프로폴리스는 기원전 300년부터 약용목적으로 활용되어 온 물질이다.
그럼에도 불구하고 국내외에서 프로폴리스 연구개발 전반에 대한 체계적인 분 석이 이루어지지 않고 있다. NCBI를 활용하여 2008년부터 2010년 사이 해외에서 양봉과 관련하여 발표된 논문은 총 1,282건으로 이중 프로폴리스 관련 논문은 20.9%인 268건이었다. 이중 대부분인 240건이 효능과 관련한 것이며 효능 중에는 항암과 관련한 내용이 가장 많은 41건이었다.
특허는1991년부터 2010년 사이에 750여건이 출원되었으며 중국이 384건으로 특허 출원이 가장 활발하였으며 한국, 미국, 일본, 유럽 등의 순으로 출원되었다. 특 히, 중국은 2000년대 이후부터 특허 출원이 집중적으로 이루어져 최근까지도 이어 지고 있다.
기술 생명주기(life cycle)는 일본의 경우 성숙기로 접어든 것으로 나타났으며 현 재 가장 큰 시장을 형성하고 있는 중국은 발전기에 접어들었고 미국은 발전기 초기, 한국은 발전기 후기에 근접해있다고 분석된다.
사업매력도 평가(BMO)에서 식품분야에선 차와 음료 그리고 건강기능식품이 화장품분야에선 피부노화억제와 여드름, 아토피 억제제가 의약품분야에서는 동 맥경화용제 등 5개 분야가 가장 매력도가 큰 것으로 분석되었다.
프로폴리스는각 기후대별로, 국가별로 산재해 있는 식물 특히, 수종에 크게 영 향을 받으므로 원료에 대한 국제적 표준화가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 누군가 국제적인 표준화방안을 찾아내고 기술적으로 선점 할 수 있다면 산업을 크게 일으키면서 앞 서 나갈 수 있게 될 것이다.
본 연구는 한국産 Caloptilia屬(가는나방科)에 대한 분류학적 연구를 통해 우리 나라에서의 분포를 밝히고, 이들의 계통학적 체계를 수립함과 동시에 생활사 및 생 태 특성 등 관련 응용분야에 활용할 기초자료를 수립코자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 전 국적인 채집조사를 실시하였으며 종별 분류학적 특성의 조사와 생태특성에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 금번 연구 수행과정에서 한국産 Caloptilia屬은 총 15종으로 정리되며 각 종들에 대한 검색표, 기재문 및 도해도 등이 작성되었다.
Zeiraphera屬은 잎말이나방科 Eucomini族에 속하며 전 세계에 약 1,600여 종이 분포하고 있다. 현재까지 우리나라에서는 총 5종이 보고(Byun et al, 2009)되어 있 고, Byun(2011)이 북한産인 Zeiraphera lariciana Kawabe, 1980를 기록한 바 있다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 국내에 주요지역을 중심으로 채집조사를 실시함과 동시 에 국내의 주요 표본소장기관을 방문하여 연구표본을 검경하였다. 이외에도 북한 지역 분포 종은 헝가리자연사박물관의 표본을 참고하였다.
본 연구를 통해 우리나라에 분포하는 종들의 조사 및 새롭게 기재되는 1신종 (Zeiraphera paravirinea sp. nov.)을 포함하여 총 7종의 분류학적 정리가 이루어졌 으며 이들의 생물학적 정보가 종합되어 관련분야에 활용될 정보로 제공코자 한다.
Genus Zeiraphera Treitschke, 1829
1. Zeiraphera demutana (Walsingham, 1900)
2. Zeiraphera fulvomixtana Kawabe, 1974
3. Zeiraphera griseana (Hubner), 1799
4. Zeiraphera rufimitrana (Herrich-Schaffer, 1847)
5. Zeiraphera virinea Falkovitsh, 1965
6. Zeiraphera lariciana Kawabe, 1980
7. Zeiraphera paravirinea sp. nov.
본 연구는 강원도 삼척시 일대천연갱신 시업 임지의 곤충상을 사전에 조사한 후 향후 시업처리를 실시한 후 일정 기간별 곤충상변화 연구에 대한 기초자료의 수집 을 위해 수행되었다.
