Santos (2006) were the first to propose the concept of "transnational leisure," and they defined it as "leisure that is maintained by transnational migrants to foster their ties with their countries and communities of origin" (p. 162). Huang, Norman, Ramshaw, and Haller (2015) identified different types of transnational leisure activities by second-generation Chinese-Americans, and categorized them into four types: ethnic events and festivals, ethnic social clubs and organizations, ethnic media and pop culture, and Internet-based activities. As these previous studies were qualitative in nature, there is a need for more quantitative research so as to compare and identify different patterns of transnational leisure (e.g., level of involvement, frequency of participation) and examine how transnational leisure relate to other variables. Methods This study aims to examine the transnational leisure involvement and travel motivation of diaspora tourists. Specifically, overseas Chinese residing in North America (i.e., the USA and Canada) was selected as the target population. The service of a reputable and reliable international online survey company was obtained to reach out to this specific population of interest. Data collection took place from December 2016 to January 2017. A total of 808 responses were gathered. A questionnaire was developed based on previous literature. A list of transnational leisure activities with 19 items was developed based on the work of Huang et al. (2015). The transnational leisure involvement scale was adapted from the works of Kyle, Graefe, Manning, and Bacon (2003) and Kyle, Bricker, Graefe, and Wickham (2004). The scale consists of 14 items and three dimensions: Attraction, Centrality, and Self-expression. As there are many types of transnational leisure activities, respondents were first asked to go through the list and indicate their frequency of participation in each activity. Next, they were asked to think about "these activities" as they answered the leisure involvement scale. The measures for diaspora tourism motivation was developed based on Poria and colleagues‘ scale for heritage tourism motivation (2004; 2006a; 2006b), Kluin and Lehto‘s (2012) scale for family reunion travel motivations, and Li and McKercher‘s (2016) qualitative study on diaspora tourists. The last section of the questionnaire will be used to collect demographic information. Findings EFA was conducted to explore if transnational leisure activities can be categorized into different types. Three items were removed due to double loading (i.e., Sing Chinese songs in the karaoke, Online shopping for Chinese/Asian items, and Connect with friends and relatives in China through social media). Factor 1 consisted of 3 items that are basic common activities in migrant life, and was labeled "Basic" transnational leisure (i.e., Eat Chinese food, Shop for Chinese/Asian groceries, and Celebrate Chinese holidays). Factor 2 consisted of 7 items that are related to pop culture and internet-based leisure activities, and was labeled "Media-based" transnational leisure (e.g., Listen to Chinese songs and music, Watch Chinese drama, Visit websites related to Chinese or Chinese-American culture, and Read/watch the news related to China). Contrary to the individualistic nature of the activities in Factor 2, Factor 3 consisted of 6 items that are more likely to be group activities, and related to social clubs events and activities (e.g., Attend events hosted by Chinese ethnic organizations, Participate in Chinese cultural activities, Play Chinese board or card games, Attend Chinese concerts/performances, and Follow Chinese/Chinese-American sports players or teams). Thus, Factor 3 was labeled "Event-based" transnational leisure. Respondents‘ participation in these activities was measured on a 5-point scale of frequency, from 1=Never to 5=Always/Everyday. Overall, "Basic" transnational leisure received the highest mean score (M=3.82), while the means for "Media-based" (M=2.86) and "Event-based" activities (M=2.62) were lower. Although the mean scores in Factor 2 and 3 were not high, it should be noted that the nature of these activities are different. Chinese migrants can "Eat Chinese food" every day, but they cannot "Attending Chinese concerts" every day. Therefore, the mean scores for "Event-based" activities were the lowest. Moreover, ANOVA was conducted to compare five migrant generation groups (e.g., first-generation migrants who were born in the old country and relocated to a new country and second-generation migrants are native-born in the new country). The second generation had the lowest level of participation, while the first generation and 4+ generation had the highest level of participation in most types of transnational leisure activities. Correlation analyses further revealed that the frequency of "Media-based" activities and "Event-based" activities were positively correlated to the number of homeland trips, while the relationship between "Basic" transnational leisure and number of homeland trips was not statistically significant. Lastly, CFA was conducted to confirm the underlying dimensions of Transnational Leisure Involvement: Attraction (6 items), Centrality (4 items), and Self-expression (4 items). EFA was conducted to identify the dimensions of diaspora tourism motivation. The 11 items loaded on one of two factors: Chinese Culture (6 items) and Family Heritage (5 items). Multiple regression analyses were conducted, with the three dimensions of transnational leisure involvement as independent variables, and the two dimensions of diaspora tourism motivation as dependent variables. It was found that Attraction and Centrality would influence respondents‘ motivation for Chinese Culture, while Attraction, Centrality, and Self-expression would influence respondents‘ motivation for Personal Heritage. Discussion Results showed that transnational leisure involvement is useful in understanding the activity patterns of different migrant generations. Specifically, the relationships between transnational involvement and diaspora tourism motivation were consistently positive, which provides an effective means of segmenting diaspora tourists. Transnational leisure activities are good opportunities for homeland destinations to connect with diaspora tourists prior to their travel. Other than direct promotional activities, transnational leisure provides an alternative way to increase diaspora tourists‘ level of engagement and frequency of travel to the homeland.

