본고는 중국 도농관계의 문화적 구성에서 발견되는 양가성에 초점을 맞추어 개혁 개방 후 40여 년이 지난 오늘날에도 여전히 지속되고 있는 도농이원구조의 정치경제 적·문화적 원리를 조명하는 연구이다. 본고의 요점은 크게 네 가지로 압축된다. 첫째, 개혁개방 후 발생한 도농관계의 급진적인 재구성에도 불구하고 중국의 도농이원구조 와 도농불평등은 여전히 지속되고 있다. 둘째, 도농관계의 문화적 구성을 관통하는 양가성 그리고 이를 기반으로 한 도농관계 재현의 유연성이 중국의 도농이원구조를 재생산하는 문화적·이데올로기적 기제로 작용한다. 셋째, 도농관계의 문화적 구성 그리고 이와 연동되어 재생산되고 있는 도농이원구조가 중국에서 “항구적인 본원적 축 적”을 가능하게 하는 특정한 조건으로 작용하고 있다. 넷째, 이러한 중국 특색의 도 농이원구조가 해체되지 않는 한 농촌부문으로부터의 대규모 가치전유를 기반으로 한 시장사회주의 중국의 본원적 축적은 당분간 지속될 것이다

John Webb’s An Historical Essay Endeavoring a Probability that the Language of the Empire China is the Primitive Language is regarded as the first extensive European treatise on the Chinese language and among the earliest sinological studies. Webb’s argument in Historical Essay is that the Chinese language is the primitive language and Noah in the Genesis is Emperor Yao from the ancient Chinese history. For proof of his hypothesis, he gathered up various intellectual discourses circulating in seventeenth-century England, which inversely allows us to approach the pre-sinological discourses of his time. Through this, we can find to what extent he intervened in the current discourses and deviated from them. Webb enthusiastically responded to the reports from Jesuit missionaries, one of whose main aims were to collect mission fund enough to propagate their religion, which was carried out by first portraying China as an ideal nation to appeal to the Europeans. His idealization of the Chinese language conceals the anxiety of his time as the Europeans first encountered Eastern civilizations in the seventeenth century. We can see the symptoms when Webb wishes to attribute the ideal qualities of China delivered by the Jesuit authors to Noah. While he attempts to prove the primitiveness of the Chinese language, he incorporates Chinese civilization into European discourses by making pious Noah the common ancestor of England and China and by asserting that all the superiorities of Chinese civilization are derived from the figure of Noah in the Genesis.

본문에서는 五行의 起源과 관련하여 역사적 기점을 선사시대와 夏⋅殷⋅周 삼대로 대별하여 살펴보고, 이어서 오행의 원시적 의미를 다양한 선행연구를 토대로 정리하였다. 첫째, 먼저 先史時代기원설과 관련하여 선사시대의 유물과 유적을 통해서 동서 방향의 구분이나 四神의 초기 형태를 확인할 수 있고 이것을 오행설의 초기 형태와 연계시킬 수 있다. 둘째, 夏⋅殷⋅周삼대 기원설과 관련하여 『尙書』에 보이는 오행 관련 자료를 종합하면, 오행은 殷⋅周交替期에 명시적으로 정리되고 활용된 것으로 보이고, 그 의미는 사람들의 일상생활에 필수적인 다섯 가지 물질이며, 나아가 그것을 주관하는 부서 및 관료를 지칭한 것이다. 셋째, 오행의 원시적 의미와 관련하여 殷代人의 역사와 생활 조건을 고려 하면 직관적으로 하늘과 땅의 구분에서 하늘(上帝)이 우선하며, 해와 달의 구분에서 해가 우선할 수밖에 없었다. 또한 계절의 변화와 아울러 오방 관념이 분명히 보이므로 오행설의 원형으로 추론할 수 있지만 자신들을 “中商”이라 고 지칭하여 사방과 차별하는 관념을 볼 수 있다. 요컨대 오행설은 상고시대의 上帝를 전제로 하던 농경문화를 기반으로 한 시간과 공간에 대한 인식에서 비롯된 것이다. 西周시대에 이르러 오행이 지시 하고 적용되는 범위가 확대되면서 그 의미가 다섯 가지 기본 물질로부터 그 것을 관리하는 부서와 官僚를 의미하기도 하고, 相生⋅相克의 관계로 심화되 었으며 秦漢代에 이르러 陰陽과 아울러 인간과 우주 만물의 생성 변화 및 분류의 표준으로 정립되었던 것으로 보인다.