본 연구를 위해 강원도 삼척 큰저골 일대의 산림지역 중 간벌강도별로 시업처리 예정지를 대상으로 2012년 8월에 곤충상을 조사하였다. 채집조사방법은 Bucket trap, Light trap, 및 Pitfall trap을 이용하여 곤충류를 채집하였다. 채집된 곤충은 건 조표본으로 제작하여 동정한 후 분포종목록을 작성하였다. 이들 연구결과는 향후 임업시업별로 곤충다양성의 변화를 탐색하는데 활용될 계획이다. 채집조사결과 Bucket trap, Light trap의 경우 53종 543개체가 조사되었고 Pitfall trap 8종 92개체 가 조사되었다. 또한 Funnel trap의 경우 8월에 설치하여 10월에 수거하는 방법을 통해 총 9종 17개체의 곤충상이 조사되었다.
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille are important pests of humans and livestock and many species act as vectors of important medical and veterinary pathogens. Culicoides and other biting flies were collected using black light traps set near nine cowsheds, as described by Kim et al., and New Jersey light traps set at 10 US army installations and one military training site from May to October, 2010– 2011 as part of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency and 65th Medical Brigade (Eighth US Army, Korea) arthropod-borne disease surveillance program. Culicoides spp. were separated and identified to species using the keys and descriptions of Arnaud, Wada and Yu et al. and checklist of Cho and Chong. Kim et al. provided a brief summary of the history of research into the Culicoides fauna of the ROK noting the presence of several species of medical and veterinary importance. There are currently 28 species of Culicoides reported from the ROK and the presence of additional species has been reported by Cho & Chong, Kang & Yu and Lee, suggesting that the fauna has not yet been fully documented. Additionally, recent uses of DNA barcoding, by Bellis et al. have clarified the status of several species of Culicoides elsewhere and if applied more fully to Korean material, will likely reveal more records and perhaps new species. Surveys of adult biting midges from the ROK resulted in the discovery of three species previously not known from the ROK. So a total of 31 species of Culicoides are now known from the ROK. This study reports the presence of C. nasuensis Kitaoka, C. pallidulus Yu and C. jacobsoni Macfie from the ROK and an updated checklist of the Culicoides fauna of the ROK.
제주지역은 연평균 16.5℃로 사계절이 뚜렷한 아열대성 해양기후이다. 제주도 는 연평균기온이 지난 100년간 지구평균 상승기온 0.74℃보다 2배이상 높은 1.6℃ 상승하여 기후온난화 영향이 뚜렷하게 나타나는 지역이다. 이에 2012년 3월부터 동년 10월까지 아열대나방류 분포확인을 위해 제주도 및 제주도 인근 부속섬(추자 도, 우도, 마라도)의 13개지역 22개지점을 대상으로 118회 유아등 조사를 실시하 였다. 그 결과 자나방과 1종(Chloroclystis excisa (Butler)), 밤나방과 2종(Hypena perspicua Leech, Phlogophora albovittata (Moore)), 포충나방과 2종 (Analthes insignis (Butler), Syngamia falsidicalis Walker), 총 3개과 5종이 우리나라 미기록 종으로 확인되었다. 추가적으로, 본 조사에서 확인된 종에 대해서는 국내정착 여부 를 위한 지속적인 조사가 필요하다.
Being a country with diverse geophysical features and climate, Myanmar scores as one of the richest biological reservoirs in Asia. Myanmar has a rich diversity of flora and fauna, about 68 swallow tail butterflies represent 12% of the world total making it the fifth richest country in the world. Myanmar has a lot of protected areas such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and botanical gardens. Among them best to be observed for insects collection are Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Sagaing region, Popa Mountain National Park in Mandalay, Mount Victoria National Park and Nat Ma Taung in Chin state. Forest and vegetation types, wildlife, location and access to these parks were presented.
Cicinela chinensis (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) is usually distributed from Asian countries; Korea, Vietnam, China and Japan. In larval stage, they make hole on ground and eat small insects that pass over the hole, adult also predator on other small insects and they can move fast.
They have regional morphological variation, usually variations were showed in elytral pattern and body colors. There are four subspecies, Cicindela chinensis chinensis, Cicindela chinensis flammifera, Cicindela chinensis japonica and Cicindela chinensis okinawana in Cicindela chinensis all of the world.
Because of a lot of variation in elytra pattern and body color, identification of Cicindela chinensis is difficult. Therefore to know the distinct differences, comparison analysis by DNA sequence in COI gene was examined.
In this paper COI comparison analysis of Cicindela chienesis from different location was examined. Also COI comparison analysis of species with different elytra pattern and body color collected in same location was done.
Although they have different color pattern is same region, the result of COI sequence was same. Otherwise, although they have same color pattern in other regions, the result of COI sequence was different.
