This study investigated the impact of 26 EFL college students’ familiarity levels with the visual information of TOEIC listening test items on test scores and test performance procedure. Data collected measured students’ degree of familiarity with the visuals via a pre-test and their listening test scores, and responses to the post-test questionnaire were analyzed. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA was conducted to locate the interdependency between the students’ familiarity levels with visuals and their test scores. Results found that there was no statistically significant differences in test scores regardless of the students’ levels of familiarity with the visuals. Additionally, the correlations between the familiarity with the visuals and the students’ test scores were low. However, the students experienced difficulties with unfamiliar visuals while taking the test. These findings indicate that, although test-takers’ familiarity with visuals does not predict their listening test scores, there is a need to tailor the visuals when developing listening test-items.

본 연구는 2009년작 영화 백야행에 삽입된 오리지널 사운드 트랙 중 작곡가 석승희 가 작곡한 라이트모티프(Leitmotiv) 두 곡 <카페로로>와 <요한>을 작곡가의 인터뷰를 통해 분석하고 영화에서 음악의 활용을 조사하였다. 이 두 곡은 피아노 독주곡의 형태로 작곡되었으며, 작곡가는 악기가 가진 고유의 음색이 등장인물의 감정 표현에 적합하고 작곡가가 의도한 주제 선율을 가장 잘 전달할 수 있다고 설명하였다. 영화음악 제작 시 일반적으로 작곡가는 음악의 강렬한 인상을 남기기 위해서 다채로운 사운드를 만들기에 용이한 대규모의 악기 편성이나 음량이 다소 큰 악기 사용을 선호한다. 하지만 <카페로 로>와 <요한>은 다양한 악기 편성을 배제하고 피아노 독주곡으로 만들어졌으며, 이렇게 흔하지 않은 악기 편성과 작곡 기법은 개별 연구가 필요하였다. 연구방법으로 작곡가가 제공한 악보를 토대로 <카페로로>와 <요한>의 조성, 박자, 리듬, 화성, 패턴을 분석하 였으며, 작곡가를 인터뷰한 내용을 토대로 이 영화에서 그의 음악이 영화 속에서 표현하 는 바를 연구하였다. 이를 통해 영화음악 제작에 다양한 기법이 활용될 수 있음을 제시 하고, 이러한 예시가 앞으로의 한국 영화음악 작곡 양식의 발전에 도움이 되는 데에 목 적이 있었다. 그 결과로‘요한’의 라이트모티프의 주요 특징은 반복되는 주제선율과 음형이며, 이는 대사의 유무에 따라 변형되어 발전되거나 원래의 형태로 머물러 있었다 는 것을 알게 되었다. 이는 음악이 배우의 대사가 있는 장면에서 영화의 흐름을 방해하지 않고 대사를 돋보이게 하는 효과를 주었고 영화 속에서 인물의 감정을 보조해주고 관객들이 영화에 몰입하고 이해하도록 도와주는 의미가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 영화의 오리지널 사운드 트랙의 악보 부재로 영화 전체의 음악을 연구하지 못하 는 한계점을 가지고 있었으나 이 영화의 모든 곡이 악보화 되어 후속 연구가 이루어진다 면 한국 영화음악 작곡 양식의 파악과 작곡의 실제에 보탬이 된다는 제언을 하였다.

This study aimed to assess the association between the weight status and dietary behavior of preschool children. The survey included 412 preschool children aged 2-5 years in 31 childcare facilities in Gwangju. General characteristics of children and their mothers, weight, height, feeding type, complementary feeding, food allergy, and dietary behavior of children based on the Nutrition Quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) questionnaire were considered. Children were classified into 4 groups by weight status; underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts. The percentage of children in the respective groups was 5.3, 70.9, 10.7, 13.1%. Weight status was not related to breast feeding duration nor the starting time of complementary feeding. The NQ-P scores of underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups were 55.4, 60.0, 60.8, 60.0. Among the three factors covered by the NQ-P, ‘balance’ and ‘environment’ scores of the underweight group were lower than that of other groups. Underweight children consumed beans, fish, and white milk less frequently. The ‘moderation’ scores of the overweight/obese group were lower than those of the normal or obese groups. Obese children more frequently ate processed meat and fast foods. Proper nutrition education is thus needed for not only obese children but also underweight children based on their age, along with their parents, and caregivers.