The general contractor business in South Korea settled in the railway construction during the Daehan Empire, but depending on the construction intention and circumstances of the railroad, relationship among employer-contractor-subcontractor and their roles under the system of the construction process had changed. At the time of laying the Gyeongin and Gyeongbu-rail, the Empire, which had no capital and technology, passed all the power and responsibility of the rail laying to the contractor, who was involved in most of the process. After this, the empire tried to lay Gyeongui-railroad without the help of other countries. Japan prepared for the Russo-Japanese War and decided to construct the railway rapidly, and completed the railway in parallel with direct management work and contract work. From that time on, the general contractor would only do the work. During the construction of railroad in Daehan empire, the general contract business system was established. The ambiguous process was sorted out and divided. At this time, subjects in charge of design and construction has been divided. The internal organization of the project owner and the contractor were organaized and specialized.

The high resolution mesh tessellation method using PN-triangle (Point Normal – triangle) derived from the low resolution mesh triangle is widely used because it does not require the adjacent triangle information. With this PN-triangle tessellation method, the method to further subdivide triangles close to the silhouette was also presented. However, the previous method produces the extreme case where the tessellation factor will be zero when a triangle is far away from the silhouette. In this paper, unlike the previous method, ① the modified method to smoothly increase the tessellation factor as close to the silhouette is proposed. ② Also the method to increase the tessellation factor as close the view and away to the silhouette is proposed. ③ The modified method to increase the tessellation factor as the size of primitive is also proposed. The proposed method is verified by the experimental simulation.

Historical study of Korean traditional houses have been carried, mainly, based on the geographical region of Korean peninsula. However, the case of primitive houses can not be researched according to the geographical and racial concept of modern nations. This study aims to examine the primitive houses of ethnic minorities of northeastern China, where the cultural and racial background have been deeply rooted in the history of Korea as well as Korean traditional houses. Through the field research and literary materials, the basic types of primitive houses of the five ethnic minorities could be identified. Among these types, those that have possible relationship with Korean houses, are cone shaped house, underground house, and elevated wooden house. Archeological evidences of underground houses were amply found in Korea already, but above ground evidences could not be found. However, It seems quite certain that the cone shaped houses and elevated wooden houses, too, existed in Korea as one of the earliest housing types, as can be examined in remaining examples in Korean peninsula. With no doubt, the primitive houses of Korea have strong connection with that of the ethnic minorities of northeastern China. This can be verified through the facts that the evidences of cone shaped houses, the similarities of the use of Inner space, the evidences of elevated wooden houses. Also, the combination of wooden floor and ondol, which is known to be one of the strongest characteristic of Korean traditional houses, could be originated from the combination of primitive summer house, the elevated wooden house, and the winter house, the underground house with ondol.

How did the Korean religious culture which was consisted of three different religions- Shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism- be combined and transformed? The author focused the mixture and transformation of the procedure of sacrificial rite and the arrangement of sacrificial food in each religion. In this thesis, the author studied first, the conception in sacrificial rite, second, the procedure of sacrificial rite, third, the items of sacrificial rite food according to each period. In consequence of the research each religion had lost its uniqueness and became mixed to each other and settled down in Korean culture.