On the basis of the protection motivation theory (PMT) research model, this study employed perceived moral obligation as a determinant to improve predictions of people’s intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior aimed at mitigating the threat of environmental climate change through their protection motivation. The sample comprised 930 participants who completed self-reported questionnaire surveys in Taiwan. The empirical results of structural equation modeling indicated that the extended PMT model was more explanatorily powerful than the original model. The results not only confirmed that people’s perceived moral obligation plays a crucial antecedent role in predicting their intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior but also verified the mediation effects of protection motivation in the extended PMT model.

This research was conducted to examine repeat online grocery shoppers behavior based on the S-O-R paradigm (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974) for a five year time frame. Not considering any artificial intelligence, generally in the online shopping environment, the image of the store is communicated through their product and site offerings as well as their user-friendliness of the website. Childers et al. (2001) discussed hedonic aspects of an online store environment such as web atmospherics. Furthermore, with a growing importance of atmospheric cues, researchers are now paying attention to consumer characteristics (Moriuchi and Takahashi, 2018). In general, the results show that atmospherics has an impact on pleasure and satisfaction. Both pleasure and satisfaction have an effect on loyalty. Trust served as a moderator between O-R and was significant. Comparing between the 2012 and 2016 data, results show that satisfaction consumers in the 2012 sample did not see an impact on satisfaction on loyalty, and trust was not a moderating factor on satisfaction and loyalty. However, all the other hypothesized relationships were significant for the 2016 sample. The results suggest a couple of practical implications. First, the ease of navigation are important in pleasing and satisfying online grocery shoppers. Marketing practitioners should focus on how to make the overall website easily navigable. This could include having clear display of the products, reviewing of product descriptions and ease of going back to the main menu after adding items to cart. Second, marketing practitioners should focus their attention on the variety of products available and the quality of products available such as pleasure.

Introduction The retail environment, which is offering special experience to consumers based on customized consumer lifestyle, creates customer value from voluntary customer engagement. In recent study, it is shown that customer engagement is becoming an important factor which determines the characteristics of customer behavior in the retail and hospitality industries. However, the study of customer engagement has mainly focused on its performance in marketing field ( Hapsari, Clemes, and Dean, 2017; Kumar and Pansari, 2016) and most researches have handled the concept of customer engagement from the perspective of online environment(Shin and Byun, 2016; Jeon, 2016). Theoretical Development This study aims to investigate the psychological motivation for customer engagement and to examine the underlying factors of customer behavior in offline retail environment based on experience economy theory and Self-Determination Theory(SDT). First, this study investigates the relationship between perceived psychological benefits (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and intrinsic motivation. Also, this study tried to analyze the relationship between intrinsic motivation and customer engagement (conscious participation, enthusiasm, and social interaction). Second, we tried to examine the relationship between customer engagement and customer creation value (functional value, hedonic value, and social value). Thirdly, we suggested the effect of customer creation value on customer purchasing behavior (shopping memories, customer satisfaction, word-of-mouth, and revisit intention). In addition, we attempted to find the mediating effect of the hedonic value between customer engagement and shopping memories; customer engagement and customer satisfaction. Futhermore, we investigated the mediating effect of shopping experience between hedonic value and customer satisfaction. Finally, We discussed the managerial implication for differentiated competitive advantage in the experience-based retail environment. Research Design and Model Testing To test the research hypotheses and our research model, we conducted questionnaire survey from the respondents who have ever been to the major experience-based shopping malls within 6 months. Through the confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity of the study constructs were verified. By using the structural equation model, research hypotheses were tested and most research hypotheses were statistically significant and accepted. The final research model also showed the statistical significance with the goodness-of-fit indices. Result and Conclusion As shown in the results of this study, the experience-based retail environment leads to higher customer engagement and increase the customer’s hedonic value and reinforce positive shopping memories. Specifically, the experience-based retail environment is offering psychological benefits and customers enjoy experience itself. During the shopping experience, the customers are motivated for customer engagement. The managerial implications of the study results for the corporate managers in the retail and/or hospitality industries were also discussed.