This study examined the dietary habits and nutrition quotient (NQ) scores according to leftover food during school meal services among middle school students in the Gyeonggi region. A survey on the dietary habits was conducted among 405 male and female middle school students located in Seongnam City, Gyeonggi Province. The amount of leftover food in the school meals was surveyed using the visual method through a questionnaire over two days. The survey was conducted from July 8, 2019, to July 12, 2019. After calculating the average total leftovers of each student over the two days, they were categorized into the following three groups: the top third was the large leftover group. The middle third was the medium leftover group, and the lower third was the small leftover group. The characteristics of the groups that had leftovers were analyzed. Female, normal-weight, and underweight students accounted for a greater proportion of the large leftover group than male, overweight, and obese students. The rates of selective eating and compliance with new food intake were significantly lower in the large leftover group than in the small leftover group. A comparison of the nutrition quotient for the adolescent (NQ-A) scores of each group revealed significantly lower scores of the large leftover group for all factors (balance, moderation, food diversity, practice, and environment) than the small leftover group. Therefore, there are statistically significant differences in the dietary habits, nutritional quality, and eating behaviors of middle school students that are associated with the amount of leftover food during school meals.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between eating speed and nutritional status among Korean high-school students using Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A). In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 453 high-school students (227 boys and 226 girls) from September 2019 to October 2019 in Chungbuk area. Based on the self-reported speed of eating data, subjects were classified into a fast group (n=180), a medium group (n=184), and a slow group (n=89). NQ-A scores for each group were measured in each speed group. In the environment section, girls showed a significant difference in usage time of electronic devices, such as TVs and smartphones: the fast group spent significantly more time than the medium group (p=0.035). In the practice section, among boys, the slow group had significantly higher scores for washing hands before eating than the medium and the fast groups (p=0.022). This study suggested that eating speed of high school students is associated with health-related environment factor and practice factor of NQ-A, such as time spent on smart devices or washing hands before eating. The study results can provide baseline data for nutrition education on health management of high school students.

Scores on the Test of English for International Communication Listening and Reading (TOEIC LR) have been used for rolling-based university admissions in South Korea. Because this test is not designed for that purpose by the testing organization, there may be a need to explore the validity of TOEIC LR score use for admission purposes. Accordingly, this study investigated how admissions officers in South Korea perceived TOEIC LR scores and their uses and why they used the scores for admission purposes. We adopted a sequential mixed-method design (Creswell & Clark, 2011) involving three phases of data collection: (1) analysis of application handbooks to identify the questionnaire survey target, (2) a survey of faculty (n = 20) involved in admissions, and (3) semi-structured interviews with selected participants (n = 5) to delve into their questionnaire responses. The findings were that (a) almost half of the universities in Korea were implementing special admissions and accepted the scores on the recognized English tests; (b) use of the test lacks validity because most of the admissions officers did not view the test scores as an indicator of English proficiency and academic aptitude; (c) approximately half of the admissions officers viewed the scores as a reflection of an applicant’s effort, test-taking skills learned at language institutes, and former residence in English-speaking countries; and (d) the TOEIC LR scores were used due to a lack of other English tests as well as social pressure such as test fees and testing site availability.

Inclusive design is increasingly gaining attention, as some people find using products difficult after becoming physically impaired, despite daily use. However, making inclusive products is a challenge for designers or companies, as a lack of knowledge and tools stems their low involvement in it. Developing inclusive design tools is thus needed. This study developed criteria to assess upper extremity capabilities corresponding to specific daily activities. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 58 physiatrists and orthopedists. Non-parametric statistics were employed and medians were adopted as representative scores in the assessment criteria based on normality and reliability test results, non-normal data, and strong reliability of respondents in ranking. Consequently, an assessment tool was developed with 14 criteria (divided into range of motion and strength) and capability scores between 0 and 100, which discerned the moderately impaired from the severely disabled and fully capable. Since the doctors agreed to adopt the criteria but assign numeric values, especially for mild impairments, their capability assessment perception was likely influenced by dichotomy. To compensate for these deficits, qualitative or ergonomic approaches are considered simultaneously.

