This study aims to analyze the driving trajectories and lateral behavior characteristics of autonomous vehicles via simulation and to derive the implications for roadway infrastructure design based on the analysis results. A three-lane, one-way autonomous driving simulation environment was established to replicate the actual driving characteristics of autonomous vehicles. Roadways were designed based on domestic road design standards (MLTM, 2020), where horizontal, vertical, and cross-sectional alignments were incorporated and design speeds ranging from 20 to 120 km/h were considered. Curves with minimum radii of 15, 30, 60, …, 710 m were implemented. Autonomous vehicles were driven along these designed roads to obtain driving data, including position, speed, and steering angle. The lateral deviation from the lane center was calculated for each lane by measuring the distance between the front and rear wheels of the vehicle and the lane centerline. This approach allows for the analysis of lane-specific deviation characteristics under different speeds and curve radii, thus enabling a quantitative assessment of the lateral clearance required for autonomous-vehicle operation. Lateral deviation increased when vehicles entered or exited curves, particularly in outer lanes and at curves with changing turning directions. Passenger cars and heavy vehicles showed decreasing deviations within curves, whereas the deviations varied in straight sections. The lateral clearance increased with the design speed for passenger cars, whereas heavy vehicles generally exhibited limited clearance owing to their larger size and mirror widths, with slight increases above 100 km/h. Autonomous vehicles maintained lane centers outside curve entries and exit sections, thus indicating that variable lane widths can be safely implemented. The existing design standards based on human driving may be adapted for autonomous vehicles, thus enabling more efficient roadway use while maintaining stability.

Traffic congestion and abrupt speed variations in tunnels increase crash risks and reduce traffic operational efficiency. Thus, a pacemaker system (PMS) was developed to stabilize traffic flow by guiding drivers to maintain uniform speeds through the use of sequentially illuminated LED lights installed along tunnel walls. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of a PMS on traffic operational efficiency and safety in the Geumnam Tunnel of the Seoul–Yangyang Expressway via a driving simulation. In speed-recovery scenarios, sequential LED lights effectively encouraged drivers to gradually restore their speed. Consequently, the average speed increased significantly, whereas both the difference in speed and the space-varying volatility of speed decreased, thus indicating enhanced driving consistency and improved flow stability. In speed-reduction scenarios, drivers’ deceleration responses were compared under three PMS operational types: flashing yellow, message display, and combined flashing with a message. Combined flashing with a message yielded the most controlled and pronounced deceleration, thus facilitating drivers in reducing their speed smoothly without abrupt braking or instability. The results collectively demonstrate that a PMS can serve a dual function by supporting both speed recovery under normal conditions and safe deceleration in accident cases. These findings provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of a PMS as an intelligent tunnel-traffic management system and highlight its potential as a proactive safety technology. Furthermore, this study offers practical insights for future PMS designs as well as operational guidelines for enhancing traffic efficiency and driver safety in tunnel environments.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the educational needs that should be considered in developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competency among nursing students. Methods: The participants included 38 nursing students and 38 practicing nursing professionals. Data were collected from March 5 to 19, 2025, using a structured self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0, employing descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), and Borich’s needs assessment. Results: A significant difference was observed between the current and required levels of educational needs across all items related to developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competencies among nursing students and professionals. According to the results of the IPA and Borich needs assessment, “Clinical reasoning” and “Medication safety” emerged as the highest priority for nursing students and professionals, respectively. Conclusion: These findings are expected to provide foundational evidence for developing a simulation-based program aimed at enhancing patient safety competencies in nursing students.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a simulation-based Room of Errors patient safety education program on patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency of new nurses. Method: A randomized controlled pretest–posttest design was used. A total of 63 new nurses participated, with 32 assigned to the experimental group and 31 to the control group. The experimental group received a team-based simulation intervention, with participants collaboratively identifying and addressing patient safety hazards within Room of Errors scenarios. Results: In the experimental group, patient safety-related nursing activity scores increased significantly after the intervention (t = 2.70, p = .011), while the control group showed no significant change (t = 0.23, p = .816). Additionally, critical reflection competency scores improved significantly in the experimental group (t = 3.66, p < .001), with no significant change observed in the control group (t = -0.53, p = .603). The between-group difference in change scores for critical reflection competency was statistically significant (t = 2.77, p = .007). Conclusion: The simulation-based Room of Errors education program effectively enhanced patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency among new nurses, suggesting its value as a training method for developing essential competencies in clinical practice.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the characteristics and educational outcomes of immersive virtual reality (VR)-based nursing simulation using the integrative review method developed by Whittemore and Knafl. Methods: Data were collected between December 30, 2023, and January 15, 2024. Studies published in English or Korean were included without restrictions of publication year. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, RISS, KISS, DBpia, and KoreaMed using combinations of the keywords “‘nursing”, “student*”, “simulation”, “SIM”, “education”, “VR”, and “Virtual reality” to identify relevant articles. Results: Of the 237 studies identified, 11 were included in the analysis, with most conducted in Korea (n=7). In most studies, scenario-based VR was used; the Oculus platform (n=4), the HTC Vive (n=2), and a mobile HMD (n=1). Six studies incorporated handheld controllers, and three haptic sensors. VR groups showed greater improvements in knowledge, engagement, self-confidence, and skill performance than the control groups. Usability ratings were high for accessibility and realism; however, challenges were observed in device operation, especially without technical support. Reported adverse effects included visual fatigue, headache, dizziness, motion sickness, and discomfort when wearing glasses. Conclusions: Immersive VR simulation offers realistic, customizable learning environments, enhancing nursing education, supporting advanced instructional methods, and improving clinical safety and patient-centered competencies. Ongoing efforts in technological standardization, program development, and curricular integration are recommended.

