동사성 어소와 명사성 어소로 구성된 복합동사(Noun Incorporation, 다음은 NI 합성어로 표 시) 언어 유형학 연구에서 많은 주목을 받았는데, 그 중 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것은 Mithun (1984)이 문법 담화 기능에 따라 제안한 NI 복합어의 네 가지 유형이었다. 중국어의 NI복합어는 매우 풍부하다. 본고는 선인들의 연구를 바탕으로 이런 단어를 유형학의 틀에 포함시켰다. 그 성분 관계, 결합가 변화, 기타 성분과의 대응 등 특징을 고찰함으로써 중국어의 NI복합어는 Mithun이 제기한 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ류 기능을 가진다는 것을 발견했다. 또한 본고는 역사적인 측면에서 NI복합어의 다른 유형 특징, 예를 들어 진화 경로, 내포 등급, 통합 정도 등을 검증했다. 중국어에 서 NI복합어의 역사적 변화는 보편적인 규칙에 부합되지만 통합 정도에서 비교적 느슨하다는 것을 발견했다. 이것은 주로 중국어에서 NI복합어가 구사 구조와 문법 구조를 겸하고 있기 때문 이다.

In actual language corpus, there exists a phenomenon of semantic dislocation between “Du1 (度1)” and “Du2 (度2)”. The sense of “Du1 (度1)” is mainly a noun, but it also has a verb sense of “according to rules”. On the other hand, “Du2 (度2)” is mainly a verb, but it has a noun sense, which is a military term. Based on domain restriction analysis, this paper analyzes the syntactic position, semantic evolution and domain restriction changes of the dislocated semantics, and examines the semantic evolution process of the two. It is found that when the verbal noun “Du (度)” undergoes a part-of-speech change, it is often influenced by external factors of language, leading to a sudden mutation in domain restriction. However, when “Du (度)” is only subject to internal language mechanisms, its part-of-speech does not change, and it only extends new meanings within the domain field and transitional domain field. Therefore, the study of domain restriction has practical significance in the classification of Chinese verbs and nouns.

This study is about the ungramamtical use of 〈ttaemune (때문에)〉. Because 〈ttaemun (때 문)〉 is a bound noun, a noun modifier is essential before it. So 〈ttaemune〉 also needs a modifier before it. But on the actual language usage, 〈ttaemune〉 is often used without modifiers. This phenomenon appears to be mainly limited to cases where 〈ttaemune〉 is used between sentences. That is, in this case, 〈ttaemune〉 is used as the conjunction like 〈geulaeseo (그래서)〉. Previous research has treated this ungrammatical aspect of 〈ttaemune〉 as a representative example of the degrammaticalization phenomenon. In other words, it has been understood that because the bound noun 〈ttaemun〉 has gained independency, 〈ttaemune〉 is used without modifiers before it. However, it is difficult to accept degrammaticalization discussions positively in the following respects: this phenomenon is not so common as to be recognized as a particular grammatical phenomenon, and if this is due to the independence of 〈ttaemun〉, this should also occur in other cases where 〈ttaemun〉 is combined, but this is not the case. So, I think it is right to treat them as objects that need to be corrected rather than treated within language norms.

이 연구는 다른 성분과의 결합 규칙, 다양한 의미, 화용적 활용이 복잡한 의존명사 ‘바’에 대한 논의를 진행하여 한국어 교수 방안 마련을 위한 시사점을 제안하는 데 목표를 두고 있다. 한국어 교재에 제시된 의존명사 ‘바’의 결합형 문법 항목은 형태적, 의미적 제시의 통일이 이루어지지 않았으며, 고정화된 패턴 표현에 대한 제시도 규칙성 없이 혼재되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 의미와 용법 분석에서는 의존명사 ‘바’의 제약에 대한 명시적 이 학습이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 먼저 관형사의 피수식어가 될 수 없고, 언제나 관형절의 수식을 받을 수 있음을 전달할 필요가 있다. 그리고 동격절의 피수식어 기능을 할 때는 상위문과 내포문에 동일한 주어가 와야 한다는 제약의 존재와 후행하는 서술어에 제약이 있음을 전달할 필요가 있다. 서술어는 인지동사(알다, 모르다, 생각하다, 상상 하다 등), 전언동사(말하다, 논하다, 전달하다, 보도되다 등), 지각동사 (보다, 듣다, 깨닫다 등), 추상동사(배우다, 속다, 얻다 등) 즉 비동작성 동사와 공존관계를 이루므로 이를 학습자들에게 체계적으로 전달할 필요가 있다고 보았다. 그리고 ‘-바 있다/없다’, ‘-바이다’, ‘-바가 아니다’등의 패턴화된 형태를 통일성 있게 제시할 필요가 있었다. 또한 전문적이고 학술적인 학업을 수행하는 학문 목적의 학습자를 위해 ‘-는 바에 대해(서), -는 바에 의하면, -는 바에 따르면, -는 바와 같이’등과 같은 공식적인 발표나 말하기 등에 활용되는 표현을 제시할 필요가 있다고 보았다.