This study aims to explore the motivations and effects of country of ingredient authenticity on product judgement and willingness to buy or/and recommend. Country of ingredient authenticity can be defined as set of consumers’ generic characteristics or traits of seeking/pursuing/consuming raw materials/goods and/or artisan skills that are deemed to be superior and synonymous to a specific location in the pursuits of one’s self image and social standing (Cheah, Zainol and Phau, 2017). The jewellery brands used in this study are Swarovski, Pandora and Monora. The 4X1 exploratory research design looks at four different conditions applied to the three jewellery brands. AMOS and SPSS were used to analyse the data and determine model fit. Managerial implications include the positive recognition of the ingredient authenticity of Swarovski crystals incorporated with other products/brands. Theoretical Development Country-of-origin acts as a quality indicator (Bilkey & Nes, 1982). Consumers rely on their perceptions of product quality from a specific country to evaluate other products from the same country. The home country of a brand and its image can serve as a source of competitive advantage or disadvantage (Cuervo-Cazurra & Un, 2015). In more recent times, product collaborations and ingredient branding techniques have been adopted in the marketplace. As a first for its brand, Louis Vuitton partnered with Supreme to launch a streetwear line in 2017. In 2011, Prada launched a ‘made in’ campaign to highlight the authenticity of the raw materials and artisan skills used to create the products. Country-of-ingredient-authenticity aimed at exploring how countries can capitalize on their expertise to improve product and country image perceptions. The incorporation of materials and skills from the country-of-ingredientauthenticity can be a strategic decision that allows brands to alleviate the product judgement and willingness to buy or recommend (Suter et al., 2017). This decision can prove to be advantageous for the firm (Suter et al., 2018). This study aims to uncover whether Swarovski crystals, as both a raw material and artisan skill, can affect consumers’ perception of the product judgement and willingness to buy and recommend. The study also profiled the motivations of consumers’ seeking these ingredient-authentic products. In this research, statusseeking consumption and fashion knowledge act as the underpinning background variable to the model (Flynn et al, 2000; Eastman et al 1999). Luxury consumption is driven by the need for status in conspicuous luxury consumers whereas fashion knowledge in inconspicuous luxury consumers (Jaikumar, Singh and Sarin, 2018; Koo and Im, 2017). The study aims to discover whether status-seeking consumption and fashion knowledge has a significant impact on consumers’ need for seeking authentic ingredients in jewellery. --------Insert Figure 1 and Figure 2 here -------- Research Design In order to test our hypotheses, an online Qualtrics survey was created and administered to an Indonesian sample aged between 18 to 55 years old. Four sets of surveys were created to reflect the 4 different stimulus (Table 1). The study aims to look at whether the different brands paired with different ingredient authentic materials would result in a different perception of product judgement and willingness to buy/recommend (Maxham and Netemeyer, 2003; Bower and Landreth, 2001; Wood and Darling, 1993). The researchers were also interested to uncover the motivations behind the need for ingredient authenticity in consumers’ decision making to buy jewellery. The brands chosen were Swarovski, Pandora and Monora. Swarovski serves as the control to measure consumers’ response to the actual brand with the incorporated Swarovski crystals. Pandora was used as it is a well-known jewellery brand with a potential collaboration with Swarovski and Monora is a lesserknown jewellery brand whose brand and product quality could improve with the incorporation of Swarovski crystals. Respondents chosen had to be interested in or aware of luxury branded goods as it is important to possess some knowledge to seek for authenticity in luxury branded products. 600 completed surveys were collected in a span of 2 months. AMOS 21 software was used to run SEM model and test for model fit. SPSS 22 was used to run a median split and independent sample T-test to ascertain the motivations of ingredient-authenticity behaviour between low and high status seeking and fashion knowledge consumers. --------Insert Table 1-------- Results Four models were tested on AMOS to determine the model fit and its significant interactions. Study One – Swarovski jewellery with Swarovski crystals The conceptual model has achieved a good model fit with indices of χ2(94) = 128.937, p = .01. The other indices suggest adequate fit, SRMR = .0303, GFI = .910, IFI = .988, TLI = .985, CFI = .988, RMSEA = .049, PCLOSE= .510. Study Two – Pandora jewellery with Swarovski crystals The conceptual model has achieved a good model fit with indices, of χ2(34) = 63.490, p = .002. The other indices suggest adequate fit, SRMR = .0415, GFI = .933, IFI = .980, TLI = .968, CFI = .980, RMSEA = .076, PCLOSE= .071. Study Three – Pandora jewellery with real crystals The conceptual model has achieved a good model fit with indices, of χ2(54) = 56.332, p = .388. The other indices suggest adequate fit, SRMR = .0233, GFI = .945, IFI = .999, TLI = .998, CFI = .999, RMSEA = .017, PCLOSE= .900. Study Four – Monora jewellery with Swarovski crystals The conceptual model has achieved a good model fit with indices, of χ2(109) = 182.549, p = .000. The other indices suggest adequate fit, SRMR = .0464, GFI = .893, IFI = .975, TLI = .968, CFI = .974, RMSEA = .066, PCLOSE= .06. A median split and independent sample T-test were