This study investigated the test scores and student responses about placement in the General Education English Program by level and major. Using composite scores of College Scholastic Ability Test for English (CSAT) and the in-house speaking test (SEPT), the study placed students into four levels (2–5). It also categorized 1,847 students into three groups: Humanities and Social Science (HS), Business Administration and Law (BL), and Science and Engineering (SE). Higher levels showed significant differences in oral proficiency while having similar results on the CSAT. Lower levels attained similar scores on the SEPT but represented a vast range of CSAT scores. Participants across all levels understood the purpose of the placement test, perceived the content of the SEPT as appropriate, and positively responded toward the accuracy of placement. HS and BL scored higher on the test than SE, confirming the contrast between engineering and non-engineering majors. HS, however, showed more positive evaluation on the accuracy of placement than BL and SE. Across groups and levels, all participants opposed exclusively using CSAT in course placement. This study discusses utilizing data by various variables to enhance differentiated instruction and to meet unique needs of students at all levels with different majors; it also addresses using CSAT scores as the exclusive criterion.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether three standard-setting methods would produce sufficiently consistent results for placement decisions. The cut scores were derived from modified Angoff method, borderline group method, and cluster analysis. The results indicate that the cut scores derived from the three standard setting methods did not entirely agree with each other in assigning students into different levels, suggesting that the choice of standard setting method influenced the resulting cut scores. Specifically, the borderline-group method tended to produce lower cut scores than the other two methods. The cluster analysis yielded two cut scores, which were very similar to the cut scores derived from the modified Angoff method at the corresponding levels. The implications of the findings are discussed and avenues for further study are suggested.

The research on washback of a test has little been carried out in Korea while it has been flourishing in language testing researchers overseas. This paper investigates whether the advent of NEAT has affected the perception of test takers and the teaching/learning practices in English classrooms of Korea. In addition, we also want to investigate the relationship between variables such as perception of test users, teaching/learning practices, and test scores. We carried out a survey with 601 students who were seated at NEAT administered in April 2013 as well as 3,267 third-year high school students who had no experience on NEAT. The analyses revealed some evidence to support that NEAT has an effect on the perception of the participants. However, the analyses also revealed that NEAT was not effective to appeal for a change in teaching and learning practices in English classrooms in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intra- rater reliability in an interview and a computerized oral test. It was also examined whether rater characteristics influenced on their reliability and biases, and finally the scores of both tests were compared with those of the Versant test using an automated computer rating system. For the study, the data from 21 Korean university students and 18 Korean or native speakers of English raters with various characteristics were collected. Some of the main findings from the study were as follows. First, rater severity was significantly different in each test, but each rater consistently graded on both tests suggesting lower inter-rater reliability and higher intra-rater reliability. Secondly, rater severity was impacted by the rater characteristics such as mother tongue, gender, age, and major. Lastly, there existed a positive correlation among the scores of the three tests, indicating that the scores of human beings and computers are strongly related.

It is not too much to say that the mobile game market has made a shared growth, together with the domestic smartphone distribution rate(31 million units). At present, the distribution of the smartphone has a lot of influences on the smartphone game market, in which the number of game users having a preference for an easy, simple game, and competing with actual personal acquaintances is ever increasing. This study, in an effort to look into what influence the game sound has on game scores consequent on user's characteristic among the smartphone game components, compared the game results through in-depth interviews with a game sound developer and a user group, and the sound/non-sound experiences in the course of playing games. As a result of conducting this research, it was found that age and game experience showed a significant difference on game results. On the basis of this research result, this study intends to suggest the direction of smartphone game production development that could meet both a game supplier and a user's demand.

TOEIC continues to be an important test in Asia and TOEfC preparation classes are as popular as they have ever been. Little research has been done, however, to determine the most effective ways to help students prepare for this test. This study sought to analyze the impact of explicit TOEIC instruction when supplemented with Silent Sustained Readi ng (SSR) and an online vocabulary learning program. Four combinations of these practices were tested: ( I) explicit instruction supplemented by online vocabulary instruction, 2) a combination of explicit instruction, SSR and online vocabulary practice, 3) explicit instruction supplemented by SSR, and 4) expli cit instruction on ly. Total time for instruction and practice were kept constant among the four groups. Due to between-group differences on pre-test TOEIC scores, an ANCOVA analys is was used. On total TOEIC scores, all groups made sign ificant and statistically eq ual gains. However, on an analysis of the reading portion of the TOEIC resu lts, group 2 (combination of explicit instruction, SSR, and online vocabulary practice) outperformed group 4 (exp licit practice only group). The author concludes that the combination of all three practices had a synergistic effect on the reading portion of the test and led to superior gain s.