The New Dictionary (《新字典》) was compiled in the later period of Korean Age in South Korea.it is the epitome of dictionary in Korean history. During the Japanese colonial rule in South Korea, patriots compiled the dictionary for the sake of protecting national traditional culture, which made it indispensible and play an important role in the history of Korean language philology. However, there are some errorsin the dictionary, especially quotations, causing misunderstanding for the people who are using it. Thus, this paper aims to collate quotations of names, placenames, implement names for a better understanding.

에베소서 6장 15절은 주로 ‘복음전도와 영혼구원’으로 환원되어진 교회의 선교 이해를 지탱하는 본문으로 여겨지는 경향이 있다. 하지만 구약성서의 11가지 용례에서 발견할 수 있듯이, 에베소서 6장 15절 ‘헤토이마시아’ 해석을 위해서는 (1) 하나님의 백성을 위해 제공하는 포괄적인 신적 예비라는 점, (2) 이 명사에 전제된 ‘하나님의 준비하심’이 근원적으로 고려되어야 하되, 그 ‘준비’의 의미는 능동이기보다는 수동 적 의미(what is prepared)로 제한되어야 한다는 점이 고려되어야 한다. 에베소서 6장 15절에 암시된 이사야 52장 7절은 ‘평화의 복음 선포자’ 모티프를 강조하는 듯 보이지만, (1) 에베소서 기자가 하나님의 전신갑주 모티프를 차용하게 하는 이사야서의 ‘신적-전사’로서의 야훼 모티프가 양 본문 사이의 진정한 평행이며, (2) ‘헤토이마시아’ 명사는 이 모티프의 내용/구조와 매우 유사한 본문인 나훔 2장 1-4절에 나타나 며 이 명사는 ‘신적예비하심의 결과물’로 해석된다는 점이 더욱 신중히 고려되어야 한다.이러한 고려점들은 에베소서 6장 15절의 ‘헤토이마시아’를 (1) ‘예수 그리스도 안에서, 평화의 복음을 통하여, 하나님이 친히 싸우신 싸움, 하나님이 이기신 그 승리가 하나님의 백성을 위해 가능하게 한 모든 ‘현실’(reality)을 지시하는 말이며, (2) 하나님께서 자기 백성을 그 남은 싸움에 참여하게 하심으로 그 백성들이 누리는 동일한 ‘현실’이 지속적으로 발생되기를 열망하시는 모든 ‘현장’을 지시하는 말로 읽을 것을 요청한다. 본문의 이러한 독법은 복음전도와 영혼구원으로 환원되 어진 교회의 선교이해를 교정하고 더 포괄적인 하나님의 선교를 위해 교회 안팎의 모든 현장으로 보냄 받은 영적전사들의 공동체라는 교회의 선교적 정체성에 대한 새로운 이해를 가질 수 있게 한다.

This study compares the collocation of Korean and Mongolian language, using the noun 'head', which indicates the part of body. The purpose of this study is to analyze the semantic and syntactic aspects coping of collocation and give the linguistic explanation to the regularly appearing collocation aspects coping.The collocations can be defined as a nuclear of collocation which has transparent meaning, and limited combination of old vocabulary, which has no transparent meaning. Korean noun 'head' participates in the collocation usually with the meanings such as 'part of body, hair, inside of the head, spirit'. Especially, the meaning 'hair' appears the most frequently. In this case, the meaning of the 'head' equals to 'us', not the 'tolgoi'. This is because, mongolian noun 'tolgoi' has no meaning of 'hair'. Only one exception exists, where 'wash the head/wash the hair' can be represented in mongolian collocation “tolgoi ugaah/u's ugaah”. (wash the head/wash the hair) Consequently, among the 31 korean collocations there can be 27 mongolian collocation corresponding forms. And 16(+1) of them are composed with meaning 'tolgoi'. Furthermore, this study analyzes the mongolian word 'tolgoi' as a starting point and searches for its collocation corresponding forms. Mongolian noun 'tolgoi' has participated in the collocations with the meanings such as 'part of the body, spirit'. Among 22 collocations with the word 'tolgoi', there exists 16 korean collocation corresponding forms. 14 of them were with the meaning 'head'. In comparing the lexical semantic representation, mongolian and korean collocations may be equal. But the verbal meaning is not equal. And there are occasions where collocation corresponding forms does not exist at all. In this case, they can be interpreted by free join or an independent word. Syntactically, korean and mongolian collocations have shown almost the same configuration.