carried out on low and high status-seeking and fashion knowledge consumers and their means compared to the ingredient-authentic seeking behaviours. Status-seeking behaviour is the main driver of consumers acting on the need for authenticity of raw materials and artisan skills on all 4 stimulus. This behaviour could be attributed by consumers’ hedonic need to own jewellery that signal good quality and design. Fashion knowledge consumers seek authenticity of raw materials and artisan skills in both Pandora stimulus and looked for authenticity of artisan skills in Monora stimulus. This indicates that owning a Pandora jewellery can be attributed to being a trendy fashionista following the current trend of collecting charms. As for the lesser known brand, Monora, the incorporation of the ingredient authentic Swarovski crystal helped consumers to identify the authentic artisan skill that goes into making the jewellery. -------- Insert Table 2 and 3 here -------- Conclusion Swarovski jewellery commands high interest in consumers seeking for ingredient authentic products as authenticity of artisan skills positively influences product judgement and authenticity of raw materials positively influences willingness to recommend. There was no ingredient-authenticity effect in consumers when exposed to Pandora jewellery with Swarovski crystals. Pandora has always been associated and known for the novelty of collecting the charm trinkets. Consumers are more likely to buy Pandora for their charms rather than the fact it is embedded with a Swarovski crystal. Pandora jewellery with real crystals was perceived positively by consumers to increase product judgement and willingness to recommend and buy. Again, the collectors’ mindset plays a role in this behaviour. The strong brand effect also plays well into Pandora’s popularity in the marketplace. Monora jewellery with Swarovski crystals piqued consumers’ interest in the ingredient authentic product with authenticity of artisan skills positively influencing product judgment and authenticity of raw materials positively influencing willingness to recommend. The results support the idea that when Swarovski crystal is incorporated into a lesser known brand’s product, it increases the quality perception and word of mouth value. On all four studies, consumers’ product judgment positively influences willingness to recommend indicating consumers are more willing to spread word-of-mouth when they believe the product is of good quality. This willingness to recommend then positively leads to willingness to buy the product. Status-seeking behaviour was seen as a main factor for consumers when searching for the ingredient-authenticity of the jewellery. For Swarovski and Monora, the ingredient played a part in inducing the ingredient-authenticity behaviour whereas owning a Pandora jewellery signifies some sort of in-class group reference and trend. The Pandora results are supported when consumers who have fashion knowledge also sought the ingredient-authenticity of the Pandora product.

This study seeks to examine the effects of customer’s power motivation in the social media context, driven primarily by to extend the theory of how powerlessness induces compensatory consumption (Rucker and Galinsky, 2008). Power motivation refers to a chronic desire to strive and retain power (Maner, Gailliot, Butz, & Peruche, 2007). Given that positions of power are often associated with enjoyment of social and material rewards, naturally some individuals strive to achieve and retain positions of power as a satisfying goal in itself (Cassidy and Lynn, 1989). These ‘power-strivers’ are motivated to achieve status and superiority, and prone towards negative emotional states when confronted with situations that induce a state of powerlessness. The sense of inferiority have been shown to lead to greater desire for status-enhancing goods, such as luxury items with more prominently displayed brand names to restore their sense of wellbeing (Rucker and Galinsky, 2009). In the context of social media, research suggests that longterm exposure to upward social comparisons on social media resulted in lower levels of self-esteem (Vogel, Rose, Roberts, & Eckles, 2014). We argue that observing other people’s ‘highlight reel’ on social media may also negatively influence the consumers’ sense of power. Thus, these type of consumers are likely to be more receptive towards communications that advertise status-enhancing goods. However, this effect should be particularly pronounced in consumers who have high power motivation in the first place. Subsequently, our first proposition is that when exposed to negative social comparisons, power motivation would moderate the consumers’ sense of inferiority and lead to more positive attitude towards advertisements of luxury goods. Our second proposition points to mindfulness as a palliative to mitigate this sense of inferiority, since exercising mindfulness enables better self-regulation that contributes to behaviors and decisions that positive contribute towards one’s wellbeing (Brown and Ryan, 2003). Two experimental studies confirm our hypotheses that when exposed to upward social comparisons on social media, power-strivers exhibit more positive attitude towards advertisements of luxury goods, mediated by a sense of inferiority. In the second study we found that implicitly inducing mindfulness mitigates the effects of power motivation. This paper thus enriches the understanding of the role of consumers’ sense of power in the context of social media. Furthermore, we offer a balanced view that (1) unpacks how marketers could exploit social media features to induce desire for luxury goods but also (2) suggests ethical solutions that contributes to positive psychology literature in the context of social media usage.