Subgenus Achlaenius Manldl, 1992 belonging to the genus Chlaenius Bonelli (1810) of the carabid tribe Chlaeniini. This subgenus was characterized by strong densely pubescent of pronotum and elytra.
This subgenus was recorded five species in Korea and Paleoarctic region : Chlaenius micans Fabricius, 1792, C. ocreatus Bates, 1873, C. sericimicans Chaudior, 1876, C. variicornis Morawitz, 1863 and C. kurosawai Kasahara, 1986. However, subgenus Achlaenius was rarely studied in Korea until now because of similar morphological patterns and difficult identification with allied species.
As the results, totally four speciesof this subgenus from Korea were reviewed photos of adult and genitalia in male, key to the species of subgenus Achlaenius from Korea
A taxonomic review on the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. In a result, a total of nine species under four subgenera including two new recorded species were detected as followings: L. dispar asiatica Vnukovskij, 1926, L. xylina Swinhoe, 1903, L. monacha (Linnaeus, 1758), L. minomonis Matsumura, 1933, L. sugii Kishida, 1986, L. lucescens (Butler, 1881), L. mathura Moore, 1865, L. fumida Butler, 1877, and L. bantaizana Matsumura, 1933. Of the two unrecorded species, L. minomonis was found only in Is. Bogildo of Jeollanam-do, the southern part of Korea, and the other one, L. sugii was collected in the middle part of Korea. On the two species, L. xylina and L. fumida, the Korean specimens could not be examined through this study. Therefore, we considered that the two species might be excluded from the Korean Lymantria fauna. Each species was identified on the basis of wing pattern and genitalia of male/female adult. We provided diagnosis, male/female adult habitus photos, male genitalia photos, and female ovipositor photos.
Field surveys for the B. tabaci species complex were conducted from 2009 to 2013 in Korea, and the results were compared with published data of the B. tabaci complex. Three species, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 1, and JpL, were determined from several regions based on mitochondrial COI sequences. The Mediterranean was mainly collected in greenhouses, displacing the earlier invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor, and the JpL was collected in the field. The JpL is newly confirmed as a unique species of B. tabaci complex in Korea and Japan.
Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important insect pests in the world. In the present study, the taxonomic status of B. tabaci and the number of species consisting of the B. tabaci complex were determined based on 1059 COI sequences of B. tabaci and 509 COI sequences of 153 hemipteran species. The genetic divergence within B. tabaci was conspicuously higher (onaverage,11.1%) than interspecific genetic divergence within the respective genera of the 153 hemipteran species (on average, 6.5%). This result indicates that B. tabaci is composed of multiple biological species that may belong to different genera or subfamilies. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on 212 COI sequences without duplications revealed that the B. tabaci complex is composed of a total of 31 putative species, including a new species, JpL. However, genetic divergences within five species, Asia III, Asia II 7, Mediterranean, New world, and Sub Saharan Africa 1, were higher than 3.5%, which has previously been used as a threshold of genetic boundary in distinguishing species of the B. tabaci complex. These results suggest the necessity to redefine the threshold for species boundaries to best distinguish the constituent species in the B.tabaci complex.
Oecophyllembiinae moths are small leaf mining gracillariid subfamily which is consisting of 34 species in 6 genera on the world, and their wing expanse about only 5-10mm. Since Kumata (1998) redefined subfamily Oecophyllembiinae, and Vari et al. (2002) treated Oecophyllembiinae as a synonym of Phyllocnistinae. Kawahara et al. (2011) analyzed, however, the grouping Oecophyllembiinae together with Phyllocnistinae is supported weakly or not at all, but a sister-group relationship could not be rejected. Also, because of their character distinctions on hind wing venation and the larval thoracic spiracles, we would like to follow Kumata (1998) distinguished Oecophyllembiinae from Phyllocnistinae.
In thisstudy, Eumetriochroa hederae Kumata, 1998 feeding on Hedera rhombea SIEB. et ZUCC. (Araliaceae), is reported for the first time from Goheung, Korea. The host plant Hedera rhombea is a species of ivy which is native to coast of East Asia and some islands of East Asia include China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea.
Larva makes irregular linear mine on upper side of leaf throughout its whole stage. The mature larva makes an oval pupal chamber within the end of the mine. The figures of the male and female genitalia, mine, pupae in immature stages are provided.
The subfamily Oecophyllembiinae Real et Balachowsky (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is newly recorded from Korea for the first time.