This paper reports on the semantics study regarding the words expressing ‘Space’ in Japanese. The previous studies on Japanese spatial nouns were focused on individual meanings of the vocabulary. The present study, however, sought to categorize each space to each spatial noun in order to sort spatial nouns more systematically. It was found that unlike region-reference spatial nouns, direction-reference spatial nouns could be used in both exterior region-reference and partial region-reference. Partial region-reference is classified with boundary region-reference and interior region-reference. Furthermore, in order to make theoretical frame for translating of nouns which have various meanings, we analyzed the characteristics of sentence structure of Japanese spatial noun /mae/, and proposed “ambiguity analysis rules of spatial noun /mae/. This rule is proposed under the hypothesis that the meaning of /mae/ is determined by the meaning of predicate and the property of reference. This rule also contributes to a job of translation related to ambiguities of spatial-nouns.

Classical Chinese and English are grammatically similar. So We can learn classical Chinese by using English grammar which we have learned for a long time. There are many kinds of word classes in English and classical Chinese but only noun and verb are analyzed in this paper. The Chinese noun`s usage is similar to that of English in word order. But there are different forms in their shape of a word. Chinese noun does nor change its`form although it is moved to the other part in the sentence and the case is changed. On the other hand, English noun changes its` form according to singular plural and case. Chinese verb does not change its` form like English even though number and tense are changed. Except for this, there are many resemblant shapes of using verbs between Chinese and English. We can find out the usage of transitive intransitive auxiliary verb awarding verb causative verb and be have verb is very similar. The western people are accustomed to logical and analytic thinking. They like to classify somewhat. But eastern Chinese people do not so. they like to be significant inclusive and adaptable. We can also find out the perceive difference between the two in their language habits.

Eye-tracking approach allows us to collect and analyze data for a wide range of measures of eye-movements, to relate these to language processing, and to have insight of language processing (Conklin, Pellicer-Sánchez, and Carrol, 2018). The current study aims to investigate how ESL university students process the sentences with complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses. Two types of sentences with complex noun phrases were examined: complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses located in a sentence subject (syntactic-based processing) and those located in a sentence object (semantic-based processing). In total, 32 EFL university students participated in this study. Fixation count, regression rate, first reading time, and total reading time of areas of interest were examined. The eye-tracking results showed that the participants showed significantly higher regression rates on noun 2 than noun 1 in both types of complex noun phrases. In terms of verb selection, however, the results showed contrasting aspects : noun 1(verb 1 selection) preference in syntactic-based processing whereas noun 2(verb 2 selection) preference in semantic-based processing,

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the semantic structure of the three types of English articles—indefinite, definite, zero articles―with respect to the supposedly flexible boundaries of English nouns under the framework of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991a, 1991b, 2000). To facilitate this, a new notion has been proposed: Boundedness Filter (BF), which is thought to play a decisive role in determining the activation or inactivation of noun boundaries in relation with the selection of corresponding articles. BF is supposed to operate in a variety of cognitive domains such as physical space for the indefinite article and psychological space for the definite article. This paper further claims that the count or mass-like property of a given noun is not fixed originally as prescribed in dictionaries or grammar books; rather, its boundary has a flexible feature depending upon the context in which it is used. This is why a common noun with its indefinite article as a boundary marker can sometimes be changed into a mass noun without any article. The BF and flexible characteristics of English noun boundaries can also be used to explain the reason that some apparently visible boundaries are not realized in physical space as indefinite articles.

Measure noun phrases (MP), canonically realized in the form of X of Y, display such grammatical complexities that they challenge both theoretical linguists as well as even advanced EFL learners. MPs individuate and give classificatory information about Y, but induces grammatical indeterminacy with respect to number concord, selectional restriction, and modification patterns. This paper investigates the uses of MPs in the English corpus COCA and secondary-level English textbooks in Korea to shed light on the direction of better understanding of their properties both in theoretical and EFL contexts.