This study aimed to develop a simulation-based scenario for pediatric nursing based on Kawasaki disease and to evaluate its impact on nursing students' knowledge, critical thinking disposition, self-efficacy, stress levels, and clinical performance. Methods: The scenario template was developed using the ADDIE model based on the National League for Nursing/Jeffries Simulation Framework. A quasi-experimental, single-group pretest-posttest was used. The study was conducted between March 3 and April 18, 2025, with 64 fourth-year nursing students. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess knowledge, critical thinking disposition, and selfefficacy. Stress was measured using physiological indicators, and clinical performance after the simulation was independently evaluated by both the instructor and researcher. Results: The scenario template required approximately six hours, and the simulation scenario operated for 20 minutes. Evaluation of the simulation`s effectiveness showed significant improvements in knowledge of Kawasaki disease (t=-6.96, p<.001), critical thinking disposition (t=-4.08, p<.001). The average clinical performance score was 64.81±6.61 out of a total of 86 points. Conclusion: The simulation-based learning method using the developed Kawasaki pediatric nursing scenario template was shown to be effective in enhancing clinical performance among nursing students. It may serve as a valuable educational tool for pediatric nursing education and future simulation-based training programs.

Purpose: This study investigated the mediating effect of simulation confidence on the relationship between simulation immersion and clinical reasoning among nursing students. Methods: A total of 166 participants who had completed adult nursing courses and participated in simulation training were included. Results: Participants reported high satisfaction with their majors, practicums, and college life. The average immersion score was 3.71 out of 5, indicating a moderately high level of engagement. No significant differences in clinical reasoning were found based on demographic factors; however, satisfaction with one’s major, practicum, and college life showed significant associations with clinical reasoning. Simulation immersion, confidence, and clinical reasoning were all positively correlated. PROCESS Macro Model 4 revealed that both the direct and indirect effects of simulation immersion on clinical reasoning through confidence were statistically significant, even after controlling for satisfaction-related covariates. Conclusion: These findings suggest that simulation immersion is a key factor in enhancing clinical reasoning and is partly mediated by increased confidence. Therefore, simulation-based education should therefore incorporate strategies that promote learner immersion and self-efficacy in order to optimize cognitive learning outcomes.

Purpose: This mixed-methods study developed an infant nursing simulation practice program for nursing students and analyzed its effects on nursing knowledge, critical thinking disposition, clinical competence, and learning satisfaction through quantitative research. The study also qualitatively explored student’s experiences through focus group interviews. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed incorporating a nonequivalent one-group pretest-posttest design(N=62) and focus group interviews(n=11). Participants were nursing students who applied for simulation training at a university between March and June, 2024. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: Quantitative findings revealed that participation in the infant care simulation program, result in significant inprovements in nursing knowledge (t=-3.60, p<.001) and clinical competence(t=-2.95, p=.004). However no significant improvement critical thinking disposition was observed. Qualitative analysis revealed three themes: ‘performing nursing care for infants’, ‘experiencing real situations and repeated practice’, and ‘reflection on nursing performance and disappointment with the set contents’. Conclusion: The infant nursing simulation training effectively enhanced nursing knowledge and clinical competence, providing a positive learning experience for nursing students. Further development and evaluation of simulation training across various subjects are recommended to confirm its broader educational effectiveness.

Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of an integrated nursing simulation practicum in enhancing readiness for practice and self-confidence in clinical decision-making among nursing students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group and preand post-test measurements was employed. The participants were 51 fourth-year nursing students enrolled in a simulation practicum. The integrated simulation program comprised six scenarios covering adults, women’s health, and pediatric nursing, totaling 30 instructional hours. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with paired and independent t-tests, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in readiness for practice (t=-3.55, p=.002) and self-confidence in clinical decision-making (t=-7.40, p<.001) compared to pre-intervention scores. A statistically significant difference in readiness for practice was observed between the experimental and control groups (p=.048). However, the difference in self-confidence in clinical decision-making between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Nursing education should equip nursing students to effectively transition into clinical practice as new graduate nurses. The integrated simulation practicum can be considered an effective strategy for enhancing nursing students’ readiness for practice.