The sacrificial rite has its origin in the old China's primitive folkways faith based upon animism (B.C. 25c). From the animistic faith, Confucianism made its appearance in B.C. 551. Inevitably, the procedure of Confucian sacrificial rite was developed on the basis of the preceding primitive faith. In Korean culture, the god of Chinese Confucianism introduced to Korea in A.D. 108 was mixed properly with that of Buddhism imported in A.D. 372. Traditionally, Korean primitive religion (from B.C. 10c to B.C. 2c) was the sacrificial rite practiced by 'shaman.' The 'shaman' who was able to utilize ecstasy for the good of community was gods itself, and naturally the main form of the sacrificial rite was an exorcism with a sacrificial offering (food). After Korean primitive religion had been grafted to Buddhism and Confucianism, the character of Korean culture had to become compound. The most essential conception in sacrificial rite is a discrimination of a ghost, one is the evil spirit and the other is the good spirit. According to this conception, the good spirit is a spirit which ascended to heaven, in contrast, the evil spirit is a one which did not ascend to heaven and dispersed into this world. The sacrificial rite is a method to help the evil spirit ascend to heaven or to prevent harms from it. The mode of sacrificial rite especially the dead ancestor worship was transmitted from generation to generation as a purpose of the wealth and honors of descendants. Descendants believed that the evil spirit would not harm them only after receiving sufficient food and the right sacrifice. As a result, the sacrificial rite food was the sign of filial piety and a compensation for the evil spirit. How did the Korean religious culture which was consisted of three different religions-Shamanism, Buddhism. Confucianism-be combined and transformed? The author focused the mixture and transformation of the procedure of sacrificial rite and the arrangement of sacrificial food in each religion. In this thesis, the author studied first, the conception in sacrificial rite, second, the items of sacrificial rite food according to each period. In consequence of the research, each religion had lost its uniqueness and became mixed to each other and settle down in Korean culture.

Multipotent perivascular stem cells (PVCs) have gained much attention as an alternative source for cell based regenerative medicine in recent years. Due to their rarity in human tissues, developing methods to efficiently isolate and expand PVCs from various fetal and adult tissues is necessary to obtain a clinically relevant number of cells that maintain progenitor potency. Here, we report on a non-enzymatic isolation (NE) method of PVCs from human umbilical cords (HUCs) and compare its efficiency with the conventional collagenase treatment method (CT) in terms of proliferation and immunophenotypes. The cells isolated by NE displyed acceptable surface marker profile of PVCs and showed multilineage (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic) differentiation potential. While both methods provided similar levels or patterns of proliferation and immunophenotypes, PVCs by NE retained a higher level of CD146(+) frequency compared to that of CT over passage. Furthermore, we have investigated potentials of various exogenous factors to promote proliferation of HUCPVCs in vitro. Among these factors, supplementation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) provided the optimal condition to significantly enhance the proliferation rate of HUCPVC and increased a proportion of stage-specific antigen-4 (SSEA-4) positive subset. Collectively, our study suggests that NE method with bFGF supplementation offers an alternative way to obtain sufficient numbers of HUCPVCs with higher number of primitive SSEA-4(+) subpopulation that are applicable in therapeutic doses for regenerative medicine.

Body gesture Recognition has been one of the interested research field for Human-Robot Interaction(HRI). Most of the conventional body gesture recognition algorithms used Hidden Markov Model(HMM) for modeling gestures which have spatio-temporal variabilities. However, HMM-based algorithms have difficulties excluding meaningless gestures. Besides, it is necessary for conventional body gesture recognition algorithms to perform gesture segmentation first, then sends the extracted gesture to the HMM for gesture recognition. This separated system causes time delay between two continuing gestures to be recognized, and it makes the system inappropriate for continuous gesture recognition. To overcome these two limitations, this paper suggests primitive body model encoding, which performs spatio/temporal quantization of motions from human body model and encodes them into predefined primitive codes for each link of a body model, and Selective/Asynchronous Input-Parallel State machine(SAI-PSM) for multiple-simultaneous gesture recognition. The experimental results showed that the proposed gesture recognition system using primitive body model encoding and SAI-PSM can exclude meaningless gestures well from the continuous body model data, while performing multiple-simultaneous gesture recognition without losing recognition rates compared to the previous HMM-based work.