『악학궤범』에 수록된 <봉래의>의 ‘치화평무’는 사방대형에서 북대2인이 북향무·대무·배무를 추고 우선(右旋)하여 자리를 바꾸어서고, 매 대의 춤이 마치면 무 전체가 중행회선하여 좌우대형 으로 서는 춤이다. 창사는 모두 4장으로 구성되었고 춤의 구조도 이에 따라 일률적으로 진행한 다. 그러나 춤의 구체적인 내용을 처음의 북대2인에게만 제시하고 나머지 3대에게는 제시되지 않 았고, 무엇보다 무원의 명칭을 북대2인으로만 기록하여 ‘치화평무’를 추는 무원들의 구체적인 이 동경로를 확인하기 어려웠다. 그래서『세종실록악보』에 기록된 치화평 음악에 추어진 <봉래의>의 치화평의 내용을『악학궤범』을 중심으로 실연관점으로 분석하였을 때 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째,『악학궤범』의 정재무도[致和平回舞圖]에서 확인한 북대2인은 좌무1과 좌무2, 좌무3과 좌 무4, 우무4와 우무3, 우무2와 우무1로 구성된 것을 확인하였고, 북대에서의 춤은 좌무 및 우무가 각각 짝이 되어 춘 것이었다. 둘째, 4장으로 구성된 ‘치화평무’의 창사 구조에 따라 매 무원들이 ‘북향무-대무-배무-우선회 무·회무’로 추어져 창사와 춤의 구조가 같은 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 북대에서 북향무를 출 때는 금척무, 우선회무 돌 때는 사수무, 우선회무하여 자리를 바 꾸어 선 다음에는 염수족도, 그리고 대무와 배무 사이에 북향하는 것은 <봉래의> ‘치화평무’를 추 는 무원 8인 전체에게 적용된 것을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 북대2인의 무원이 구체적으로 드러남으로 해서 우선회무는 좌무1·좌무2, 좌무3·좌무4, 우무4·우무3, 우무2·우무1 순으로 차례로 이동 한 것이었고, 반면 회무는 좌무와 우무 모두 ‘1-2-3-4’순으로 구성되어 우선회무와 회무의 이동 경로가 다른 것을 알 수 있었다.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 취업여부에 따른 지적장애인의 맥크론 다이얼 시스템의 표준점수, 하위검사 요인별 상관관계, 직업프로그램 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인, 그리고 취업여부에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 본 연구는 2005년부터 2007년에 걸쳐 부산광역시에 위치한 장애인 직업훈련기관에서 직업능력평가를 받은 지적장애인 139명(고용 54명, 미고용 85명)의 맥크론 다이얼 시스템 표준점수와 취업여부 확인을 통하여 이루어졌다. 결과 : 연구 결과는 다음과 같다; 첫째, 맥크론 다이얼 시스템의 표준점수는 모든 요인에서 취업집단이 미취업집단보다 높았다. 둘째, 취업여부에 따라 맥크론 다이얼 시스템 하위검사들 간의 상관관계가 다르게 나타났다. 셋째, 직업프로그램 수준에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 취업여부에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 넷째, 지적장애인의 취업여부에는 신경근육발달검사만이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 지적장애인은 맥크론 다이얼 시스템 하위검사의 표준점수가 높을수록 취업가능성이 높으며, 취업여부에는 신경근육발달검사 표준점수가 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수임을 알 수 있다.

The purpose of the study was to determine if there was a difference in the Functional Ambulation Performance score of senior adults with or without a history of falls during walking at a preferred velocity. Twelve subjects with a history of falling (mean age=73.8) and eight subjects with no history of falling (mean age=70.4) participated in the study. Temporal and spatial parameters of gait were analyzed using the computerized GAITRite system. The GAITRite system integrates specific components of locomotion to provide a single, numerical representation of gait, the Functional Ambulation Performance score. The Functional Ambulation Performance score is a Quantitative means of assessing gait based on specific temporal and spatial parameters. Statistical analysis of the two groups demonstrated a significant decrease in Functional Ambulation Performance score for those with a history of falls. They had lower values for step/extremity ratios, mean normalized velocity, and greater values for step times, percent in double support. These results indicate that the GAITRite system can be useful in detecting footfall patterns and selected time and distance measurements of persons with a history of falls and the Functional Ambulation Performance score can be used as indicators of gait performance for senior adults with a history of falls.