Lepidopteran hitchhikers were investigated in vessel at five major ports of Korea in 2013. These moths were collected by International Plant-Quarantine Accreditation Board (IPAB) during inspection on vessels for Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM). The results typically include the taxonomic identification, their origin localities, and information related to commodities and ship’s route. A total of 1,026 individuals were detected in vessels and identified with 236 species belonging to 21 families. Although most of the species are already known to the Korean fauna, the following three species are unknown: Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lymantriidae), Glyphodes actorionalis Walker (Crambidae), and Histia flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan (Zygaenidae). Interestingly, H. flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan was detected for two consecutive years. Although this species is not an important pest, it will be need to necessarily continual monitoring. L. xylina Swinhoe which is a great potential forest pest, was detected four times (16 specimens) at Busan port of entry. Therefore, it is necessary to provide comprehensive border surveillance monitoring and a valuable historical record of the array of lepidopteran hitchhikers transported to the Korea through inanimate pathway, in order to counter further potential importance of hitchhikers on international vessels at Korea.
The family Sisyridae is very unique in that their larvae are aquatic and feed on sponges. The family has not been described in Korea until one species, Sisyra nikkoana (Navas), of Sisyridae was reported in the Illustrated Book of Aquatic Invertebrates in Agricultural Ecosystem (Rural Development Administration, 2008). However, this short description includes a misidentified adult image, and here we provide its full description in morphology with its wing pattern and male genitalia, as well as its COI barcoding information. We suggest its Korean name, 해면풀잠자리(해면풀잠자리과) as they feed on sponges.
Yponomeutoidea are one of the largest superfamily of microlepidoptera, comprising over 1,800 species worldwide. The composition of the superfamily was clarified by Kyrki (1984), who suggested that the monophyly of the group (based on Yponomeuta) was supported by presence of pleural robes on abdominal segment of A8 of the male.
First record of Yponomeutoidea from Korea has performed by K.T. Park in 1983, and then more than 50 species have been recorded up to date.
In the present study, we reviewed of the species of Yponomeutoidea from Korea, with Ypsolopha sp.
대마도는 지리적으로 한국과 일본 사이에 위치한 섬으로, 일본령에 속한다. 대마 도는 크게 북섬(Kami Jima)과 남섬(Shimo Jima)으로 이루어진 섬이다. 한국과 일 본 사이에 위치하기 때문에, 한국과 일본의 나방분포와 유사성을 연구함에 있어서 중요한 섬이다. 본 연구는 대마도를 크게 북부지역과 남부지역 그리고 중부지역으 로 나누어 조사를 실시하여, 대마도에 서식하는 나방류의 다양성에 대하여 조사를 하였다. 조사는 2012년 6월에 이어, 2013년 7월 12일 . 7월 15일까지 3박 4일간 실 시하였다. 조사방법으로는 수은등과 자외선등을 이용한 스크린법을 사용하였다. 북부지역은 메보로댐, 중부지역은 신화의 마을, 남부지역은 아유모도시 국립공원 으로 대표로 지정하여 조사를 실시하였다. 조사 결과, 2012년에는 총 15과, 127속, 136종의 나방류가 관찰되었으며, 2013년에는 총 17과, 126속, 153종의 나방류가 관찰되었다. 북부지역과 중부지역 그리고 남부지역 간의 종구성은 서로 차이가 있 었다. 이는 산림 구성 또는 기온의 차이, 채집당시의 날씨의 영향의 영향으로 판단 된다.
The genus Panonychus has been reported only two species, P. ulmi and P. citri, in Korea. Two new species, P. mori Yokoyama, 1929 and P. caglei Mellot, 1968 were firstly identified from jujube orchards in Gyeongsan and kudzu vine in Byunsan peninsula in Korea. Morphological differences among four species have been described especially in aedeagus shape. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of both the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were compared between four species. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and COI sequences using neighbor-joining method showed that P. mori and P. caglei were most similar to each other and more closely related to P. ulmi than P. citri. In addition, species-specific primer sets of each species were designed based on ITS2 sequencesand can be used to diagnose species in this genus.
The genus Psallus Fieber, 1858 (Phylini) is the largest group, with twenty six described species in Korea (Duwal et al., 2012). Due to recent collection in 2013, three new species are recognized from Korea. All these species are described, with images of dorsal habitus and genital structures. A checklist of the East Asian species and geographic distribution of Psallus is revised.
On Birches (Betula spp.), more than seventy species of aphids in eighteen genera are recorded worldwide, mostly (> 60%) belonging to ten genera of the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In Korea, only seven Birch feeding aphids are recorded. Recently, we recognized two calaphinid species, Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch, 1851) and Euceraphis betulae (Koch, 1855) as new to the Korean peninsula.