This study utilized ray tracing and back-ray tracing to optimally design road lighting for optimal visibility for drivers and pedestrians at night. While conventional road lighting focuses on ensuring sufficient brightness, recent developments require diverse characteristics beyond brightness to ensure optimal visibility for drivers and pedestrians, including reduced glare and uniform ground luminance. Existing road lighting was inadequate for drivers and pedestrians due to serious issues such as glare and uneven illumination. To address these issues, moving beyond capacitance-centric design methods and understanding the path light takes to reach the road surface is crucial. Optical simulation, which assumes a sufficient number of rays, is essential for achieving this goal. To achieve these goals, this study explored the application of ray tracing to the design of road lighting reflectors. Design goals such as uniformity of road area per single light, shading angle, and continuous luminance uniformity over long distances were established. Ray tracing was used to design the ideal road lighting conditions. Back-ray tracing was then used to design the road lighting reflectors. By reducing light loss, power consumption was reduced by almost half while achieving the same brightness on the road, and the shading angle was 75 degrees and the brightness uniformity of the road area was 0.6, achieving the ideal design criteria.

본 연구는 독일 아이펠 지역의 대표적인 유럽 너도밤나무(Fagus sylvatica) 숲을 대상으로, 세 가지 산림관리방식인 산벌, 택벌, 보존림의 지속가능성을 500년간의 장기 시뮬레이션을 통해 비교·분석하였다. 생태적 안정성, 경제적 효율성, 모델 예측성이라는 세 가지 핵심 평가 기준을 중심으로 다기준 의사결정 분석(MCDA)을 적용하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 택벌 방식은 생태적 회복력과 적절한 생산성을 균형 있게 유지하며 가장 높은 종합 평가를 보였다. 반면, 보존림은 높은 생태 안정성을 보였으나 경제성에서는 낮은 수치를 나타냈고, 산벌은 높은 생산성과 예측력을 보였지만 생태 안정성에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 민감도 분석 결과, 평가 기준의 가중치에 따라 순위가 달라질 수 있으나, 택벌관리 방식은 다양한 시나리오에서 비교적 일관된 성과를 보였다. 본 연구는 지속가능한 산림관리정책 수립을 위한 정량적 근거를 제공하며, 생태·경제적 가치와 장기적 예측성을 고려한 균형 잡힌 관리전략의 중요성을 시사한다.

This study aims to reinterpret the concept of mimesis within a digital context and propose a prototype design for a web-based performance simulation platform. The proposed platform is designed to enable stage directors to pre-visualize elements such as stage setup, actor movements, sound, and lighting within a virtual environment, thereby enhancing the efficiency and creativity of performance planning. The prototype was designed to enable interaction among performance elements by incorporating 3D modeling of a proscenium stage, integrating motion-capture-based FBX data, and utilizing timeline-based control. Furthermore, it features a real-time 3D rendering architecture leveraging Three.js and WebGL, allowing it to run seamlessly in a web browser without additional plugins. This research is significant as it establishes a conceptual foundation demonstrating the potential for integrating performing arts with digital technology. Future research should involve practical implementation and field validation to confirm its real-world utility.

This study investigates the thermal behavior of H7 halogen headlamps through Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis and experimental validation. Headlamp geometries were reconstructed via reverse engineering, and simulations incorporated conduction, convection, and radiation effects using the Discrete Ordinate (DO) model. Experiments were conducted using thermocouples and infrared thermography to validate the numerical predictions. The results showed good agreement, with average discrepancies of 3–5% confirming the reliability of the simulation framework. These results demonstrate that current thermo-fluid simulation can accurately capture complex thermal transport phenomena in headlamp assemblies. The proposed methodology is extendable to LED headlamps, providing a practical tool for aftermarket product design, replacement part evaluation, and optimization of next-generation automotive lighting systems.

수치 모의 실험에서 보여주는 블랙홀 주변의 강착원반은 유입기체의 조건에 따라서 때로는 안정적으로 때로는 불안정적으로 나타난다. 이 연구에서는 여러 가지 다른 종류의 해석적인 해를 가진 기체들 중 충격파의 특성을 잘 보 여주는 점성을 가진 기체에 대하여 Lagrangian TVD+remap 코드를 사용하여 2차원적인 원통좌표계에서 수치모의 실험 을 시행하였다. 수치모의 실험은 점성이 0.01을 가진 점성 이류가스 (viscously advected flow)가 400rg인 바깥쪽 경계 면 (outer boundary)에서 유입되었다. 유입된 기체는 블랙홀 가까이에서는 해석적인 해와 잘 일치하였으나 100rg 부근 에서 나타나는 충격파의 위치는 시간에 따라 변화함을 보여주었다. 이 기체에 대한 해석적인 해에서는 100rg 부근에서 특정 각운동량 (specific angular momentum)이 역전되는 곳이 존재하는데, 수치모의 실험에서는 특정 각운동량이 역전 되고 있는 지점에서 충격파의 존재가 관측되었다. 이 충격파는 블랙홀에 의하여 흡수되는 질량 부착율이 증가할 때, 안 쪽으로 진행하면서, 때로는 안쪽에서 새로운 충격파를 생성하기도 하였으며, 안쪽과 바깥쪽의 충격파가 충돌하는 현상 을 보이기도 하였다. 평균 질량 부착율은 유입 질량의 20-30%로 나타나며, 가끔씩 평균질량의 2-3배 되는 질량 부착율 을 보여주기도 하고, 해석적인 해에서 예측하는 것처럼 z-축방향으로의 제트 흐름을 보이기도 하였다.